DALINA BT MAT JALI 740614-71-5128
OUMH2103ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL PURPOSES
FALKULTI PENDIDIKAN DAN BAHASAPROGRAM SARJANA MUDA PENGAJARAN
SEMESTER : SEPTEMBER 2012
OUMH2103ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL PURPOSES
TUGASAN KURSUS INDIVIDU
DISEDIAKAN OLEH :DALINA BINTI MAT JALINO I/C :740614-71-5128
NO MATRIKS: 740614715128002E-MAIL :[email protected]
NAMA TUTOR :
PUAN AZIZON BINTI AB.AZIZ
PUSAT PEMBELAJARAN: KELANTAN LEARNING CENTRE
OPEN UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA JALAN SULTAN YAHYA PETRA
15200 KOTA BHARU KELANTAN
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Allah s. w.t, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful,
Alhamdulillah, all praises to Allah for the strengths and His blessing in
completing this assignment, peace and blessings to the beloved prophet
Muhammad s.a.w , peace be upon him, his family and his companions. thanks to
Illahi ,with his permission ,I had completed assignment of Oumh2103
English For Science And Technical Purposes as a complement For kursus Sarjana
September Session 2012. I would like to express my utmost and deepest gratitude
and appreciation to, Puan Azizon Binti Ab.Aziz for her guidance inproviding in
making this assignment, also a lot of thanks to OUM campus administrators
Learning Centre for providing the references in the resource center as a guide to
complete this task. My warmest appreciation to all my friends for the supports
and encouragement. Last but not least, my deepest gratitude goes to my beloved
parents; Mr. Mat Jali Bin Mamat and Mrs. Ramlah Bt. Che Ali , my beloved
husband Mr Ismail Bin Haron and also to my sisters and brothers for their endless
love, prayers and encouragement. Also not forgetting to those who indirectly
contributed in this research, your kindness means a lot to me. Thank you very
much.
Dalina Binti Mat Jali
DALINA BT MAT JALI 740614-71-5128
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PART A
Introduction
Littering is a major reason that cause environmental damage, the word of litter
refers to different waste products such as containers, papers, and wrappers that
have been disposed onto streets, countrysides and remote places, meaning that the
simplest littering definition would be pollution of our environment by different
litter waste.
"Litter also defining as any solid or liquid material or product or combination of
solid or liquid materials or products, including, but not limited to any rubbish,
refuse, garbage, paper, package, container, bottle, can, manure, or sewage or the
whole or a part of an animal carcass or the whole or part of any article, raw or
processed material, Motor Vehicle or other machinery, that is disposed of; or any
other material or product that is designated as litter.
Why Do People Litter? People litter because they do not feel responsible for
public areas like streets and parks. The more they litter, the more it becomes a
habit, and the worse the community looks.People usually litter outside their own
neighborhood where their trash becomes someone else's problem. They also feel
no sense of ownership, even though areas such as parks and beaches are public
property,people litter because they believe someone else such as a maintenance
worker or responsible neighbor will pick up after them, once litter starts to pile
up, people feel even less responsible for adding to the litter. If an area is clean,
people are less likely to litter.
From the website http://litterinfo.org/sources.htm, there are actually seven primary
sources of litters :
1)Household trash at the curbside
2)Dumpsters used by businesses
3)Loading docks
4)Construction and demolition sites
5)Uncovered trucks
6)Motorists
7)Pedestrians
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Litter tends to be a problem in particular locations , generally places where there
are a lot of people or vehicles, such as town centres, routes to schools, near shops
selling ‘food on the go’, play areas and parks where groups gather, canals,railway
stations, car parks, shrub beds and grassed areas,shopping centres and
unmaintained ‘gap sites’.
Type of waste often indiscriminately throw garbage place is made up of food
scraps including food packaging materials and refreshments, in addition, the litters
also consists of sharp objects such as broken glass and pieces can also cause the
stained area was dangerous to security. According to Stone Circle, an
environmental education program from website :
http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Littering_the_Environment lists the top ten
litter causes as below :
Top Ten Litter Causes
Who Does It What It Affects
Pedestrians Deliberately dropping garbage in the streets and gutters
Motorists Throwing garbage out of moving vehicles
Truck
Haulers
Refuse that litters public streets by unsecured loads
Households Non-secure trashcans invaded by scavengers or wind
Commerical Non-maintained dumpsters
Human
Element
Littering at parks
Entertainment Large amounts of waste, hard to control or collect
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Events
Illegal Litter that is illegal whether by the public or the commercial
community
Intentional Habitual or intentional littering
Construction
Sites
Large refuse amounts of ignored litter
The 2011 Rubbish Report is a snap-shot of rubbish removed by Clean Up
Australia Day volunteers. the Report is based on rubbish surveyed from 510
sites.
Plastics have increased from 27% in 2010 to 38% in 2011. Miscellaneous items
have reduced from 22% to 13%.
The Top 10 Rubbish Items As A Percentage Of The Total Waste
Surveyed
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1. Cigarette butts 10%
2. Glass beverage bottles 9%
3. Aluminium cans (alcohol and soft drink) 8%
4. Plastic bottles 8%
5. Plastic chip and confectionary bags 7%
6. Plastic bags 7%
7. Metal bottle caps 5%
8. Plastic bottle caps and lids 4%
9. Glass pieces 4%
10. Straws 3%
All acts listed above, must be reduced to ensure cleanliness of the environment, if
not. sooner or later, humans, animals and the environment would be adversely
impacted.
Effects Of Littering On The Environment
Firstly, littering will cause land and water pollution. Imagine all those litter in the
gardens and on the streets. They smell and look disgusting, and will also attract
insects. Much litter contains toxins and chemicals that are harmful to animal and
plant life. Cigarette butts for example contain hundreds of toxic chemicals and
each year millions are discarded onto the ground. They take years to disappear
and all the while their toxic chemicals leak into the earth and contaminate soils.
Other garbage also releases toxins and the cumulative effect of all this leakage
into the soil means much reduced health and fertility of arable land.
Much litter is either deposited directly into waterways or is blown by the wind
and ends up there. Waterways are delicate ecosystems and the presence of large
amounts of litter can have devastating effects. Small streams can be clogged up by
the detritus and once healthy flowing streams become choked off, stagnant pools.
The toxins contained in a lot of litter seeps into the water and can poison marine
life. And as with the ocean creatures get trapped and entangled in all manner of
items.
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Litter has a very harmful effect on the world's oceans and marine ecosystems.
Thousands of tonnes of litter and manmade debris are deposited into the ocean
every year. The litter can form huge conglomerated masses -- the best example of
which is Pacific Garbage Patch, or Giant Pacific Trash vortex, which is estimated
to be twice the size of Texas. Litter also sinks to the bottom of reefs and the ocean
floor, disrupting the natural ecosystem processes. Marine life can eat the litter,
mistakenly causing severe health effects or death. Sea creatures can get trapped or
entangled in plastics, nets, line or other objects.
Littering is a very frequent form of environmental pollution and a clear sign
that our society still has to learn a lot when it comes to a global environmental
conscience. The most obvious form of pollution connected with littering is of
course visual pollution because litter presents one of the worst sights that can be
seen in nature.
. Litter collected in a river
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Littering On The beaches
Littering in residential areas
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Effects Of Littering On The Animals
Some people may think that it is much easier to simply toss the trash wherever
they are, instead of disposing of it properly. Improper disposal of trash has many
bad side effects,some animals eat the litter thinking that it is food. The litter
causes damages to the creatures' digestive systems. Also, litter can get tangled in
the fins or legs of various animal life, which can cut off circulation or other
damage to the their tissues. Fishing line and plastic six pack holder rings are the
main culprit in these types of damage to wildlife.
Many animals are injured, become ill, and die each year due to human
carelessness with litter and pollution, animals can swallow or get entangled in
many of the litter items people leave in the environment. They can also ingest
toxic substances like motor oil and pesticides, which are often dumped into storm
drains and end up in our waterways.
Plastic can cause animals such as birds to choke, when they mistake it for food.
And, even worse, small bits of plastic can accumulate in the stomach of a bird,
never digesting or decomposing, to the point where there is no more room for real
food and the bird starves to death with a full stomach.
Litter is deadly to wildlife, especially marine animals. Street litter washes into
storm drains, into our waterways and ultimately ends up in the ocean. Some of
this litter washes back up onto beaches. Some stays in the water, where it can kill
wildlife. Entanglement causes animals to die slowly. Birds are particularly
susceptible to entanglement as they collect material for their nests. A curious
animal that ingests litter can die of starvation or malnutrition if the foreign object
blocks the animal's intestinal tract. Litter can also smother and damage seabeds.
Toxic substances from litter also accumulates in fish, exposing the people and
animals further up the food chain to these pollutants.
Many animal species can get hurt while stepping on certain litter items and litter
can also lead animals getting trapped and poisoned. Cigarette butts for instance,
which are the most littered items in our planet, have been found in the stomachs of
many fish, birds and whales, who have mistaken them for a food.
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Trash found in in the dead ducks stomach.
A turtle mistaking a plastic bag for a jellyfish
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A sea bird covered by a plastic bag
Effects Of Littering On The Human
Litter is unsightly and dangerous. It often consists of plastic, metal or glass .These
materials that do not break down easily in the environment. People, especially
children, can be seriously injured by a broken bottle or a rusty piece of discarded
metal. The water can be contaminated from litter tossed into the water areas,
which makes the water harmful to consume or to swim in for humans .
Medical and sanitary wastes are biohazards that can make people sick. Litter also
destroys the beauty of parks and beaches, making people avoid these areas. A
dirty place is what attracts insects like cockroaches and flies. Insects and pests like
this kind of environment and thus, they will be attracted to live here, they also
able to spread diseases such as the dengue fever and in the past, the black death..
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These trash from littering may also become the home for disease-spreading insects
such as flies and mosquitoes.
The next effect is garbage everywhere will affect the health of the environment
and the surrounding community have an impact on our country. Remnants of the
garbage can carry diseases such as dengue fever, food poisoning and as. For
example, the removal of garbage in the water can cause the Aedes mosquito
breeds in water and can cause disease dengue fever to the people around me and
can be fatal. In addition, the negative visual impact. It can also affect the image of
the area and give the impression that the people of the area not only because of the
cleaner even part of the community only.
Furthermore, the effects of waste disposal can establish air pollution in the
environment. Remove rubbish from the average or better manage and can be
smelly breeding Aedes mosquitoes, flies, and a place for animal feed. This will
result in a garbage getting dirty and smelly. Then smell and dirt will affect the life
of the housing around.
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Conclusion
In conclusion, the problem of garbage disposal has threatened human and
animal life as well as detrimental to the environment. Therefore, all parties must
work together in order to overcome the problem of garbage disposal. All parties
must play their respective roles and must perform perfectly in good stead through
life both present and future generations of life. Measures such as minimizing
garbage and education campaign should be continued. Cooperation from various
parties is very much appreciated in overcoming this problem to its roots and I
hope we can always live in a clean and peaceful.
(1580 words)
DALINA BT MAT JALI 740614-71-5128
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REFERENCES
William Rusell Mangun,and Daniel H. Lenning,PhD. (1999). Managing The
Environment Crisis: Incorporating Competing Values In Natural.USA:Duke
University Press.
Sven.Olof Ryding.(1998).The Environmental Managemanet Handbook.
Netherland :IOS Press Van Diemenstraat.
Causes And Effects Of Littering.(2008).(Online). Available :http://www.cereplast.com/littering-facts-the-causes-and-effects-of-littering/(2012.November .08)
10-Harmful-Effects-Of-Litter.(2010). (Online). Available :http://www.greenecoservices.com/walking-green-10-harmful-effects-of-litter/(2012.November .08)
Punca-Punca-Dan-Kesan-Kesan-Aktiviti..(2011).(Online). Available :http://treebuilder.blogspot.com/2010/11/punca-punca-dan-kesan-kesan-aktiviti.html.(2012.November. 09)
Why People Litter.(2012). (Online). Available :https://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/streets/supp_info/whypeoplelitter.html(2012).November.09)
Littered_Places. (2012). (Online). Available :http://www.falkirk.gov.uk/services/corporate_neighbourhood/estates_management/litterzone/litter_strategy/litter_facts/littered_places.aspx(2012).November.09)
Pembuangan-Sampah-Menjejaskan-Alam.. (2012). (Online). Available :http://ceritatentangalam.blogspot.com/2010/08/pembuangan-sampah-menjejaskan-alam.html(2012).November.14)
PART B
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Natural disasters is something that often happens to the earth. There are
various forms of natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, tsunamis
and hurricanes and others. The main topics to be discussed here is about
hurricanes and tornadoes.
A hurricane is a type of tropical cyclone or severe tropical storm, that forms in
the southern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and in the eastern
Pacific Ocean. Hurricanes able to cause catastrophic damage to coastlines and
several hundred miles inland. Additionally, hurricanes can create storm surges
along the coast and cause extensive damage from heavy rainfall. Floods and flying
debris from the excessive winds are often the deadly and destructive results of
these weather events.
Tornadoes are nature’s most violent storms,. A tornado appears as a rotating,
funnel-shaped cloud that extends from a thunderstorm to the ground with whirling
winds that can reach 300 miles per hour. Damage paths can be in excess of one
mile wide and 50 miles long,some tornadoes are clearly visible, while rain or
nearby low-hanging clouds obscure others.
Tornadoes generally occur near the trailing edge of a thunderstorm. It is not
uncommon to see clear, sunlit skies behind a tornado.
Similarities Between Tornadoes And Hurricanes
Tornadoes and hurricanes have some similarities, which include both of them are
violent storm,although different in form and name hurricane as well as
tornadoes ,they produce a very strong, damaging winds. Tornadoes and
hurricanes is similar to produce intense low pressure.Both of them also have same
elements in the rotation, they rotate counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere
and clockwise in the southern hemisphere.
It's easy to find similarities between the weather phenomenon we call a hurricane
and the one we call a tornado. Both cause most of their damage through high
winds and rain, and the arrival of both can cause evacuations, emergency
warnings and general chaos. But there are numerous differences between the two
weather systems, from the elements that form them to the type of devastation they
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leave behind. Both are circular storm masses, as well as tornadoes and hurricanes
have a vortex, the vortex of a hurricane is called the "eye".
Differences Between Hurricanes And Tornadoes
Hurricanes are really big, but have slower winds (<200 Miles per hour),the other
hand for tornadoes,they are are small, but have high speed winds (200-350
MPH).
A hurricane can be hundreds of miles across, however a tornado is usually less
than 1 mile across.In contrast, hurricanes start and grow over an ocean, but when
they get to land they die, but tornadoes start over land, and weaken if they get
over water. A tornado over water is called a waterspout.
Differs from the both of them,hurricanes cause tornadoes, but tornadoes do not
cause hurricanes. The "eye" of a hurricane is is large, 50-100 MILES across but
he "eye" of a tornadoe is small, may less than 100 FEET across.
Unlike hurricane , tornadoes usually advance warning from forecaster no more
than 15-30 minutes, but hurricanes warning in several days.
Hurricanes form over warm water in the tropical oceans and develop best when
far from the jet stream ,in the other hand, tornadoes form over land within storm
that are often very close to the jet stream.
In the following discussion of the hurricane, at this time, Confluence of two
streams that turn into a hurricane weather almost drowned city of New York and
making the most feared Sandy as hurricanes in U.S. history. Sandy from storm has
resulted in large areas of flooded lower Manhattan to the city's iconic American
company without electricity. About 400,000 homes without electricity in all five
areas of municipal elections from the southern island of Manhattan up to the 39th
Street.
Here are a few images about sandy cyclone effect in new york.
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Conclusion
In conclusion the two storm has some similarities and differences, but both are a
danger to human life, people need to have knowledge and information about both
the storm. The most important safety a factor utama.sesunnguhnya natural
disasters related to human action. we need to keep this balance of nature at its
best, in order to ensure the safety and well-being of life on earth.
(589 words)
REFERENCES
Weather-Hurricane .(2010). (Online). Available :Http://Www.Weatherwizkids.Com/Weather-Hurricane.Htm (2012).November.09)
Difference-Between-Tornado-Hurricane. (2011). (Online). Available :Http://Www.Essortment.Com/Weather-Safety-Difference-Between-Tornado-Hurricane-61064.Html (2012).November.09)
Hurricane.. (2012). (Online). Available :Http://Www.Uni.Edu/Schneidj/Webquests/Fall04/Weather/Hurricane.Html(2012).November.14)
Hurricane_vs_Tornado.(2011) (Online). Available :http://www.diffen.com/difference/Hurricane_vs_Tornado(2012). November.13)
Difference between hurricanes and Tornadoes.(2010). (Online). Availablehttp://library.thinkquest.org/C0111179/hurridiff.html(2012). November.13)