Ch. 13 - ReformationCh. 13 - Reformation
Catholic ResponsesCatholic Responses
By: Lynn WangPeriod 5
Caravaggio<http://i43.tinypic.com/20ac40z.jpg
Before We Begin…• Church Strengths:– Most of the population remained loyal to the Church 2 – Had appeal of security and familiarity, as well as
splendor in rituals, art 1
– Support from poor by Church charity 1
• Church Weaknesses:– Many areas of Europe turned Protestant 1
– Pope has limited power 1
– Need for organized, defined doctrine 1
• Church recognized need for reforms… 1
Counter-Reformation/Catholic Revival1(Chambers)2 (Sherman)
Reformation Map
Map of Europe separated by each region’s religion
<http://historyofeuropeanfashion.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/baroquewomen.jpg?w=486&h=345>
Pope Paul III• Previously, weak popes in Catholic
Church 1
• Pope Paul III is elected 1534 1
• Ultimate goal: strengthen papacy’s role in Church 1
1(Chambers)2 (Pollen “The Counter-Reformation”)
• Proposes Church Council to organize Church 1 doctrine Council of Trent (1545) 1
• Roman Inquisition 1
• Added highly qualified members to College of Cardinals (elects popes) to ensure succession of competent popes 1• St. Pius V, Gregory XIII, Sixtus V 2
Pope Paul III - Titian<http://www.jssgallery.org/Other_Artists/Titian/PortraitPopePaulIII.jpg>
Pope Paul III (Cont.)• Not particularly pious
• Trained to become an apolostic notary - handles Church’s paperwork (“Pope Paul III” -wiki, “Notarius”)
• Had a mistress (Sylvia Ruffini), several children (gave positions, ex: cardinal) (“Pope Paul III”)• **Interesting thought** - Pope Paul III
embodied the “impious” papacy that began the Reformation
• Made Sublimus Dei – forbid slavery of native Americans, but instituted it elsewhere (“Sublimus Dei”)
• Supported the arts• Farnesse Palace (“Pope Paul III - NNDB”)• Had Michelangelo paint The Last
Judgement, continue St. Peter’s basilica (“Pope Paul III - NNDB”)
The Last Judgement – Michelangelohttp://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~rfrey/images/166/Christianity/Michelangelo_Frescoe_Last_Judgement%20Sisten%20Chapel.jpg
Council of Trent• Consisted of Church leaders 1
– Italians (supported papacy) – were majority 1
– Non-Italians (wanted diluted religious authority) 1
• Met through 1545-1563 in Trent, Italy 1
1(Chambers) 2(“Counter-Reformation”)
• Focused on clarifying Church practices 1• To end doubt and ambiguity 1
• “For the peace and union of the Church; for the reformation of the Clergy and the Christian people; for the…extinction of the enemies of the Christian name, -…the sacred…council of Trent…hath begun” (Weber 76).
• Attempts at curbing papacy’s luxurious lifestyle with reforms 2
• Thomas Aquinas’ ideas are central 1
<http://catholicharboroffaithandmorals.com/Council%20of%20Trent.jpg >
Thomas Aquinas (1226-1274) 2
• Aristotlean 1
• Philosophy is from pre-existing knowledge 1
• Used Five Ways to prove the existence of God 1
• Theology is to discover truths of God through reasoning but the Church offers the technical aspects 2
• Faith and reason combine in harmony 2
1(McInerny)2 (“St. Thomas Aquinas”)
<http://www.biography.com/imported/images/Biography/Images/Profiles/S/St-Thomas-Aquinas-9187231-1-402.jpg>
Council of Trent Conclusions• Seven sacraments are unshakable (including
transubstantiation) 2
• Bible is not enough, Church tradition is essential to faith 1
• Priest should be present in many rituals (ex: marriage) 1
• Concept of free will, with salvation reached through good deeds and faith 1
• Latin version of bible by St. Jerome is made holy 1
• Grand rituals encouraged flowering of art 1
1(Chambers)2(“Counter-Reformation”)
St. Teresa• Lived from 1515-1582, Spanish 2
• Beautiful and frivolous in her youth 3
• Sent to convent as a girl, became severely ill, God appeared in visions 1, 2
• Teresa gains followers, Church is concerned until Spanish king approves of her 1
• Teresa and her followers travel across Spain building covenants 1
3(Stein)2(Zimmerman)
1(Chambers)
St. Teresa<http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Fpau1jzLLvM/UHv5Mbt8yEI/AAAAAAAABdo/29WssI_tpbxk/s1600/St_TeresaAvila.jpg>
Ignatius Loyola• Lived from 1491-1556, Spanish 1
• Born to a noble family, raised with chivalric, religious values 1
• Saw religion in chivalric, military views 1
• Believes in discipline, education (studied 11 years, attended universities) 2
1(Chambers) 2(Pollen “St. Ignatius Loyola”) 3(“Society of Jesus”)
• Had 8-day long vision of an outline of Spiritual Exercises and the Society of Jesus 1
• Loyola and followers approved by Paul III in 1538 as a religious order – The Society of Jesus 1
• "I will believe that the white that I see is black if the hierarchical Church so defines it” - Loyola3
Ignatius Loyola<http://www.stigchurch.org/Assets/ignatius-portrait.jpg>
The Spiritual Exercises• Revised multiple times 1
• Discusses Church doctrines and how to live faithfully 1
• Requires 4-week long period to examine own faith, make connection to God 1
• Salvation is voluntary – there is free will, and good works that one does leads to salvation 1
• “Missions” – sections of The Spiritual Exercises preached; popular in England 2
1(Chambers)2(Pollen “St. Ignatius Loyola”)
The Spiritual Exercises<http://libraries.slu.edu/a/digital_collections/spiritual-journeys/images/exercises-title.jpg>
The Society of Jesus• Four duties:– Mission Work 1
– Preaching 1
– Listening to confessions 1
– Teaching 1
• Schools became famously good, some Protestants enroll children who converted 1
• Intellectually gifted chosen, given high education effective tool for Church 1
• Conversion preferred over execution 1
1(Chambers)
<http://www.loyolapress.com/assets/fg_comp/137218_content.jpg>
Baroque Period• Dramatic, passionate, to awe the
audience 1
• From idea of grandeur in Church image 1
• Used striking contrasts of light and dark 2
• Sense of unity emphasized 2
• Council of Trent and Catholic Church want art to evoke religious piety 2
1(Chambers)2(“Baroque”)
<http://www.nyu.edu/classes/gilbert/classic/images/barorchdetail.gif>
Examples:• Caravaggio 1
• Rubens 1
• Velásquez 1
• Bernini 1
• Claudio Monteverdi (music) 1
Baroque Art Examples• Claudio Monteverdi -
composer, developed opera and orchestra 1
– Orfeo 1 (Toccata d’Orfeo: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fH5zbdzV4k)
Caravaggio used dramatic light and dark 1
The Calling of St. Matthew – Caravaggio
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Caravaggio_-_La_vocazione_di_San_Matteo.jpg/300px-Caravaggio_-_La_vocazione_di_San_Matteo.jpg>
The Fall of Phaeton – Rubens
<http://uploads7.wikipaintings.org/images/peter-paul-rubens/the-fall-of-phaeton.jpg>Rubens painted the
magnificence of the Church and faith 1
The Ecstasy of St.
Teresa<http://castinet.castilleja.org/users/pmckee/culture_civilizations/bernini.-ecstasy2.jpg>
Bernini’s sculpture and architecture epitomized the Baroque Period qualities 1
1(Chambers)
Use of Propaganda• Propaganda utilized by both
Reformation and Counter-Reformation 1
– Both try to portray other as Devil 1
– Invention of printing press plays large part 1
• Catholics demonize Luther 1
• Song lyrics with certain words replaced used 1
– Distributed through pamphlets with pictures 1
1(Hartmann)
Luther’s Game of Heresy<http://www.people.vcu.edu/~jahartmann/images/Propaganda_in_the_Reformation.pdf>
Other Church Actions• Inquisition restarted in 1542 1
– Harsh punishment for accused 1
• Index of Forbidden Books in 1557 1
– Books considered heretical, have ideas different from Church, are banned 2
– Only ended in 1966 with Pope Paul VI 2
1(Cline “Counter-Reformation”)2(Cline “Index of Forbidden Books (Index of Prohibited Books)”)
The Room of the Roman Inquisition – Picart<http://www.1st-art-gallery.com/thumbnail/204435/1/The-Room-Of-The-Roman-Inquisition,-1722.jpg>
Women in the Time Period• Women became highly involved in community
work1
– Religious orders, like charities 1
1(Chambers)
Baroque Women Fashion<http://historyofeuropeanfashion.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/baroquewomen.jpg?w=486&h=345.>
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