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1. Microbiological
Trypanosomes = flagellated protists they cause
trypanosomiasis or African sleeping sickness
Plasmodium
= parasitic
protozoa that
causes
malaria
Trematode = disease causing flatworm, a helminth
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Example! TyphoidWater and wastewater treatment engineering has been
very successful in eliminating these problems in most
developed countries.
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Examples:
Hepatitis
Poliomyelitis
Salmonella typhosa
Shigella dysenteriae
Vibrio cholerae
Entamoeba histolytica
Schistosomiasis
Cryptosporidium!
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Biological water quality is very difficult to measure directly. microbiological water quality has been characterized by:
a. Disease outbreaks b. Indicators:
The presence of these
indicators suggests
that pathogens may
also be present.
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How do we measure for indicator organisms?
Bulk—statistical method -> most probable number (MPN)
Membrane Test: direct count of colonies
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2. Physical Water Characteristics
A. Sight
i. Color: dissolved organic matter
from decay or algae (yellow/
brown or green);ii.
Color: humic matter (black)
iii. Turbidity
B. Taste
C.
OdorD. Feel
i.
“Mouthfeel”
ii. Temperature
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2. Physical -- related to aesthetic concerns
• Turbidity
•
Valuable for identifiying microstratification of particlesand organisms.
• Does not always correlate with suspended solids.
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3. Chemical Constituents
A. Major constituents (ppm level)
i.
Cations Ca2+
Mg2+
Na+
ii. AnionsCl-
SO42-
HCO3- Buffers pH of water
NO3- SMCL = 10 mg/L as N, 45 mg/L as nitrate
Contributes tohardness
SMCL (Secondary Maximum ContaminantLevel) = not harmful to humans = 250 mg/L
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3. Chemical Constituents
B. Ions with Special Treatment
ii.
Al2+ Used in treatment to coagulate,SMCL = 0.05 – 0.2 mg/L
iii. Fe2+, Fe3+ Stains, taste, toxic at 100 mg/L,
SMCL = 0.03 mg/Liv. NH4
+ Ammonium, organic waste trtmnt,
(
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ContaminantMCLG1
(mg/L)2
MCL
or TT1
(mg/L)2
Potential Health Effects from
Ingestion of Water
Sources of Contaminant in
Drinking Water
Antimony 0.006 0.006 Increase in blood cholesterol;
decrease in blood sugar
Discharge from petroleum
refineries; fire retardants;
ceramics; electronics; solder
Arsenic 07 0.010 as of
01/23/06
Skin damage or problems with
circulatory systems, and may have
increased risk of getting cancer
Erosion of natural deposits; runoff
from orchards, runoff from glass
& electronicsproduction wastes
Asbestos
(fiber >10
micrometers)
7 million
fibers per
liter
7 MFL Increased risk of developing benign
intestinal polyps
Decay of asbestos cement in water
mains; erosion of natural deposits
Barium 2 2 Increase in blood pressure Discharge of drilling wastes;
discharge from metal refineries;
erosion of natural deposits
Beryllium 0.004 0.004 Intestinal lesions Discharge from metal refineries
and coal-burning factories;
discharge from electrical,
aerospace, and defense industries
Cadmium 0.005 0.005 Kidney damage Corrosion of galvanized pipes; erosion
of natural deposits; discharge from
metal refineries; runoff from waste
batteries and paints
3. Chemical Constituents: Inorganic
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ContaminantMCLG
1
(mg/L)2
MCL
or TT1
(mg/L)2
Potential Health Effects from
Ingestion of Water
Sources of
Contaminant in
Drinking Water
Acrylamide zero TT9 Nervous system or blood
problems; increased risk of
cancer
Added to water during
sewage/wastewater
treatment
Alachlor zero 0.002 Eye, liver, kidney or spleenproblems; anemia; increased
risk of cancer
Runoff from herbicideused on row crops
Atrazine 0.003 0.003 Cardiovascular system or
reproductive problems
Runoff from herbicide
used on row crops
3. Chemical Constituents: Dissolved Organic
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Emerging Contaminants
Previously unrecognized persistence, deleterious
impact, and occurrence
AntibioticsEndocrine disrupting chemicals
PBDE’s (polybrominated diphenyl ethers)PFAS’s (perfluoroalkyl substances)
Nanoparticles (ie silver)
Pathogens
Antibiotic resitance gene transfer Aerosol delivery (shower head) “ David Bowie effect ”
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18
WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES
(setting foundation for last third of class)
The objective of water treatment is to produce a
potable product that is:
•
Safe to consume, i.e. does not contain toxicsubstances and pathogenic bacteria,
• Aesthetically acceptable to consumers, i.e. does
not contain color, turbidity and other nuisancesubstances, and
• Not too expensive to the average consumer.
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