Dimensions and Water Quality

8/17/2019 Dimensions and Water Quality

1/18


2/18

• %&'()*&+),- .),-/*&* KL,'M-(

• F+N '587 6O" 0+(* +)( 8,3 M3+058( &) , /(,3P

• Q&R()E > 8,3? > /(,3

• S&)0E 6O" M(3 /(,3

•

.**5'(E = = =


3/18

• %&'()*&+),- .),-/*&*

• T+N(3* +U >I

;V >I@ >III

V > >

'V >IW@ I=II>

XV >IWY I=IIIII>

)V >IWZ I=IIIIIIII>

MV >IW>" I=IIIIIIIIIII>

• F+N ',)/ V3,'* &) @YAY ;VP

• [(M-,8( 27( \;] N&27 27( M+N(3E @YAY L >I@ V


4/18

• 1,2(3 45,-&2/ 67,3,82(3&*98*

>=

^&83+H&+-+V&8,-

"=

T7/*&8,-

@=

67('&8,-


5/18

1. Microbiological

Trypanosomes = flagellated protists they cause

trypanosomiasis or African sleeping sickness

Plasmodium

= parasitic

protozoa that

causes

malaria

Trematode = disease causing flatworm, a helminth


6/18

Example! TyphoidWater and wastewater treatment engineering has been

very successful in eliminating these problems in most

developed countries.


7/18

Examples:

Hepatitis

Poliomyelitis

Salmonella typhosa

Shigella dysenteriae

Vibrio cholerae

Entamoeba histolytica

Schistosomiasis

Cryptosporidium!


8/18


9/18

Biological water quality is very difficult to measure directly. microbiological water quality has been characterized by:

a. Disease outbreaks b. Indicators:

The presence of these

indicators suggests

that pathogens may

also be present.


10/18

How do we measure for indicator organisms?

Bulk—statistical method -> most probable number (MPN)

Membrane Test: direct count of colonies


11/18

2. Physical Water Characteristics

A. Sight

i. Color: dissolved organic matter

from decay or algae (yellow/

brown or green);ii.

Color: humic matter (black)

iii. Turbidity

B. Taste

C.

OdorD. Feel

i.

“Mouthfeel”

ii. Temperature


12/18

2. Physical -- related to aesthetic concerns

• Turbidity

•

Valuable for identifiying microstratification of particlesand organisms.

• Does not always correlate with suspended solids.


13/18

3. Chemical Constituents

A. Major constituents (ppm level)

i.

Cations Ca2+

Mg2+

Na+

ii. AnionsCl-

SO42-

HCO3- Buffers pH of water

NO3- SMCL = 10 mg/L as N, 45 mg/L as nitrate

Contributes tohardness

SMCL (Secondary Maximum ContaminantLevel) = not harmful to humans = 250 mg/L


14/18

3. Chemical Constituents

B. Ions with Special Treatment

ii.

Al2+ Used in treatment to coagulate,SMCL = 0.05 – 0.2 mg/L

iii. Fe2+, Fe3+ Stains, taste, toxic at 100 mg/L,

SMCL = 0.03 mg/Liv. NH4

+ Ammonium, organic waste trtmnt,

(


15/18

ContaminantMCLG1

(mg/L)2

MCL

or TT1

(mg/L)2

Potential Health Effects from

Ingestion of Water

Sources of Contaminant in

Drinking Water

Antimony 0.006 0.006 Increase in blood cholesterol;

decrease in blood sugar

Discharge from petroleum

refineries; fire retardants;

ceramics; electronics; solder

Arsenic 07 0.010 as of

01/23/06

Skin damage or problems with

circulatory systems, and may have

increased risk of getting cancer

Erosion of natural deposits; runoff

from orchards, runoff from glass

& electronicsproduction wastes

Asbestos

(fiber >10

micrometers)

7 million

fibers per

liter

7 MFL Increased risk of developing benign

intestinal polyps

Decay of asbestos cement in water

mains; erosion of natural deposits

Barium 2 2 Increase in blood pressure Discharge of drilling wastes;

discharge from metal refineries;

erosion of natural deposits

Beryllium 0.004 0.004 Intestinal lesions Discharge from metal refineries

and coal-burning factories;

discharge from electrical,

aerospace, and defense industries

Cadmium 0.005 0.005 Kidney damage Corrosion of galvanized pipes; erosion

of natural deposits; discharge from

metal refineries; runoff from waste

batteries and paints

3. Chemical Constituents: Inorganic


16/18

ContaminantMCLG

1

(mg/L)2

MCL

or TT1

(mg/L)2

Potential Health Effects from

Ingestion of Water

Sources of

Contaminant in

Drinking Water

Acrylamide zero TT9 Nervous system or blood

problems; increased risk of

cancer

Added to water during

sewage/wastewater

treatment

Alachlor zero 0.002 Eye, liver, kidney or spleenproblems; anemia; increased

risk of cancer

Runoff from herbicideused on row crops

Atrazine 0.003 0.003 Cardiovascular system or

reproductive problems

Runoff from herbicide

used on row crops

3. Chemical Constituents: Dissolved Organic


17/18

Emerging Contaminants

Previously unrecognized persistence, deleterious

impact, and occurrence

AntibioticsEndocrine disrupting chemicals

PBDE’s (polybrominated diphenyl ethers)PFAS’s (perfluoroalkyl substances)

Nanoparticles (ie silver)

Pathogens

Antibiotic resitance gene transfer Aerosol delivery (shower head) “ David Bowie effect ”


18/18

18

WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES

(setting foundation for last third of class)

The objective of water treatment is to produce a

potable product that is:

•

Safe to consume, i.e. does not contain toxicsubstances and pathogenic bacteria,

• Aesthetically acceptable to consumers, i.e. does

not contain color, turbidity and other nuisancesubstances, and

• Not too expensive to the average consumer.

Dimensions and Water Quality

Documents

Transcript of Dimensions and Water Quality