GHSGT Science Structure and Properties of Matter (GHSGT_Science_Matter) Name:_____________________________________________

Date:________________________

1. The noble gases are unlikely to react with other elements because the outer electron shell of most noble gases

A. has two electrons. B. has four electrons. C. is incomplete. D. is full.

2. Why do noble gases almost never form chemical bonds?

A. It is difficult for gases to form bonds. B. They have filled outer valence shells. C. They have very small atomic radii. D. They are very rare.

3. Different isotopes indicate that an element will have different numbers of

A. atoms. B. protons. C. neutrons. D. electrons.

4.

Of the particles listed, which is the smallest unit of water that has all of the properties of water?

A. proton B. atom C. molecule D. mixture

5. One property of an electron is

A. a net charge of 0. B. a charge of +1. C. a charge of -1. D. an atomic mass of -1.

6. Water has a natural tendency to dissociate, producing a small number of hydroxide ions (OH-) and

A. positive hydrogen ions. B. negative hydrogen ions. C. positive oxygen ions. D. negative oxygen ions.

7. Which of the following most accurately defines chemical energy?

A. energy stored as attraction between protons and electrons B. energy stored in bonds between atoms C. energy stored as accumulations or deficiencies of electrons D. energy stored in the nuclei of more than one atom

8. What does it mean when a mixture is said to have reached saturation at a given temperature and pressure?

A. A dilute solution has been formed. B. There is more solute than solvent in the mixture. C. As much solute as possible is dissolved in the solvent. D. The solute and solvent have formed a heterogeneous mixture.

9. Oxygen and hydrogen form water in a

A. homogeneous mixture. B. hydrophobic reaction. C. chemical reaction. D. spontaneous condensation.

10. Sodium becomes positively charged when it combines with chlorine because sodium

A. loses one electron. B. gains one electron. C. forms a covalent bond. D. has more electrons than protons.

11. The nucleus of a hydrogen atom is formed by

A. a proton. B. an electron. C. a proton and an ion. D. a neutron and an electron.

12.

The nucleus of the most common isotope of hydrogen is formed by

A. a single proton. B. a single neutron. C. one proton and one electron. D. one neutron and one proton.

13.

By using electrolysis, salt can be separated into sodium metal and chlorine gas, and water can be separated into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. No further physical or chemical techniques can be used to change any of these components because they are

A. ions. B. atoms. C. elements. D. compounds.

14. Atoms of N and P each have 5 electrons in their outer shells. What else must these two elements have in common?

A. They must be in the same period. B. They must have the same atomic mass. C. They must have the same total number of electron shells. D. They must be found in the same group in the periodic table.

15. A chemical change occurs when a substance

A. changes state. B. gains or loses electrons. C. reaches its boiling point. D. is ground into a powder.

16. Which of the following is a chemical change?

A. Water is decomposed into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. B. Water droplets collect on the outside of a glass filled with ice. C. A boiling pot of water produces steam. D. Water is frozen into ice.

17. Use the picture below to answer this question.

A candle is placed beneath a small glass dish that holds scented oil. The heat from the candle warms the oil, and black residue forms above the flame on the underside of the dish. This residue is the result of a

A. physical change in the state of the wax. B. chemical change that causes oxygen to change state. C. physical change that causes the oil to be absorbed by the dish. D. chemical change that produces carbon from the wax.

18. Isotopes of an element have

A. a different number of protons and neutrons. B. the same number of protons and neutrons, but no electrons. C. the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. D. the same number of neutrons but a different number of protons.

19. Which of the following characterizes a radioactive element?

A. an unfilled inner electron shell B. the ability to gain 4 electrons in the outer shell C. the loss of alpha or beta particles from the nucleus D. an equal number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus

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20.

Which of the following provides evidence that an egg white undergoes a chemical change when it is heated?

A. Its mass decreases. B. It is in a liquid state. C. Its temperature rises steadily. D. Its color permanently changes.

21. Which of the following gives an atom's mass number?

A. number of neutrons B. number of neutrons + number of protons C. number of protons + number of electrons D. number of protons + number of neutrons + number of electrons

22. When referring to the element phosphorus on the periodic table, the number 15 is the

A. energy level. B. atomic weight. C. atomic number. D. number of atoms.

23. Hydrogen and helium are members of

A. group 1. B. group 2. C. period 1. D. period 18.

24. What type of change does gaseous oxygen undergo when it is liquified?

A. chemical B. ionization C. ozonation D. physical

25.

Mixing an acidic solution with marble chips causes bubbles of carbon dioxide gas to form. Which of the following accurately describes this change?

A. phase change B. physical change C. chemical change D. radioactive change

26. Which of the following accurately compares melting and sublimation?

A. Only one is a physical change. B. Only one involves a loss of mass. C. Both are chemical changes. D. Both are phase changes of a solid.

27. Which of the following do protons and electrons have in common?

A. their location in an atom B. the sign of their charge C. the size of their charge D. their mass

28. Three atoms combine to form a single unit of a larger substance. This is a

A. nucleus. B. mixture. C. solution. D. molecule.

29. The smallest particle that maintains the chemical properties of a compound is

A. a molecule. B. an isotope. C. a proton. D. an atom.

30. An atom containing only a single proton and no electrons is

A. an anion. B. a noble gas. C. a form of hydrogen. D. a radioactive metal.

31. The atomic weight of an element most nearly reflects the atom's total number of

A. protons and neutrons. B. protons and electrons. C. electrons and neutrons. D. protons only.

32. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called

A. acids. B. bases. C. gases. D. isotopes.

33. The mass of an electron is

A. equal to the proton mass plus the neutron mass. B. the smallest of the three major particles. C. the same as the mass of the proton. D. the same as the mass of the atom.

34. Which subatomic particles are negatively charged?

A. protons only B. neutrons only C. electrons only D. both neutrons and electrons

35. Which atomic particles are charged?

A. only electrons B. electrons and neutrons C. electrons and protons D. electrons, neutrons, and protons

36. The chemical activity of an atom depends mostly on its

A. protons only. B. neutrons only. C. electrons. D. protons and neutrons.

37. As Cyndie mixed two liquids together, she observed the resulting mixture was hotter than either of the two liquids before they were mixed. What had caused this increase in temperature?

A. Electricity had been generated. B. A physical change had occurred. C. A chemical reaction had occurred. D. Hydrogen bonds in the water had been broken.

38.

In 1897, the British physicist J.J. Thomson was researching electrical conduction in gases. He discovered that cathode rays consisted of negatively charged particles. Thomson is generally regarded as the discoverer of the

A. quark. B. atomic nucleus. C. proton. D. electron.

39. Isotopes of elements are identified by differences in their

A. mass number. B. electron count. C. atomic number. D. negative charges.

40. Terry went for a walk several hours after a thunderstorm. He noticed a puddle of water near the path and stirred it with a stick. The resulting muddy puddle was an example of which of the following?

A. phase change B. universal solvent C. homogeneous mixture D. heterogeneous mixture

41.

Vinegar is a liquid solution containing acetic acid and water. It could be accurately classified as which of the following?

A. a colloid B. a compound C. a homogeneous mixture D. a heterogeneous mixture

42. The total number of electrons that can be held in the second energy level of an atom is

A. 2. B. 6. C. 8. D. 10.

43. The Mg2+, a magnesium ion, has how many electrons?

A. 2 B. 6 C. 8 D. 10

44. Which of the following is a physical change?

A. combustion B. electrolysis C. fermentation D. sublimation

45. What chemical change takes place when an iron nail rusts?

A. Iron atoms and salt molecules bond. B. Iron atoms and water molecules bond. C. Iron atoms and oxygen molecules bond. D. Water erodes oxide ions from the surface.

46. Which is a property of an electron?

A. It has the same mass as a proton. B. It is found in the nucleus of an atom. C. It has the same charge as a proton. D. It has much less mass than a neutron.

47. An aluminum bar was found to have a mass of 27 g. Using water displacement, the volume was measured to be 10 mL. What is the density of the aluminum?

A. 270 g/mL B. 270 g C. 2.7 g/mL D. 2.7 g

48. A solid cube was put into a cylinder containing four liquids with different densities as shown below.

The cube fell quickly through layer A, fell slowly through layer B, and stopped upon reaching layer C. The density of the cube most likely lies between

A. 1.00 and 1.50 g/cm3. B. 1.51 and 3.50 g/cm3. C. 3.51 and 6.00 g/cm3. D. 6.00 and 9.00 g/cm3.

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49.

Which statement explains the difference between a proton and neutron?

A. Both are found in the nucleus of the atom. B. Protons have a mass of 1 amu and neutrons have a mass of 2 amu. C. Protons have a positive charge and neutrons have a neutral charge. D. Protons are found in the outer energy levels of the atom, and neutrons are found in the nucleus.

50.

E85 is an alcohol fuel mixture of 85% ethyl alcohol and 15% gasoline by volume. It is becoming more common in the midwestern United States where corn (the source of ethyl alcohol) can be found. Identify the solvent in this mixture.

A. ethyl alcohol B. gasoline C. water D. E85

51.

Contrast subatomic particle D with subatomic particle C.

A. Particle C and D are both located in the nucleus. B. Particle C has a smaller mass than particle D. C. Particle C is more energetic than particle D. D. Particle C and particle D have opposite electrical charges.

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52.

Identify the location of particle C in the image.

A. electron cloud B. nuclear cloud C. proton cloud D. the nucleus

53.

Protons and neutrons have an approximate mass of 1 amu. What is the approximate atomic mass of the atom seen here based on this information?

A. 3 amu B. 6 amu C. 9 amu D. 12 amu

54.

Identify the atomic number for the atom seen here.

A. 1 B. 19 C. 20 D. 39

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55.

Identify the atomic mass of the atom seen here.

A. approximately 1 amu B. approximately 19 amu C. approximately 20 amu D. approximately 39 amu

56.

Which of the two choices are isotopes?

A. A and B B. A and C C. A and D D. B and C

57.

Which model represents an isotope of strontium with an atomic mass of approximately 90 amu?

A. A B. B C. C D. D

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58.

Given the number of protons, neutrons and electrons, identify the atom of aluminum from the choices.

A. 13 protons, 14 neutrons, 13 electrons B. 14 protons, 13 neutrons, 27 electrons C. 14 protons, 27 neutrons, 14 electrons D. 27 protons, 27 neutrons, 27 electrons

59.

Put the elements listed in order of INCREASING number of protons: Arsenic Selenium Silicon Sulfur

A. Arsenic, Selenium, Silicon, Sulfur B. Silicon, Arsenic, Sulfur, Selenium C. Silicon, Sulfur, Arsenic, Selenium D. Sulfur, Silicon, Selenium, Arsenic

60.

Lauren wants to determine the density of a glass marble. First, she puts the marble on a digital scale which reads 10.2 g. She then puts the same glass marble in a graduated cylinder partially filled with water. The bottom of the meniscus in the cylinder rises from 31.5 mL to 34.5 mL. Determine the density of Lauren's marble.

A. 0.294 g/mL B. 0.296 g/mL C. 3.09 g/mL D. 3.40 g/mL

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61.

A group of students is given the job of determining the density of a Civil War cannonball. First, Kelsey steps on a scale and finds her mass to be 51.0 kg. She then picks up the cannonball and steps on the scale. The new combined mass is 58.7 kg. To determine the volume of the cannonball, Roger decides to place the cannonball in a bucket filled to the top with 5.00 liters of water. Roger places a pan under the bucket. After placing the cannonball in the bucket, he collects the water in the pan and measures how much spilled over the sides. After measuring all the water, he gets a total of 1.20 liters that was displaced. What is the density of the cannonball?

A. 1.54 kg/L B. 2.02 kg/L C. 6.42 kg/L D. 48.9 kg/L

62.

Isabella finds a sample of an unknown metal. It has a luster and is silvery in appearance. When she determined its volume, it was 25.0 mL. Its mass was measured at 177.9 g. Using the chart, determine the identity of the unknown metal.

A. Tin B. Nickel C. Aluminum D. Zinc

63.

A student measured the mass of an unknown rock as 36.0 g. To determine the volume, the student places the rock into a graduated cylinder containing 30.0 ml of water. The rock causes the level of water to rise to measure 39.0 ml. What is the density of the rock sample ?

A. 0.8 g/mL B. 0.9 g/mL C. 4.0 g/mL D. 40.0 g/mL

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64.

To determine the density of one of your teacher's dry erase markers, you put it on the scale and find it has a mass of 17.5 g. You then place it in a graduated cylinder. Before the dry erase marker is put in the graduated cylinder the volume of water was 34.0 mL. After putting in the marker, the water rises to the level seen in the image. Determine the density of the marker.

A. 0.44 g/mL B. 0.70 g/mL C. 0.83 g/mL D. 1.2 g/mL

65.

The salinity, or salt concentration, of tidal rivers flowing into the ocean increases as the you travel down river approaching the mouth of the river. Describe in terms of solute and solvent this increase in salinity.

A. The solvent is increasing greater than the solute. B. The solute is increasing greater than the solvent. C. The solute and solvent are increasing in equal amounts. D. The solute and solvent are both decreasing in equal amounts.

66.

This image is a highly magnified view of an alloy of two metals. In the picture, the arrow is pointing to the filled-in dot, which is MOST likely a

A. salt. B. solute. C. solvation. D. solvent.

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67.

In all solutions, solutes and solvents

A. are always found as liquids. B. are found in the same amounts. C. can be separated by visible means. D. are found in the same state of matter.

68.

Carbon steel, usually simply called steel, is made by melting iron metal and adding a small amount of carbon to the liquid metal. In doing this, the alloy (solution of these metals) becomes much stronger and can be used for everything from automobile parts to I-beams found in skyscrapers. What is the solvent in steel?

A. carbon B. carbon steel C. iron D. steel

69.

Identify the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the most common isotope of manganese.

A. 25 B. 30 C. 54 D. 55

70.

Neutrons are located in the

A. proton cloud B. neutron cloud C. electron cloud D. nucleus

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71.

Identify the atomic number of the most common isotope of the element in the image.

A. 25 B. 29 C. 30 D. 55

72.

Which of the choices represents an isotope of uranium with a mass of approximately 235 amu?

A.

B.

C.

D.

73.

Identify the number of neutrons in an isotope of krypton-85.

A. 36 B. 49 C. 83.80 D. 85

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74.

Aluminum (Al) and Silicon (Si) are very similar in atomic structure. How are the two elements different in terms of atomic structure?

A. Silicon has one less proton than Aluminum. B. Silicon has fewer neutrons than Aluminum. C. Silicon has fewer electrons than Aluminum. D. Silicon has a greater atomic mass than Aluminum.

75. Which of these belongs in the outermost shell (energy level) of an atom?

A. Electrons B. Protons C. Neutrons D. Photons

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76. A proton has which of the following charges?

A. Negative B. Neutral C. Positive D. Magnetic

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77.

Which of the following lists the elements in order, from those having the least protons to those having the most protons in the atoms?

A. O, N, B, Li B. Na, S, Al, Cl C. O, S, Se, Te D. Rb, K, Na, Li

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Answer Key 1. D) is full. 2. B) They have filled outer valence shells. 3. C) neutrons. 4. C) molecule 5. C) a charge of -1. 6. A) positive hydrogen ions. 7. B) energy stored in bonds between atoms 8. C) As much solute as possible is dissolved in the solvent. 9. C) chemical reaction. 10. A) loses one electron. 11. A) a proton. 12. A) a single proton. 13. C) elements. 14. D) They must be found in the same group in the periodic table. 15. B) gains or loses electrons. 16. A) Water is decomposed into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. 17. D) chemical change that produces carbon from the wax. 18. C) the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. 19. C) the loss of alpha or beta particles from the nucleus 20. D) Its color permanently changes. 21. B) number of neutrons + number of protons 22. C) atomic number. 23. C) period 1.

24. D) physical 25. C) chemical change 26. D) Both are phase changes of a solid. 27. C) the size of their charge 28. D) molecule. 29. A) a molecule. 30. C) a form of hydrogen. 31. A) protons and neutrons. 32. D) isotopes. 33. B) the smallest of the three major particles. 34. C) electrons only 35. C) electrons and protons 36. C) electrons. 37. C) A chemical reaction had occurred. 38. D) electron. 39. A) mass number. 40. D) heterogeneous mixture 41. C) a homogeneous mixture 42. C) 8. 43. D) 10 44. D) sublimation 45. C) Iron atoms and oxygen molecules bond. 46. D) It has much less mass than a neutron.

47. C) 2.7 g/mL 48. C) 3.51 and 6.00 g/cm3. 49. C) Protons have a positive charge and neutrons have a neutral charge. 50. A) ethyl alcohol 51. D) Particle C and particle D have opposite electrical charges. 52. A) electron cloud 53. B) 6 amu 54. B) 19 55. D) approximately 39 amu 56. C) A and D 57. C) C 58. A) 13 protons, 14 neutrons, 13 electrons 59. C) Silicon, Sulfur, Arsenic, Selenium 60. D) 3.40 g/mL 61. C) 6.42 kg/L 62. D) Zinc 63. C) 4.0 g/mL 64. D) 1.2 g/mL 65. B) The solute is increasing greater than the solvent. 66. C) solvation. 67. D) are found in the same state of matter. 68. C) iron

69. D) 55 70. D) nucleus 71. A) 25

72. B) 73. B) 49 74. D) Silicon has a greater atomic mass than Aluminum. 75. A) Electrons 76. C) Positive 77. C) O, S, Se, Te

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