WELCOME TO THE SCIENCE LABORATORY

Key Words List 6Safety in the Laboratory 7Identifying Hazardous Materials in the Laboratory 8Laboratory Equipment 9Drawing Laboratory Equipment 10Parts of a Bunsen Burner 12Lighting a Bunsen Burner 12The Bunsen Flame 13Using the Bunsen Burner 14Bunsen Burner Driver’s Licence Test 15Reading Scales 17Reading Scales 2 18Measuring Liquids 19Drawing Graphs 20Measuring Your Hand Span 21A Simple Investigation - Putting it All Together 22End of Chapter Crossword 23Chapter Review 24End of Chapter Review Questions 25

MIXING AND SEPARATING

Key Words List 26Prior Knowledge Quiz 27Mixtures 28Separating Mixtures 29Filtration - Separating a Solid Mixed with a Liquid 29Emergency! A Dirty Water Problem 30Solutions 31Investigating Solubility 32Concentration 33Making a Dilution Series 33Saturation 35Separating Solutions 36Evaporation - Separating a Solid Dissolved in a Liquid 36Table Salt Production at Lake Grassmere 37Distillation - Separating a Solid Dissolved in a Liquid 38Understanding the Liebig Condenser 39Chromatography 40End of Chapter Puzzles 42Chapter Review 45End of Chapter Review Questions 46

MATTER

Key Words List 48What is Matter? 49The Particle Theory of Matter 50Making a Key - States of Matter 52Changing States 53Investigating State Changes 54The Behaviour of Matter - Diffusion 56Behaviour of Matter - Expansion 58Behaviour of Matter - Contraction 59Particle Theory of Matter - Conduction 60Particle Theory of Matter - Convection 62Tea Bag Rocket 64Convection at Home 65Sublimation 66Science Scramble - Matter 67

End of Chapter Crossword 68Chapter Review 69End of Chapter Review Questions 70

WAVES AND ENERGY

Key Word List 72Introduction to Energy 74Energy Transformations 75Wasted Energy 76Energy Changes Inside An Engine 77What is a Wave? 78Measuring Waves 79Sound 80Investigating Sound 80Describing Sound 81Hearing Sound 82What is Light? 83Sources of Light 83Light is Energy 83Speed of Light 84Optical Science - The Study of Light 84Light Moves in Straight Lines 85Forming Shadows 86Bouncing Light 87Using Reflection - Periscopes 88Using Reflection - Fibre Optics 89Curved Mirrors 90Reflection Questions 91Refraction 92Questions on Refraction 94Refraction through Lenses 95The Eye 96Eye Model 97My Model Eye 99Colours 100Seeing in Colour 101Blues Skies and Orange Sunsets 102End of Chapter Crossword 103Chapter Review 104End of Chapter Review Questions 106

BOTANY

Key Word List 110Is it Living? 111MRS.C.GREN 112What’s the Difference between Plants and Animals? 113Comparing Plants and Animals 114MRS.C.GREN Crossword 115Are Cars Living? 115Cells - The Building Blocks of Life 116Formation of the Cell Theory 117Using a Microscope 118Preparing a Microscope Slide 119Drawing Cells 120Unacceptable Drawings 121Plant Parts 122Wild Words 123Leaf Plan 123Photosynthesis - Sunlight to Food 124

CONTENTS

Photosynthesis - continued 125Proving Plants Need The Sun 126Leaf Cross-Section 128Controlling the Rate of Photosynthesis 129Transport in Plants 130Flowers 131Parts of a Flower 131Harakeke (flax) 132A Model Flower 133Flowers Crossword 134Pollination 137Tui - The Great NZ Pollinator 138Darwin’s Orchid 138Fertilisation 139Seed Structure 140Seed Dispersal 141Germination 142Stages of Germination 143End of Chapter Puzzles 144Chapter Review 147End of Chapter Review Questions 148

ECOLOGY

Key Words List 150Classification of Life 152The Binomial System of Naming Species 153The Animal Kingdom 154The Plant Kingdom 156Classification Keys 157Identifying Arthropods 158What is Ecology? 159Habitats 160Adaptations 161Designer Organism 162Adaptations of Predators and Prey 163The Predator-Prey Relationship 164Feeding Interactions 166Food Chains in the Harbour 168A Model Food Chain 169Food Webs 171Energy Loss - The 10 % Rule 173Ecological Pyramids 174End of Chapter Puzzles 175Chapter Review 176End of Chapter Review Questions 177

FOOD AND DIGESTION

Key Word List 180Nutrition 181Carbohydrates 182Testing for Simple Sugars - the Benedict’s Test 183Testing for Complex Sugars - the Iodine Test 183Proteins 184Lipids 185Food Tests Crossword 185Fast Food 186Kwashiorkor 188Using Linking Words 189Digestion Basics 189Human Digestive System Overview 190

Teeth and Ingestion 191Dentition 192Inside a Tooth 193Tooth Anatomy Word Search 194Digesting Food 195The Oesophagus 196The Human Stomach 197The Small Intestine 198The Liver 199The Large Intestine 200End of Chapter Crossword 201Chapter Review 202End of Chapter Review Questions 203

HYDROLOGY

Key Word List 206Earth 207The Hydrosphere 208The Water Cycle 208The Water Cycle 209Watching the Water Cycle in Action 210Weathering 211Acid Rain 212Observing the Effects of Acid Rain 213Rain Shadows 214Chapter Review 216End of Chapter Review Questions 217

ASTRONOMY

Key Word List 218Ideas About Astronomy 219Astronomy and Astrology 220Planet Earth Basics 221Night and Day 222The Year and Seasons 223The Moon 224The Phases of the Moon 224Phases of the Moon Flip Book 225Phases of the Moon Questions 227The Effect of the Moon on Earth - Tides 228Did We Land on the Moon? 229Eclipses 230Measuring Distances in Space 232The Sun - Our Star 233The Solar System 234The Problems with Space Travel 234Planetary Mnemonic 235What Happened to Pluto? 236Planetary Sudoku 236Planetary Research Project 238The Ethics of Space Travel 241End of Chapter Crossword 242Chapter Review 243End of Chapter Review Questions 244

General Science Crossword 246

Periodic Table and Common Ions 248