740614715128_OUMH2103ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL PURPOSES final.doc

DALINA BT MAT JALI 740614-71-5128

OUMH2103ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL PURPOSES

FALKULTI PENDIDIKAN DAN BAHASAPROGRAM SARJANA MUDA PENGAJARAN

SEMESTER : SEPTEMBER 2012


TUGASAN KURSUS INDIVIDU

DISEDIAKAN OLEH :DALINA BINTI MAT JALINO I/C :740614-71-5128

NO MATRIKS: 740614715128002E-MAIL :[email protected]

NAMA TUTOR :

PUAN AZIZON BINTI AB.AZIZ

PUSAT PEMBELAJARAN: KELANTAN LEARNING CENTRE

OPEN UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA JALAN SULTAN YAHYA PETRA

15200 KOTA BHARU KELANTAN



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the name of Allah s. w.t, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful,

Alhamdulillah, all praises to Allah for the strengths and His blessing in

completing this assignment, peace and blessings to the beloved prophet

Muhammad s.a.w , peace be upon him, his family and his companions. thanks to

Illahi ,with his permission ,I had completed assignment of Oumh2103

English For Science And Technical Purposes as a complement For kursus Sarjana

September Session 2012. I would like to express my utmost and deepest gratitude

and appreciation to, Puan Azizon Binti Ab.Aziz for her guidance inproviding in

making this assignment, also a lot of thanks to OUM campus administrators

Learning Centre for providing the references in the resource center as a guide to

complete this task. My warmest appreciation to all my friends for the supports

and encouragement. Last but not least, my deepest gratitude goes to my beloved

parents; Mr. Mat Jali Bin Mamat and Mrs. Ramlah Bt. Che Ali , my beloved

husband Mr Ismail Bin Haron and also to my sisters and brothers for their endless

love, prayers and encouragement. Also not forgetting to those who indirectly

contributed in this research, your kindness means a lot to me. Thank you very

much.

Dalina Binti Mat Jali



PART A

Introduction

Littering is a major reason that cause environmental damage, the word of litter

refers to different waste products such as containers, papers, and wrappers that

have been disposed onto streets, countrysides and remote places, meaning that the

simplest littering definition would be pollution of our environment by different

litter waste.

"Litter also defining as any solid or liquid material or product or combination of

solid or liquid materials or products, including, but not limited to any rubbish,

refuse, garbage, paper, package, container, bottle, can, manure, or sewage or the

whole or a part of an animal carcass or the whole or part of any article, raw or

processed material, Motor Vehicle or other machinery, that is disposed of; or any

other material or product that is designated as litter.

Why Do People Litter? People litter because they do not feel responsible for

public areas like streets and parks. The more they litter, the more it becomes a

habit, and the worse the community looks.People usually litter outside their own

neighborhood where their trash becomes someone else's problem. They also feel

no sense of ownership, even though areas such as parks and beaches are public

property,people litter because they believe someone else such as a maintenance

worker or responsible neighbor will pick up after them, once litter starts to pile

up, people feel even less responsible for adding to the litter. If an area is clean,

people are less likely to litter.

From the website http://litterinfo.org/sources.htm, there are actually seven primary

sources of litters :

1)Household trash at the curbside

2)Dumpsters used by businesses

3)Loading docks

4)Construction and demolition sites

5)Uncovered trucks

6)Motorists

7)Pedestrians

http://litterinfo.org/sources.htm



Litter tends to be a problem in particular locations , generally places where there

are a lot of people or vehicles, such as town centres, routes to schools, near shops

selling ‘food on the go’, play areas and parks where groups gather, canals,railway

stations, car parks, shrub beds and grassed areas,shopping centres and

unmaintained ‘gap sites’.

Type of waste often indiscriminately throw garbage place is made up of food

scraps including food packaging materials and refreshments, in addition, the litters

also consists of sharp objects such as broken glass and pieces can also cause the

stained area was dangerous to security. According to Stone Circle, an

environmental education program from website :

http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Littering_the_Environment lists the top ten

litter causes as below :

Top Ten Litter Causes

Who Does It What It Affects

Pedestrians Deliberately dropping garbage in the streets and gutters

Motorists Throwing garbage out of moving vehicles

Truck

Haulers

Refuse that litters public streets by unsecured loads

Households Non-secure trashcans invaded by scavengers or wind

Commerical Non-maintained dumpsters

Human

Element

Littering at parks

Entertainment Large amounts of waste, hard to control or collect

http://www.praguepost.cz/PPEF/09SC030219.pdf



Events

Illegal Litter that is illegal whether by the public or the commercial

community

Intentional Habitual or intentional littering

Construction

Sites

Large refuse amounts of ignored litter

The 2011 Rubbish Report is a snap-shot of rubbish removed by Clean Up

Australia Day volunteers. the Report is based on rubbish surveyed from 510

sites.

Plastics have increased from 27% in 2010 to 38% in 2011. Miscellaneous items

have reduced from 22% to 13%.

The Top 10 Rubbish Items As A Percentage Of The Total Waste

Surveyed



1. Cigarette butts 10%

2. Glass beverage bottles 9%

3. Aluminium cans (alcohol and soft drink) 8%

4. Plastic bottles 8%

5. Plastic chip and confectionary bags 7%

6. Plastic bags 7%

7. Metal bottle caps 5%

8. Plastic bottle caps and lids 4%

9. Glass pieces 4%

10. Straws 3%

All acts listed above, must be reduced to ensure cleanliness of the environment, if

not. sooner or later, humans, animals and the environment would be adversely

impacted.

Effects Of Littering On The Environment

Firstly, littering will cause land and water pollution. Imagine all those litter in the

gardens and on the streets. They smell and look disgusting, and will also attract

insects. Much litter contains toxins and chemicals that are harmful to animal and

plant life. Cigarette butts for example contain hundreds of toxic chemicals and

each year millions are discarded onto the ground. They take years to disappear

and all the while their toxic chemicals leak into the earth and contaminate soils.

Other garbage also releases toxins and the cumulative effect of all this leakage

into the soil means much reduced health and fertility of arable land.

Much litter is either deposited directly into waterways or is blown by the wind

and ends up there. Waterways are delicate ecosystems and the presence of large

amounts of litter can have devastating effects. Small streams can be clogged up by

the detritus and once healthy flowing streams become choked off, stagnant pools.

The toxins contained in a lot of litter seeps into the water and can poison marine

life. And as with the ocean creatures get trapped and entangled in all manner of

items.



Litter has a very harmful effect on the world's oceans and marine ecosystems.

Thousands of tonnes of litter and manmade debris are deposited into the ocean

every year. The litter can form huge conglomerated masses -- the best example of

which is Pacific Garbage Patch, or Giant Pacific Trash vortex, which is estimated

to be twice the size of Texas. Litter also sinks to the bottom of reefs and the ocean

floor, disrupting the natural ecosystem processes. Marine life can eat the litter,

mistakenly causing severe health effects or death. Sea creatures can get trapped or

entangled in plastics, nets, line or other objects.

Littering is a very frequent form of environmental pollution and a clear sign

that our society still has to learn a lot when it comes to a global environmental

conscience. The most obvious form of pollution connected with littering is of

course visual pollution because litter presents one of the worst sights that can be

seen in nature.

. Litter collected in a river



Littering On The beaches

Littering in residential areas



Effects Of Littering On The Animals

Some people may think that it is much easier to simply toss the trash wherever

they are, instead of disposing of it properly. Improper disposal of trash has many

bad side effects,some animals eat the litter thinking that it is food. The litter

causes damages to the creatures' digestive systems. Also, litter can get tangled in

the fins or legs of various animal life, which can cut off circulation or other

damage to the their tissues. Fishing line and plastic six pack holder rings are the

main culprit in these types of damage to wildlife.

Many animals are injured, become ill, and die each year due to human

carelessness with litter and pollution, animals can swallow or get entangled in

many of the litter items people leave in the environment. They can also ingest

toxic substances like motor oil and pesticides, which are often dumped into storm

drains and end up in our waterways.

Plastic can cause animals such as birds to choke, when they mistake it for food.

And, even worse, small bits of plastic can accumulate in the stomach of a bird,

never digesting or decomposing, to the point where there is no more room for real

food and the bird starves to death with a full stomach.

Litter is deadly to wildlife, especially marine animals. Street litter washes into

storm drains, into our waterways and ultimately ends up in the ocean. Some of

this litter washes back up onto beaches. Some stays in the water, where it can kill

wildlife. Entanglement causes animals to die slowly. Birds are particularly

susceptible to entanglement as they collect material for their nests. A curious

animal that ingests litter can die of starvation or malnutrition if the foreign object

blocks the animal's intestinal tract. Litter can also smother and damage seabeds.

Toxic substances from litter also accumulates in fish, exposing the people and

animals further up the food chain to these pollutants.

Many animal species can get hurt while stepping on certain litter items and litter

can also lead animals getting trapped and poisoned. Cigarette butts for instance,

which are the most littered items in our planet, have been found in the stomachs of

many fish, birds and whales, who have mistaken them for a food.



Trash found in in the dead ducks stomach.

A turtle mistaking a plastic bag for a jellyfish



A sea bird covered by a plastic bag

Effects Of Littering On The Human

Litter is unsightly and dangerous. It often consists of plastic, metal or glass .These

materials that do not break down easily in the environment. People, especially

children, can be seriously injured by a broken bottle or a rusty piece of discarded

metal. The water can be contaminated from litter tossed into the water areas,

which makes the water harmful to consume or to swim in for humans .

Medical and sanitary wastes are biohazards that can make people sick. Litter also

destroys the beauty of parks and beaches, making people avoid these areas. A

dirty place is what attracts insects like cockroaches and flies. Insects and pests like

this kind of environment and thus, they will be attracted to live here, they also

able to spread diseases such as the dengue fever and in the past, the black death..



These trash from littering may also become the home for disease-spreading insects

such as flies and mosquitoes.

The next effect is garbage everywhere will affect the health of the environment

and the surrounding community have an impact on our country. Remnants of the

garbage can carry diseases such as dengue fever, food poisoning and as. For

example, the removal of garbage in the water can cause the Aedes mosquito

breeds in water and can cause disease dengue fever to the people around me and

can be fatal. In addition, the negative visual impact. It can also affect the image of

the area and give the impression that the people of the area not only because of the

cleaner even part of the community only.

Furthermore, the effects of waste disposal can establish air pollution in the

environment. Remove rubbish from the average or better manage and can be

smelly breeding Aedes mosquitoes, flies, and a place for animal feed. This will

result in a garbage getting dirty and smelly. Then smell and dirt will affect the life

of the housing around.



Conclusion

In conclusion, the problem of garbage disposal has threatened human and

animal life as well as detrimental to the environment. Therefore, all parties must

work together in order to overcome the problem of garbage disposal. All parties

must play their respective roles and must perform perfectly in good stead through

life both present and future generations of life. Measures such as minimizing

garbage and education campaign should be continued. Cooperation from various

parties is very much appreciated in overcoming this problem to its roots and I

hope we can always live in a clean and peaceful.

(1580 words)



REFERENCES

William Rusell Mangun,and Daniel H. Lenning,PhD. (1999). Managing The

Environment Crisis: Incorporating Competing Values In Natural.USA:Duke

University Press.

Sven.Olof Ryding.(1998).The Environmental Managemanet Handbook.

Netherland :IOS Press Van Diemenstraat.

Causes And Effects Of Littering.(2008).(Online). Available :http://www.cereplast.com/littering-facts-the-causes-and-effects-of-littering/(2012.November .08)

10-Harmful-Effects-Of-Litter.(2010). (Online). Available :http://www.greenecoservices.com/walking-green-10-harmful-effects-of-litter/(2012.November .08)

Punca-Punca-Dan-Kesan-Kesan-Aktiviti..(2011).(Online). Available :http://treebuilder.blogspot.com/2010/11/punca-punca-dan-kesan-kesan-aktiviti.html.(2012.November. 09)

Why People Litter.(2012). (Online). Available :https://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/streets/supp_info/whypeoplelitter.html(2012).November.09)

Littered_Places. (2012). (Online). Available :http://www.falkirk.gov.uk/services/corporate_neighbourhood/estates_management/litterzone/litter_strategy/litter_facts/littered_places.aspx(2012).November.09)

Pembuangan-Sampah-Menjejaskan-Alam.. (2012). (Online). Available :http://ceritatentangalam.blogspot.com/2010/08/pembuangan-sampah-menjejaskan-alam.html(2012).November.14)

PART B



Natural disasters is something that often happens to the earth. There are

various forms of natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, tsunamis

and hurricanes and others. The main topics to be discussed here is about

hurricanes and tornadoes.

A hurricane is a type of tropical cyclone or severe tropical storm, that forms in

the southern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and in the eastern

Pacific Ocean. Hurricanes able to cause catastrophic damage to coastlines and

several hundred miles inland. Additionally, hurricanes can create storm surges

along the coast and cause extensive damage from heavy rainfall. Floods and flying

debris from the excessive winds are often the deadly and destructive results of

these weather events.

Tornadoes are nature’s most violent storms,. A tornado appears as a rotating,

funnel-shaped cloud that extends from a thunderstorm to the ground with whirling

winds that can reach 300 miles per hour. Damage paths can be in excess of one

mile wide and 50 miles long,some tornadoes are clearly visible, while rain or

nearby low-hanging clouds obscure others.

Tornadoes generally occur near the trailing edge of a thunderstorm. It is not

uncommon to see clear, sunlit skies behind a tornado.

Similarities Between Tornadoes And Hurricanes

Tornadoes and hurricanes have some similarities, which include both of them are

violent storm,although different in form and name hurricane as well as

tornadoes ,they produce a very strong, damaging winds. Tornadoes and

hurricanes is similar to produce intense low pressure.Both of them also have same

elements in the rotation, they rotate counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere

and clockwise in the southern hemisphere.

It's easy to find similarities between the weather phenomenon we call a hurricane

and the one we call a tornado. Both cause most of their damage through high

winds and rain, and the arrival of both can cause evacuations, emergency

warnings and general chaos. But there are numerous differences between the two

weather systems, from the elements that form them to the type of devastation they

http://www.ready.gov/floods



leave behind. Both are circular storm masses, as well as tornadoes and hurricanes

have a vortex, the vortex of a hurricane is called the "eye".

Differences Between Hurricanes And Tornadoes

Hurricanes are really big, but have slower winds (<200 Miles per hour),the other

hand for tornadoes,they are are small, but have high speed winds (200-350

MPH).

A hurricane can be hundreds of miles across, however a tornado is usually less

than 1 mile across.In contrast, hurricanes start and grow over an ocean, but when

they get to land they die, but tornadoes start over land, and weaken if they get

over water. A tornado over water is called a waterspout.

Differs from the both of them,hurricanes cause tornadoes, but tornadoes do not

cause hurricanes. The "eye" of a hurricane is is large, 50-100 MILES across but

he "eye" of a tornadoe is small, may less than 100 FEET across.

Unlike hurricane , tornadoes usually advance warning from forecaster no more

than 15-30 minutes, but hurricanes warning in several days.

Hurricanes form over warm water in the tropical oceans and develop best when

far from the jet stream ,in the other hand, tornadoes form over land within storm

that are often very close to the jet stream.

In the following discussion of the hurricane, at this time, Confluence of two

streams that turn into a hurricane weather almost drowned city of New York and

making the most feared Sandy as hurricanes in U.S. history. Sandy from storm has

resulted in large areas of flooded lower Manhattan to the city's iconic American

company without electricity. About 400,000 homes without electricity in all five

areas of municipal elections from the southern island of Manhattan up to the 39th

Street.

Here are a few images about sandy cyclone effect in new york.



Conclusion

In conclusion the two storm has some similarities and differences, but both are a

danger to human life, people need to have knowledge and information about both

the storm. The most important safety a factor utama.sesunnguhnya natural

disasters related to human action. we need to keep this balance of nature at its

best, in order to ensure the safety and well-being of life on earth.

(589 words)

REFERENCES

Weather-Hurricane .(2010). (Online). Available :Http://Www.Weatherwizkids.Com/Weather-Hurricane.Htm (2012).November.09)

Difference-Between-Tornado-Hurricane. (2011). (Online). Available :Http://Www.Essortment.Com/Weather-Safety-Difference-Between-Tornado-Hurricane-61064.Html (2012).November.09)

Hurricane.. (2012). (Online). Available :Http://Www.Uni.Edu/Schneidj/Webquests/Fall04/Weather/Hurricane.Html(2012).November.14)

Hurricane_vs_Tornado.(2011) (Online). Available :http://www.diffen.com/difference/Hurricane_vs_Tornado(2012). November.13)

Difference between hurricanes and Tornadoes.(2010). (Online). Availablehttp://library.thinkquest.org/C0111179/hurridiff.html(2012). November.13)

740614715128_OUMH2103ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL PURPOSES final.doc

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