GHSGT Review

GHSGT Review

Biology

04/22/2023 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com 2

Cell Structures• Cell membrane- surrounds cell,

providing barrier• Cytoplasm- fluid, made mostly of

water, fills cell• Organelles- structures inside of cell• Nucleus- control center of cell• Nuclear membrane- membrane

surrounding nucleus• Ribosomes- produce proteins• Endoplasmic reticulum- transport in

cell


Cell Structures• Golgi apparatus- storage• Lysosomes- digestion and recycling• Mitochondria- cellular respiration;

energy release• Centrioles- function in cell

reproduction• Chloroplasts- photosynthesis• Cell wall- surrounds cell membrane in

plant and bacterial cells


Animal versus Plant cell


Prokaryote versus Eukaryote• Lacks a nucleus • Has no membrane-

bound organelles• unicellular• EX: bacteria

• Has distinct nucleus

• Unicellular and multicellular

• Have membrane-bound organelles

• EX: plants, animals, protists, fungi


Lesson ReviewWhat cell structure

do all eukaryotes have in common?

a. Nucleusb. Cell wallc. Chloroplastsd. RNA

What cell structures would indicate that you are examining a plant cell rather than an animal cell?

a. Nucleus &chloroplasts

b. Cell wall &chloroplasts

c. Chloroplasts & mitochondria

d. Chromosomes & vacuoles


Lesson ReviewWhich labeled structure in the diagram contains chromosomes?a. Structure 1b. Structure 6c. Structure 7d. Structure 3

Which cell structures are involved in protein synthesis?

e. Structure 1f. Structure 6g. Structure 7h. Structure 3


Macromolecules• Organic compounds- compounds that

contain carbon; building blocks of cellsType of compound FunctionsProteins Subunits are called amino acid. Function

form structures, transport, help cells move and involved in chemical reactions (enzymes)

Carbohydrates (Sugar & Starch)

Used as source of energySugar- quick energyStarch- slow-release energy

Lipids Fats, oils & waxesStores energy and functions as part of cell membrane

Nucleic acids Store important information (DNA)


Lesson ReviewProteins that

speed up a chemical reaction without becoming part of the reaction are ___.

a. Amino acidsb. Enzymesc. Nucleic acidsd. carbohydrates

Which types of macromolecules are not soluble in water?

a. Sugarsb. Starchesc. Proteinsd. Lipids


DNA and RNADeoxyribonucleic

acidMade up of smaller

units called nucleotides

Contains deoxyribose sugar

Four bases: Adenine, Guanine, Thymine & Cytosine

Double helix

Ribonucleic acid

Contains ribose sugar

Single helixBases: Adenine,

Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil


Lesson ReviewDNA contains each

of the following bases, except ____.

a. Uracilb. Adeninec. Cytosined. thymine

Which of the following is not a component of a nucleotide?

a. five-carbon sugarb. Nitrogenous basec. Amino acidd. Phosphate group


Lesson ReviewIN a molecule of

DNA, the base thymine always pairs with ___.

a. Cytosineb. Guaninec. Uracild. Adenine

In an RNA molecule, uracil, takes the place of ___.

a. Cytosineb. Thyminec. Guanined. adenine


Storing and Transmitting Cellular Information

• DNA Replication- before a cell can divide it must make a copy of the DNA

• First- the DNA unzips

• The “loose” nitrogen bases attach to their matches

• Creates two strands


Protein synthesis- creation of proteins from code found in

DNA• Transcription DNA unzipsMessenger RNA

transcribes the sequence of code from DNA

Substitutes uracil for thymine

• Translation• mRNA moves out

of the nucleus into the cytoplasm

• Attaches to a ribosome exposing a single codon

• Transfer RNA then picks up the correct nitrogen base and joins it as a chain


Lesson ReviewDuring DNA

replication, which base pairs with cytosine?

a. Thymineb. Guaninec. Adenined. uracil

During transcription, which base pairs with adenine?

a. Uracilb. Thyminec. Guanined. cytosine


Lesson ReviewWhich type of

molecule transcribes the information from a DNA molecule to a molecule that carries the information to a ribosome?

a. tRNAb. rRNAc. mRNAd. dRNA

What takes place during replication?

a. The DNA is copied before cell division occurs

b. Information from mRNA is used to make proteins

c. mRNA makes a copy of the DNA

d. rRNA reads the information from mRNA to make proteins


Reproductive Variability• Asexual

reproduction• Involves only one

parent• Results in offspring

just like the parents

• Sexual reproduction

• Involves two parents

• Results in more genetic variability in offspring


Chromosomes and Reproduction

• Meiosis is a process through which the nucleus of a cell divides in such a way that the chromosome number is divided in half

• Thus, the number of chromosomes in a gamete have the HAPLOID number

• The resulting zygote will then have the DIPLOID number


Genes & Traits• Each chromosome contains many

genes• Genes- section of chromosome that

codes for single trait• Homologous chromosomes-

similar in size, shape and genetic material

• Allele- gene that controls an alternate form of the trait.

• Mendel’s law of segregation- states that two alleles for each trait separate into separate gametes


Describing alleles• Homozygous- alleles are the same;

either both dominant or both recessive

• Heterozygous- alleles are different; one dominant and one recessive; also called “hybrid”

• Genotype- genetic composition• Phenotype- traits organism displays


Predict Genotype and Phenotype

• Use a Punnett square

• Gives the probability of the offspring outcome


• Mendel’s second law- law of indendent assortment states that the inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of another trait


Lesson ReviewIn pea plants, round (R)seeds are dominant over

wrinkled (r)seeds. The punnett square shows a cross between two parents that are heterozygous for round peas.

Which of the following describes all possible genotypes resulting from this cross?a. RR and rr c. round seedsb. RR, Rr and rr d. wrinkled seedsWhat genotype will result in an offspring that

has wrinkled seeds?c. RR c. rrd. Rr d. rWhat percentage of the offspring will likely to

be homozygous for round seeds?

R r

R

r


DNA Technology• Biotechnology- manipulation of

organisms or their parts for human uses; used to improve human health & food production, also used in forensics

• Genetic engineering- production of organisms with new genetic traits; most often from taking segments of DNA from one organism and inserting it into another


Cloning• Scientists produce

genetically identical individuals from a single cell.

• First the nucleus of a female egg cell is removed

• Then egg cell is fused with the nucleus of a cell taken from another adult

• When the cells fuse, they produce a single cell that begins to divide


DNA Fingerprinting• Use a technique called gel

electrophoresis to compare DNA of different organisms

• First the DNA is cut into sections with enzymes

• Then fragments are placed in a gel • Electric charges separate the pieces

by size


Lesson ReviewWhich would be a

reason why scientists would genetically engineer bacteria to produce human insulin?

a. Bacteria do not have their own DNA

b. Bacteria are livingc. Bacteria are very

smalld. Bacteria

reproduce quickly

What has to be removed from the donor egg cell during the cloning process?

a. Nucleusb. Cytoplasmc. Y chromosomed. X chromosome


Photosynthesis and RespirationProcess by which

some types of organisms capture the energy of sunlight and convert it to chemical energy (food)

Happens in the cell’s chloroplasts

• Process by which living things release energy from the chemical bonds in food molecules

• Happens in the cell’s mitochondria


Photosynthesis• 6 CO2 + 6H2O

C6H12O6 + 6O2 • Occurs in

chloroplasts• Two parts:

–Light reaction–Calvin cycle (dark reaction)


What is respiration?• The process of breaking down

food molecules to release energy• Occurs in the mitochondria• Two types:

–Aerobic – requires oxygen–Anaerobic – occurs without oxygen

– C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy


Where does a cell get energy?

• Cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to a form the cell can use.

• Energy is stored in an ATP molecule (adenosine triphosphate) .


Lesson ReviewWhat is the source of

energy for photosynthesis?

a. Sunlightb. Carbon dioxidec. Glucose d. WaterWhat are the reactants

of photosynthesis?e. Water & glucosef. Glucose & carbon

dioxideg. Carbon dioxide &

waterh. Oxygen & water

What would likely happen to a plant briefly kept in the dark?

a. It would die from lack of foodb. It would perform the light-

reactions onlyc. It would recycle materials, but

not energyd. It would conduct

photosynthesis, but not respiration


Relationships among Organisms• Ecosystem- living & nonliving things in an

environment• Abiotic factors- nonliving• Biotic factors- living• Population- all organisms of same species

living in an area• Community- all interacting populations

living in an area• Limiting factors- environmental factors

that control population size• Carrying capacity- largest population that

a given environment can support over time


Ecosystem Interactions• Competition- when organisms vie with

each other for resources• Predation- feeding relationship where

one organism hunts and kills another for food

• Symbiosis- interdependent relationships between organisms

• Mutualism- both species benefit• Parasitism- only one species benefits;

other harmed• Commensalism- one benefits; other

unaffected


What determines a Terrestrial Biome?

• Climate – temperature and rainfall• 6 major biomes

– Tundra– Coniferous Forest– Deciduous Forest– Grasslands– Desert– Tropical Rainforest


What determines an aquatic biome?

• Amount of light, oxygen and salinity– Lakes– Ponds– Wetlands

• Marshes• Swamps• Estuaries

– Coral Reefs– Deep Ocean


Lesson ReviewThe graph shows

population changes for two species that share the same ecosystem. Which relationship exists between them?

a. The two species compete for the same food source

b. Species A is prey to species B

c. Species A is a predator to species B

d. They do not interact

Species A

Species B

Tapeworms live in the digestive tracts of mammals and absorb nutrients. The relationship between the tapeworms & the host is an example of ___.a. Commensalismb. Parasitismc. Mutualismd. Natural selection


Food Chains, Webs & Pyramids• Producers- produce their own food• Consumers- obtains food from others• Decomposer- breaking down wastes or

the remains of dead organisms• Trophic level- each feeding level in an

ecosystem• Food chain- flow of energy from one

organism to another• Food web- provides for showing

interconnected food chains• Energy pyramid-shows energy loss

among trophic levels


Lesson ReviewWhich group of organisms make up the

final trophic level in an ecosystem?a. Producers c. tertiary consumersb. Secondary consumers d. decomposersCattle feed by grazing on grasses. Cattle

are an example of ___.c. Producers c. herbivoresd. Omnivores d. carnivoresWhich shows a correct order for the transfer

of energy within an ecosystem?e. producer- decomposer-herbivore-omnivoref. Carnivore-herbivore-decomposer-omnivoreg. Producer-herbivore-carnivore-decomposer

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