An Instructor’s Manual to

Parade of Faith: A Biographical History of the Christian Church

Table of Contents

Suggested Websites....................................................................................................................2

Chapter Summaries....................................................................................................................5

Student Learning Objectives....................................................................................................53

Chapter Quizzes.......................................................................................................................59

Midterm and Final Exam........................................................................................................107

Suggested Essay Questions....................................................................................................117

Sample Syllabus.....................................................................................................................122

1

Suggested Websites

Christian Classics Ethereal Libraryhttp://www.ccel.org/

Early Church Textshttp://www.earlychurchtexts.com/main/homepage/homepage.shtml

Early Christian Writingshttp://www.earlychristianwritings.com/churchfathers.html

Early Church Historyhttp://www.earlychurch.org.uk/index.html

Christian History http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/

Church Historyhttp://www.christianity.com/churchhistory/

Christian History Magazinehttp://www.christianhistorymagazine.org/

Theology Networkhttp://www.theologynetwork.org/historical-theology/

Fourth Centuryhttp://www.fourthcentury.com/

New Adventhttp://www.newadvent.org/cathen/index.html

Lives of the Saintshttp://www.bartleby.com/210/index2.html

The Orthodox Faithhttp://oca.org/orthodoxy

Catholic Onlinehttp://www.catholic.org/saints/

Catholic Forumhttp://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/golden000.htm

Christian History for Everyonehttp://www.christian-history.org/

Fordham University Sourcebookhttp://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/index.asp

Church History Timeline

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http://www.churchtimeline.com/Church-History-Web-Sites.htmChurch History Study Helpshttp://www.theologywebsite.com/history/

Church History and Historical Theologyhttp://www.users.csbsju.edu/~eknuth/itr/chht/index.html

Christian Cadrehttp://www.christiancadre.org/historic.html#his

Christian History & Biographyhttp://www.ctlibrary.com/ch/

Church History on the Webhttp://www.ritchies.net/links.htm

The Hall of Church Historyhttp://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/hall.htm

A Puritan’s Mindhttp://www.apuritansmind.com/

NOBTS Church History Resourceshttp://www.nobts.edu/library/EResources/History.html

LDS Church History Resourceshttp://www.lds.org/churchhistory/0,15478,4154-1,00.html

Catholic Church History Resourceshttp://www.silk.net/RelEd/churchhist.htm

Orthodox Church History Resourceshttp://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/history

Anglican Church History Resourceshttp://anglicansonline.org/resources/history.html

Anglican Communionhttp://www.anglicancommunion.org/index.cfm

Iliff School of Theology Church History Resourceshttp://www.iliff.edu/index/learn/library/library-resources/other-web-resources/religion-on-the-web/church-history-resources/

Tyndale House Church History Resourceshttp://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/index.php?page=Church

Open Directory Project on Church Historyhttp://www.dmoz.org/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/Church_History/

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophyhttp://plato.stanford.edu/contents.html

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The Franciscan Archivehttp://www.franciscan-archive.org/index2.html

Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophyhttp://www.iep.utm.edu/

Encyclopedia of Western Theologyhttp://people.bu.edu/wwildman/bce/

Anabaptist and Mennonite Encyclopediahttp://www.gameo.org/

Internet Theology Resourceshttp://www.users.csbsju.edu/~eknuth/itr/

Dictionary of African Christian Biographyhttp://www.dacb.org/index.html

Tyndale Reading Roomhttp://www.tyndale.ca/seminary/mtsmodular/reading-rooms/history

Yale Research Guide for Christianityhttp://www.library.yale.edu/div/forfree.html

Project Gutenberghttp://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Main_Page

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Chapter SummariesChapter 1 – A Resurrection People

Key Terms

Mary, John the Baptist, Peter, Paul

Key Points

Significant people like Jesus’ disciples, Mary, John the Baptist, and Paul had unique stories and contributions for the growth of the early church.

Later church traditions are dependent on associations with Mary, Peter, and Paul.

Chapter Summary

The beginning of church history properly begins with the New Testament and its figures. Certainly, God’s people were present and active in the Jewish Scriptures or Old Testament, but Jesus’ inauguration of the kingdom of God and the Spirit’s initiation of a New Covenant universalizes redemption and reconciliation for all peoples, male and female, slave and free, Jew and Gentile. A resurrection people comprise not only standouts like Mary, Peter, and Paul but also anyone who obeys the teachings of Jesus. Jesus gives value to the valueless in his society, and he calls for us to do the same.

The early church shaped and influenced later generations of Christendom in the art, architecture, and literature. Every generation attempts to revert back to the pathos and ethos of the NT era. The personalities of Peter and Paul are quite distinct and influential in their own rights, but many known (and unknown) NT saints went to various regions of the Mediterranean world and beyond to carry their eyewitness of the Christ event. Their lives were irrevocably altered, and they wanted to carry that message to the nations.

This resurrected people set the background for how church history would develop throughout the centuries. There are a number of reasons why the Christian faith begins as a Jewish sect and eventually becomes three distinct traditions (Roman Catholicism, Orthodoxy, and Protestantism). Understanding well the lives and events of church history help us to love and serve better in Jewish and Christian discussions. We can then better, and more charitably, dialogue with ecumenical Christendom. In one respect St. Peter is foundational for the Catholic Church, but in another larger respect, he is foundational for the catholic church in all its expressions.

Pedagogical Suggestions

Read through portions of the book of Acts, and note the geographic movements of the apostles.

Ask the students what their response might be in light of the resurrection of their Messiah and Jewish and Roman persecution.

Suggested Essay Questions

Give a brief comparison and contrast between Paul and Peter. Provide a general itinerary for Paul’s missionary journeys.

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Other Media Sources/Websites

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/2004/issue83/

http://www.christianhistorymagazine.org/index.php/past-pages/47paul/

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Chapter 2 – A Persecuted People

Key Terms

Ignatius of Antioch, Polycarp of Smyrna, Marcion, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus of Lyons, Perpetua and Felicitas, Tertullian, Cyprian of Carthage

Key Points

Although Christian people began to be persecuted by Jewish and Roman groups, we begin to see the beginning of distinct Christian traditions and streams, especially between the east and west in the Roman Empire.

The identity of the Christian writings (New Testament) started to take shape in light of use in the church communities and rival traditions.

Chapter Summary

It is remarkable that intense persecution throughout the Roman Empire, and even in some areas by Jewish people, did not extinguish the Christian followers; rather, they only increased. Nothing could slow the growth of the early church, not even violent martyrdom. Some Christians came from the marginalized in society, and others were affluent and upper class. The figures in this period are colorful and passionate men and women who died to self and lived for Christ. As Christianity spread, there were also some distinctions that arose in churches and leadership in southern France (Irenaeus), Turkey (Polycarp), north Africa (Tertullian), and Palestine (Ignatius). Also, “unorthodox” ideas began to crop up in church communities. This provided for a further defining and articulating of Christian faith and expression, especially in light of which Gospels and Epistles would become authoritative for Christian communities throughout the empire. These persecuted believers wrestled with the formation of the NT canon, Greek and Roman philosophy, and a theology of martyrdom.

The stories of the Apostolic Fathers are mixed with historical and legendary qualities. It makes for their stories to be larger than life, and rightfully so for their witnesses and writings of Christians deeply influenced later generations of Christendom. These early church fathers were thoughtful in dealing with questions like abortion, material possessions, divergent theologies, and church-state relationship. As with any person, they were products of their time and culture, but they set the standard and tone for how later Christians would take up their cross and follow Christ.

Pedagogical Suggestions

Ask students to consider to what degree the church interacts with the pagan world. Should Athens and Jerusalem have anything to do with one another?

If put in the position of denying the faith and being released from prison or a death sentence or confirming the faith and losing one’s life, how would you respond? What happens if it is not your life but the life of a loved one?

Suggested Essay Questions

Consider the reasons for the explosive growth of the church in the first two centuries. Can biblical faith and Christian confession only be understood and defined in light of

the Marcions of the world? Why or why not?

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Other Media Sources/Websites

http://www.christianhistorymagazine.org/index.php/past-pages/80irenaeus/

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/131christians/evangelistsandapologists/martyr.html

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Chapter 3 – Creeds and Councils

Key Terms

Origen of Alexandria, Gregory the Wonderworker, Arius, Athanasius, Constantine, Eusebius of Caesarea, Church Councils

Key Points

This period allowed for the greater Christian church to set forth their confessions and creeds, not just for self-identity but for opposing identities.

Politics and religion mixed in new ways in the Roman Empire, which provided less persecution but also new temptations hitherto unknown to the church.

Chapter Summary

Is believing the Bible enough, or do Christians need other documents like creeds and confessions to stand behind? The first few centuries were frenetic with activity, from Bible translation (Origen and Jerome) to intense theological debates (Arius and Athanasius) to ecumenical church councils (seven east-west councils). Each Christian generation or century has its own concerns and questions. The discussions and resolutions hammered out in the creeds and confessions of the first eight centuries of Christendom have shaped deeply Christian streams and traditions today. And some of those debates still rage in our contemporary conversations. What is the relationship between the church and state? How do the human and divine natures of Jesus work out? Is Christian division healthy, or should all the traditions perfectly agree and align? Even when Christian difference is evident, charity and kindness must always be present. Especially because we are all maturing in our theological understanding of God and his creation.

Of course, orthodoxy is important to maintain, but in these centuries “orthodoxy” is sometimes decided by who puts forth the best logical argument or who has the favor of the emperor or the majority of the bishops. Theological and doctrinal differences mostly focused on the person(s) of Christ. Interestingly, little attention was given to what constitutes ultimate salvation or the nature of Scripture. What mattered to these multiple ecumenical councils was getting a right doctrine of the Logos. It is lamentable that Christendom did not come together more and more, but what we observe is greater fragmentation, faction, and an ultimate east-west split.

Pedagogical Suggestions

Ask students to write out their creed for the non-negotiables of the Christian faith. Have students put the Latin and Greek Fathers in the categories of pro- or anti-church

and state relationship.

Suggested Essay Questions

Should the state (the Roman Empire or Washington D.C.) weigh in on religious beliefs and behaviors?

How should the church handle questions of “unorthodoxy” or “heresy” with truth and grace?

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Other Media Sources/Websites

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/131christians/scholarsandscientists/eusebius.html

http://www.christianhistorymagazine.org/index.php/past-pages/28chalcedon/

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Chapter 4 – Desert Fathers

Key Terms

Anthony of Egypt, asceticism, Simon Stylites, Marcella, Jerome, Ambrose of Milan, Augustine, Mary of Egypt

Key Points

Many notable Christian men and women sought extreme isolation and intense discipline to mature their faith. Some Christians lived within society, and others removed themselves from it.

Christianity began to ask questions regarding sin, temptation, and worldliness that were different than ages past.

Chapter Summary

The devotion and intensity of certain Christian saints is remarkable. Simon could spend almost forty years of his life on a small platform fifteen meters above the ground. Jerome learned Greek and Hebrew well enough to translate the Bible into Latin. To the degree that Augustine lived a profligate life, he just as much dedicated his life to the church and theological writing. Some of these figures contributed deeply to the church, and others lived interesting lives of separation. The Desert Fathers struggled to live out faith according to their personalities and gifts. Ambrose mentored Augustine, and Augustine mentored all of Western Christianity for hundreds of years. Many of these men and women took their faith so seriously that they punished their bodies (asceticism) or removed themselves from temptation and society entirely (monasticism). We have much to learn from these wonderful people.

As with the previous theological sparring between Arius and Athanasius, Pelagius and Augustine continue the debate, but in other theological matters. These 4th century discussions were revisited many times throughout church history, and even culminated in the 16th century when Protestants broke away from Rome. If we are to understand properly the Reformation, we need to understand first this century. Many in the monastic movement wanted greater holiness and discipline, and they could not find this in the urban centers. Further, the theological debates over orthodoxy and heresy were causing a greater schism among church regions, so the desert was a welcome place to escape.

Pedagogical Suggestions

Simon Stylites lived most of his life separate from society and on a tall pillar. Ask students to discuss whether they could devote themselves to something so rigorous.

Augustine was a gifted sinner and a gifted saint. Have students write out what life looks like before and after an encounter with the Living God.

Suggested Essay Questions

What is the difference between healthy self-discipline and unhealthy self-discipline? Evaluate whether God calls some to a “monkish” life in the church today while others

are called to be fully integrated in this world.

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Other Media Sources/Websites

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/131christians/innertravelers/antonyegypt.html

http://www.christianhistorymagazine.org/index.php/past-pages/9monks/

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Chapter 5 – City of God in the “Dark Ages”

Key Terms

Ulfilas, Alaric I, Leo I, Benedict of Nursia, Boethius, Gregory the Great, Martin of Tours, Gregory of Tours, Saint Patrick

Key Points

The “Dark Ages” were really anything but dark. There were significant figures and events that contributed to culture and Christianity.

Although the Roman Empire fell, this did not cease the proliferation of Christianity in the Roman Church or in other parts of the world.

Chapter Summary

The Middle Ages was an era of transformations. More activity and development occurred during this period than we often realize. Theologians were also politicians, and bishops were also diplomats. Rome fell, but the papacy arose. As well, Patrick and Columba were influential missionaries who changed the cultures of peoples and regions in Britain. Moreover, we start to see more of a stark difference between institutional faith among the popes and more authentic faith among lower clergy and laypeople. This is not to say that the papacy was entirely corrupt and misguided, but we start to notice trends of abuse and authoritarianism in the Middle Ages that culminate in expressions of corruption and oppression in later centuries.

The 5th century fall of Rome and the massive shifts of hegemony in Europe and North Africa set the stage for multiple centuries. Benedict greatly advanced monasticism, and Gregory the Great solidified the papacy for the western church. Boethius’ Consolation of Philosophy played a role in shaping philosophical and theological ideas for the rest of the Middle Ages. St. Benedict’s Rule was the pattern on which later monastic orders would form and adopt their own orders and vows. Unfortunately, as the western church had notable advances, other areas were spiraling downward because of shifts in immigration and political and religious corruption. As well, there was more of a divide between the eastern patriarch and western pope. In these respects, the “Dark Ages” were beginning. Nevertheless, the first of many renaissances would soon occur in Europe.

Pedagogical Suggestions

Have students discuss how church communities can have both aspects of hierarchy and equality.

Just as Ulfilas influenced the Goths, who are we influencing in our sphere?

Suggested Essay Questions

Did the Roman papacy evolve into something that was necessary or aberrant from NT life?

Are the NT communities beliefs, behaviors, and polities descriptive or prescriptive for Christian communities today?

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Other Media Sources/Websites

http://www.christianhistorymagazine.org/index.php/past-pages/60columba/

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/1991/issue30/

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Chapter 6 – Byzantine Religion

Key Terms

Cappadocians, John Chrysostom, Nestorius, Justinian I, Justinian Code, Coptic Church, Monophysites, Muhammad, John of Damascus, Iconoclasm, Filioque Clause, Cyril and Methodius, Russian Orthodoxy, Schism of 1054

Key Points

The Christian Church spreads throughout Asia, Europe, and Africa with various expressions.

Christian faith sadly becomes more divided between the Roman and Byzantine Churches.

Chapter Summary

If the divide in the Western or Latin Roman church was not more apparent in the Middle Ages, it was certainly evident between the West and East or the Roman and Byzantine Churches. Orthodox Christianity had a vibrant life and culture with significant contributions to Christendom. Some of our best writings on the Trinity are by the Cappadocian theologians. Some of our most important thinking about art and theology is by John of Damascus and other progressives. Nestorians and Coptics were often marginalized, but were they genuine Christians? Both Christian streams upheld the divinity and humanity of Jesus, but their explanations were a bit different. It was the Nestorian tradition that engaged in missions in the Far East. And the “golden mouth” John Chrysostom was unique in his generation as the Bishop of Constantinople. He took preaching to a new dimension and made it an art.

As the Nestorians, Coptics, and Byzantine streams were taking more shape, Islam was rising in the Arabic world. What once was a Jewish and Christian region, Islam moved closer to the land bridge that separated Africa and Asia: Palestine. Nevertheless, Cyril and Methodius were missionaries to the Slavs and Muslims. If Christian missionaries would not travel to these regions with the gospel, then Muslims would soon be in eastern and southern Europe, only to be pushed back by Charles Martel in 732.

The church-state relationship evinced under Constantine in the Roman Empire was also evident by Justinian I in the Byzantine Empire, just two centuries later. Christianity was not a religion for the underprivileged, but the socio-economic elites also saw the value of Christian faith. As with previous generations, the Byzantine Church attempted to live out a biblical faith, but not without difficulties and controversies such as how many wills or natures did Jesus have, or does religious art and architecture break the second commandment?

Pedagogical Suggestions

Have students compare and contrast Greek, Russian, Egyptian, and Slavic Orthodoxy. Students can discuss what are the non-negotiables for someone to be a follower of

Christ, whether Catholic, Orthodox, or Protestant.

Suggested Essay Questions

Evaluate the significance and division of the Filioque Clause.

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The Cappadocian Fathers (Basil, Gregory of Nyssa, Gregory of Nazianzen) were important but less known in early church history. Outline their individual contributions.

Other Media Sources/Websites

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/131christians/rulers/justiniantheodora.html

http://www.christianhistorymagazine.org/index.php/past-pages/44chrysostom/

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Chapter 7 – The Reconstituted Roman Empire

Key Terms

Alcuin, Boniface, Venerable Bede, Charlemagne, Pope Joan, Anskar, Gregory VII (Hildebrand), Pope Urban II, crusades

Key Points

Although there was turmoil in various fringes of the Roman Empire, a renaissance and reformation of ideals occurred at all levels of life and culture.

The Roman and Muslim worlds were having more interaction and more tenuous relations.

Chapter Summary

The second half of the first millennium was an exceptional time of growth and progress. The figures alone should give anyone pause to label this era the “Dark Ages.” The Carolingian Renaissance (8th and 9th c.) under Charlemagne and the church reforms under Pope Gregory VII were watershed events for Europe. Even the Ottonian Renaissance (10th c.) in Saxony promoted education and progress in many ways. Although it would be short lived, the Roman Empire was reconstituted, and eastern and western Christianity were closer, mostly due to political and religious alliances against the Islamic regions. Sadly, missionary activity in this era is not characterized by humility and charity but by aggression and power, with leaders like Charlemagne and then the church crusades beginning with Pope Urban II. At the same time, Gregory VII (Hildebrand) increased the authority and supremacy of the papacy.

The closing centuries of the first millennium were pivotal, and the events would dictate how the church and state would co-exist at the close of medieval Europe and the beginning of renaissance Europe. The worlds of Europe and the Middle East were touching more and more. With different worldviews, this would lead to inevitable conflict. Christianity and Islam both desire global influence, but their faith systems are mutually conflicting. Although renaissance and reformation were welcome, the ten crusades against Muslims in the Holy Land were a shame and disgrace on the Catholic Church. Some religious endeavors benefitted humanity, while others were really steps into what should be called the “Dark Ages.”

Pedagogical Suggestions

Have students consider ways in which people from different faiths can live well together. Are there situations when this cannot occur?

Students can identify themselves with various characters in the first millennium. Why do they choose particular figures?

Suggested Essay Questions

The Battle of Tours and multiple Crusades can teach us much about Christian and Muslim relations. What can we learn?

How was the Carolingian Renaissance and papal reforms precursors to the later European Renaissance and Reformation eras?

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Other Media Sources/Websites

http://www.christianhistorymagazine.org/index.php/past-pages/74islam/

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/131christians/rulers/charlemagne.html

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Chapter 8 – Medieval Theology

Key Terms

Anselm, Peter Abelard, Heloise, Peter Lombard, Thomas Becket, Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventura, John Duns Scotus, William of Ockham

Key Points

Despite the disgrace of the crusades, education and philosophy took off with impressive names like Lombard and Aquinas.

Medieval theologians exercised influence on church and culture even among the 16th century Reformers and beyond.

Chapter Summary

Some of the greatest thinkers, writers, and theologians in Western civilization were products of the “Dark Ages.” We stand on the shoulders of faithful and intellectual giants. Some were martyred, and others were celebrated. This paradox is evident with Thomas Becket who after years in exile returns to Britain as the archbishop of Canterbury, only to be executed at the hand of the king while Becket celebrates Mass. The late Middle Ages was still a time that heretics would have been put to death, but it was also a progressive time whereby certain cultural and societal norms were reevaluated. The writings of Anselm and Lombard were important for figures of the Reformation. Individuals like John Duns Scotus and William of Ockham combined theology and philosophy, revelation and reason, in order to improve the intellectual life of Europe. It would not be until the 18th century when revelation and reason were again thoroughly divided in the Enlightenment era.

For the first time, someone like Abelard can think outside the constraints and dogma of the church, and a figure like Anselm can apply faith and reason in his theological writings. Other shifts were taking place as well. If Augustine was devoted to Platonic philosophy, then Aquinas owed much to Aristotelian ideas. It would be Aquinas who would refine and advance the divine proofs that Anselm wrote about. As the Catholic Church was developing into many streams and traditions, Aquinas systematized Catholic dogma and galvanized the faith. Even Lombard and William of Ockham were quite progressive for their time for they used reason and logic to argue that there were other authority structures outside the Catholic Church or papacy. Two hundred years before the Reformation, these figures began to decouple theology and philosophy, even true faith from Rome.

Pedagogical Suggestions

Have students consider areas of the church today that area in desperate need of reform.

What do the students think about the Abelard and Heloise love affair?

Suggested Essay Questions

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It was not until the 18th century that theology and philosophy was separated from the church and done mostly in secular universities. Evaluate how these disciplines were done in the Medieval and now Postmodern eras.

What were the social, economic, and conceptual contexts that gave birth to figures like Abelard or William of Ockham?

Other Media Sources/Websites

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/1993/issue40/

http://www.christianhistorymagazine.org/index.php/past-pages/73aquinas/

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Chapter 9 – Beyond the Cloistered Walls

Key Terms

Bernard of Clairvaux, Hildegard, Francis of Assisi, Clare of Assisi, Dante, Dominic, Catherine of Siena, Margery Kempe, Julian of Norwich

Key Points

Surprisingly, some monastic orders were the most zealous and aggressive against heresy.

Women were an essential force in Medieval education and vocation.

Chapter Summary

The contemplative life is not nearly as popular or appealing today as it was centuries ago. Although many like to reference St. Francis or Dante, their lives and beliefs are rarely understood well. Monastic life and education gave women more opportunities than the “secular” world. This was an important innovation in Western civilization. Mysticism also increased in popularity. For many Christians, it was simply not enough to talk about Christian theology in an abstract sense, but it was an imperative to live out Christian theology on the streets and roads of Europe. Nevertheless, religious inquisition increased, and intolerance for other Christian expressions was on the rise.

As the Renaissance gains momentum in southern Europe, there is also a renaissance of monasticism. This movement is not monolithic, but it is often a response to the increase of corruption and immorality in the papacy and church in general. The Dominicans are at the forefront of Catholic inquisition against heretics, while the Franciscans are more concerned with nature and charity. Even some reforming figures like Bernard of Clairvaux and Martin Luther come from monastic orders. These figures have historical and legendary qualities attached to them. Not relegated to monasticism is the rise of mysticism. Both men and women claim to have more visions and miraculous experiences as they garner more followers and being movements themselves. When disease and famine hit Europe, these events were mystically interpreted as judgment on immorality or signs of the end times.

Pedagogical Suggestions

Have students consider whether faith is more appealing to men or women and why. Ask the students if a monastic lifestyle with certain vows is an attractive life.

Suggested Essay Questions

Women were given more value and significance during this period. How does proper Christian faith value men, women, and children of all ethnicities and classes as images of God?

What are important lessons that we can learn from monastic life?

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Other Media Sources/Websites

http://www.christianhistorymagazine.org/index.php/past-pages/42francis/

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/2001/issue70/

22

Chapter 10 – Renaissance Humanism and the Dawn of the Reformation

Key Terms

Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, Thomas à Kempis, Girolamo Savonarola, Erasmus

Key Points

As more Catholics had increased desire for reformation, Catholic popes increased in sinful and wanton living.

Renaissance and Reformation were complementary periods where the former paved the way for the latter.

Chapter Summary

As with earlier periods of church history, the Renaissance period is not monolithic. Some pockets were humanistic with the view that because God made humanity as divine images then a high view of humanity necessitated art and literature to celebrate humanity and the One whose image we bear. Other humanists practically denied the reality of God in light of their high view of humanity as man was the sum of all things. Humanism is only “secular” in this latter sense. Most humanists in Renaissance Europe were deeply Christian and appreciated art, literature, and beauty in light of God’s creation rather than in opposition to it. There were some figures, however, like Savonarola who were “iconoclasts” and wanted to destroy anything that was not strictly for the church.

Even though reformational efforts began in the Catholic Church, these efforts ultimately split the church along the lines of religion, politics, and geography. Moreover, there was an increased fervor for reformation in the church in light of the gross immorality of the papacy and other church clergy. Initiatives for Bible translation and preaching without the imprimatur of the Church were punishable by death. It is remarkable to think that Bible translation was a capital offense. Is this not one of the best ways to spread the Catholic faith, to speak and teach in the common, vernacular languages? Rome realized that allowing the Scriptures to be transmitted in the common languages would effectively remove the authority of the Roman See. Keen readers and thinkers like John Wycliffe and Peter Waldo would see that certain Catholic dogma had no biblical support, even if church tradition was unanimous. Reformation was in the air, whether in a radical way with Jan Hus or a more academic manner with Erasmus.

Plagues and heresies were interpreted by the Catholic Church as God’s punishment against these infidels. Of course, the early Catholic reformers interpreted these events as God’s castigation on Rome.

Pedagogical Suggestions

Ask students if the “fundamental” iconoclasts and Savonarolas of the world hurt or help the progress and influence of Christian faith in the world.

Have the students consider at this point in their study of church history if they have ideas and opinions redefined.

23

Suggested Essay Questions

What are the values of the humanists that prepared the context for the Reformation of the Catholic Church?

Tyndale, Wycliffe, and Erasmus were Bible translators, among other things. Why was Bible translation a rebellious and capital offense for the Catholic Church?

Other Media Sources/Websites

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/2000/issue68/

http://www.christianhistorymagazine.org/index.php/past-pages/3wycliffe/

Chapter 11 – The German Reformation

Key Terms

24

Martin Luther, Johann von Staupitz, Council of Trent, Philip Melanchthon

Key Points

The German Reformation had different characteristics than the Swiss or French movements. Luther’s efforts affected every aspect of German and European life and culture.

The Reformation was not purely a religious event, but it had political and intellectual ramifications. Luther did not desire to break away from the Catholic Church, but the break became inevitable.

Chapter Summary

Martin Luther was larger than life. Most know Luther from his theology the doctrine of justification by faith, but few realize his influence over family and devotional life. One might say that Luther’s chief contribution is translating the Bible into the German language. This was a revolutionary event that spread the Christian faith to all people, educated or otherwise. Nevertheless, without the revitalization of language and literature during the Renaissance and the Gutenberg printing press just a generation before, the Reformation may never have occurred. Despite the great advances, Luther had many blind spots. He was a man who was constantly challenged with monumental decisions and tasks, and we should consider this when reviewing his life and legacy.

Luther was a colorful character. He would be heard cursing during a church sermon or university lecture, and he was more often preoccupied with translating the Bible than bathing. He alienated some and impacted others. He and Erasmus were the most prominent men in Europe in the early 16th century, and although both men were instruments of reform, they saw their task and theology as quite different. If Calvin was the erudite reformer, then Luther was the reformer for the common person. Melanchthon would temper Luther’s ideas. And Zwingli and Luther simply could not agree to disagree on the nature of the Mass. And sadly, we do not want to celebrate Luther’s views on the Jews later in his life. He was certainly an icon, but not without his foibles and flaws.

Pedagogical Suggestions

Have the students consider how a Martin Luther would be received today. Ask the students to sketch the positives and negatives of Luther’s life and legacy.

Suggested Essay Questions

Should the church continue the Reformation? Why or why not? What would Christendom be like today without Luther, Huss, Calvin, and others?

Other Media Sources/Websites

http://www.christianhistorymagazine.org/index.php/past-pages/39luther/25

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/1992/issue34/

Chapter 12 – The Swiss Reformation

Key Terms

26

Ulrich Zwingli, Heinrich Bullinger, John Calvin, Renee of Ferrara, William Farel, Martin Bucer, Theodore Beza

Key Points

The Swiss Reformation was closely related to the German and French Reformations. Although the reformational figures and events were isolated, these distinct movements complemented one another in vision and effects.

The German, Swiss, and French Reformations sparked other “radicals” like the Anabaptists, who had enemies in Catholic, Lutheran, and Reformed circles.

Chapter Summary

The Swiss Reformation’s personalities were unique and fascinating, and they often complemented the overall movement. Zwingli was a soldier and Calvin a scholar. Zwingli had no problem putting to death the radical Anabaptists, but Calvin at least pleaded with Servetus to recant his views on the Trinity in order to spare his life. Farel, Bucer, and Beza are notable figures who lived in the shadow of Zwingli and Calvin. All these reformers played an integral role in the larger European Reformation. It is remarkable that many people loyal to the Reformation were imprisoned, tortured, and burned or drowned. But Providence spared Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin so that they could change Europe forever.

It is remarkable that the Reformation took on so many aspects depending on whether it occurred in Bohemia, France, Switzerland, Germany, or Scotland. Knox began what would become Presbyterianism in the Scottish church. Germany would ultimately be Lutheran in the north but Catholic in the south. And the Reformed Church grew strong in Switzerland. Unfortunately, these Christian traditions were often intolerant and uncivil with one another just as the Catholic Church had been with reformers. Luther’s monastic background influenced his version of the Reformation, while Calvin’s legal training colored his. These Christian Reformers were incredibly gifted by God to lead the church, but they had weaknesses and challenges like any other person. The legacy of the Reformation is far reaching, and it set the stage for the periods of Rationalism and Enlightenment in the coming centuries.

Pedagogical Suggestions

Ask the students if they would have been part of the German, Swiss, or French Reformation movements.

Have the students discuss what aspects of the Reformation have affected American life today.

Suggested Essay Questions

The Geneva experiment was an attempt to have a church-state theocracy not unlike ancient Israel. Is this a desirable and beneficial endeavor today?

At the end of the day, are Catholic, Reformed, Lutheran, and Radical Reformers at odds with one another, or could they all worship in the same church?

Other Media Sources/Websites

http://www.christianhistorymagazine.org/index.php/past-pages/4zwingli/

27

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/1986/issue12/

Chapter 13 – The Anabaptists

Key Terms

28

Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, Thomas Müntzer, John of Leiden, Balthasar Hubmaier, Michael and Margaretha Sattler, Menno Simons, Elizabeth Dirks

Key Points

The Anabaptists took the Reformation to the next level and wanted a separation between church and state. They also wanted creedal or adult baptism instead of infant or paedobaptism.

Anabaptists were persecuted and put to death on all sides by Catholics, Lutherans, and Reformed groups.

Chapter Summary

It is remarkable that denying the church-state relationship or infant baptism might bring a death sentence on someone. The Anabaptist and Mennonite groups have a rich heritage, and later Protestant traditions are indebted to their faith and perseverance. Even Colonial and later American political views have been influenced by Anabaptist theology. Anabaptist groups took the efforts of Zwingli and Luther one step further. Sadly, Zwingli and Luther did not support these “disciples” but rejected their continuing of the Reformation. Imagine if the Anabaptist movement received the religious toleration that Zwingli, Luther, and Calvin longed for from the Catholic Church. Instead as they were thrown into icy lakes and rivers, their cry was, “Finish the Reformation!”

The events in Europe were so progressive that many believed themselves to be in the final days. The pope was the antichrist, and Jesus was coming to install his eschatological kingdom. Many radical reformers journeyed to Münster to prepare for the millennial reign of Christ. The reformers were largely post-millennial in their view of eschatology because it had been just over a millennium since the apostolic church fathers. Curiously, these radical and magisterial reformers were instituting theocratic regions (like Calvin’s Geneva project or John of Leiden’s Münster kingdom). As well, some who are associated originally with the Anabaptist movement go rogue and set themselves up as demagogues (like Thomas Müntzer or John of Leiden). It seems that the Anabaptist “movement” quickly became just as diverse as the Catholic and Magisterial Reformations.

Pedagogical Suggestions

Ask students to consider what belief and behavioral points should warrant persecution. If none, then why did these Christian groups put each other to death over Christian belief and behavior?

Have students briefly sketch the key Reformation groups and one or two descriptors that set them apart.

Suggested Essay Questions

How is paedobaptism related to the church-state relationship? If this practice is discontinued would the Anabaptisms have “finished the Reformation”?

Anabaptists are loyal to the kingdom of God over any geo-political kingdom on this earth. How do they negotiate questions regarding patriotism, flags, military service, etc.?

Other Media Sources/Websites29

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/2004/issue84/

http://www.christianhistorymagazine.org/index.php/past-pages/5anabaptists/

Chapter 14 – The Catholic Reformation

Key Terms

Bartholomew de Las Casas, Ignatius of Loyola, Francis Xavier, Teresa of Avila, John of the Cross, Menocchio

30

Key Points

It is important to note that missionary activity was not unique to Protestants, but also Catholics worked for the conversion of peoples.

There were devoted Catholics who were committed to reformation in the Catholic Church as well as healthy ties with Protestants.

Chapter Summary

Reformation fervor was everywhere in Europe. In less than one hundred years from when Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses on the Wittenberg church door on October 31, 1517, there were now Jesuits, Jansenists, and mystics in the Catholic Church and Lutherans, Reformed, Anabaptists, and Mennonites in the Protestant Church. Each “church” was engaged in missionary activity in Europe and beyond. The Catholics had a presence in the Far East (e.g., Francis Xavier), and they were moving in the opposite compass direction to the farther western world as well (e.g., Columbus). Some of these efforts were noble, but other “missionary” activity was brutal and inhumane. For most, colonialism and missions were inextricably connected, so if violence and brutality was committed in exploration efforts, then the Christian gospel was marred. This time period in church history has people and events to celebrate, and equally people and events to condemn.

As the Radical and Magisterial Reformers defined themselves with a particular theology and confessional statements, the Catholic Church redefined itself with the Council of Trent. Even within Catholicism, Ignatius of Loyola was in many ways the antithesis to Bartholomew de Las Casas. The former was a crusader for the Inquisition, while the latter was an advocate for social justice. Somewhat as a protest to Catholic injustice and various atrocities, mysticism had a resurgence. Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross were notable Catholics who attempted to live authentically and obediently before others. Tragically, the papacy was not only aggressive to punish “heretic” Protestants but also “heretic” Catholics. Teresa and John escaped but Scandella did not and was burned at the stake.

Pedagogical Suggestions

Ask the students what a Catholic-Protestant-Orthodox Bible study might look like. Have students list the strengths and weaknesses of the Protestant and Catholic

Reformations.

Suggested Essay Questions

Evaluate the ideas and practices of Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross. Two centuries after Catholics were missionaries in China and Japan, Protestants

continued the efforts. What are the similarities and differences in those two church efforts?

Other Media Sources/Websites

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/131christians/innertravelers/johncross.html

http://www.christianhistorymagazine.org/index.php/past-pages/35columbus/

31

Chapter 15 – The English Reformation

Key Terms

Henry VIII, Anne Boleyn, William Tyndale, Thomas Cranmer, Mary I, Elizabeth I, Myles Coverdale Bible, Ridley and Latimer, John Knox, John Foxe

32

Key Points

The Church of England (Anglicanism) was started over the desire for a male heir and a divorce.

The swing back and forth from Catholic to Protestant monarchs was a volatile and challenging time for England.

Chapter Summary

Imagine that the desire to have a baby boy and divorcing one’s wife for not having a male child precipitated a new reformation and church. Some find it difficult to follow the English Reformation because of the many figures and events that are both loyal to Protestant and Catholic sides (often multiple times during a person’s monarchy!), even within the same royal family. Some, like Thomas Cranmer, were loyal to God and country one day, and the next day they were executed by a new monarch with different church sympathies. Christian theology and practice were constantly considered, or reconsidered, as politics often trumped biblical faith. Despite the challenging and bloody times, Scotland was engaged in effective missionary activity, and the beginning of the Puritans came to the fore.

There are many intriguing figures during this era: Cardinal Wolsey (Catholic advisor), Thomas Cromwell (legal advisor), Thomas Cranmer (theological advisor), William Tyndale (Bible translator), and Ridley and Latimer (reformers). For many of these figures, execution or martyrdom was their end. Cranmer was author of the Book of Common Prayer and Thirty-Nine Articles, but assassinated by Queen Mary. Almost a century before the KJV edition of 1611, Tyndale worked on an English translation that was later adopted as the Miles Coverdale or Great Bible of 1539. John Foxe lived as a contemporary with many of the martyrs of the Protestant Reformation. His writing of Foxe’s Book of Martyrs is a type of eulogy to these saints.

Pedagogical Suggestions

Discuss how it would feel to one day be part of the church and monarchy and the next day to be put to death, like Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer.

Ask the students whether they would prefer to be part of the German, Swiss, Catholic, or English Reformations and why.

Suggested Essay Questions

A flurry of activity was taking place on the European continent and the British Isles in the 16th and early 17th centuries. Evaluate what lessons could be learned from these multiple reformations.

Much attention is given to the King James Bible of 1611. What should we make of the Wycliffe, Tyndale, Geneva, Bishop, Douay-Rheims, and Coverdale Bibles that preceded the KJV?

Other Media Sources/Websites

. http://www.christianhistorymagazine.org/index.php/past-pages/46knox/

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/131christians/rulers/henryviii.html33

Chapter 16 – Puritans in England and America

Key Terms

John Owen, James I, Oliver Cromwell, Charles II, Richard Baxter, John Bunyan, Cotton Mather

Key Points

34

If the English Reformation was largely a political move to be separate from the Roman Church, then the Puritan or non-conformist movement was a religious move to be separate from England.

Many Anglicans devoted to the Bible and piety were increasingly like the Anabaptists on the continent and decided to emigrate west.

Chapter Summary

As with the many other movements we have studied, the Puritans were not a monolithic group. The English Separatists or non-conformists in England were different than those in the early days of colonial America. Puritans contributed much to English and American life, but there were some limitations because their desire was mostly to separate from the cultural and political life of the day. After Cromwell, their influence was felt less in the English monarchy, with the exception of Charles II. James I was a signal to the Puritans that England may not be the ideal place for them to flourish in their faith. This is ironic in light of James I being the monarch who authorized the King James Bible of 1611. The atmosphere was more favorable for Protestants, but not for Catholics, during the Glorious Revolution of William and Mary, but many Puritans had already left for the New World.

During the Puritan movements, Protestants would never look back to Rome. John Owen in Britain would write enduring works like The Mortification of Sin, and Richard Baxter would write The Reformed Pastor. Few have not been blessed by John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress. A robust doctrine of election (as part of the larger doctrines of grace) would mark puritan theology on both sides of the Atlantic. They were sharp thinkers and writers, and they would contribute much to society and culture.

On the other side, some puritans hunted down “heretics” with the same fervor that Catholics came against them. There were certainly some pockets of religious toleration in colonial America, but in other parts any secularists (or alleged witches) were violently put down.

Pedagogical Suggestions

Have students discuss the merits of introspection and consideration of sin like Baxter, Bunyan, and Owen.

Ask the students if there was a Christian dissonance in Cromwell between his personal piety and his public politics.

Suggested Essay Questions

The church-state question is an inevitable one. The Puritans who were persecuted by the Church of England left for America largely for religious freedom. Evaluate this observation.

Reflect on whether the founding of colonial America and the United States would have been quite different if the Puritans were accepted and not persecuted by the Church of England.

Other Media Sources/Websites

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/1994/issue41/

http://www.christianhistorymagazine.org/index.php/past-pages/100kjb-born/35

Chapter 17 – Sectarian Movements in Europe and America

Key Terms

Anne Hutchinson, Roger Williams, George Fox, Margaret Fell Fox

Key Points

After the European and British reformation movements, there seemed to be no end to other Christian sects and movements.

Religious liberty was an essential quality to new expressions of Christian faith.

Chapter Summary

36

Huss, Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, and the rest started something that they never imagined. There was no end to the new sects, movements, and denominations, on both sides of the pond. Some were more associated with the established or state church, and others were quite independent. Some were mystical in their ethos, and others were pietistic but not so ecstatic. This was a period when such groups rallied against slavery, gender inequality, and other forms of oppression. Gospel and social justice were more connected, and women often led this charge. Many of these Christian movements had a direct influence on later founders of the thirteen colonies and what would become the United States of America.

The landscape was replete with “heretics”: Lady Eleanor, George Fox, Anne Hutchinson. They sought religious and social reform, but for many they were too progressive and for others possibly mentally or emotionally unstable. It would seem that religious persecution by the state church would bring solidarity among these Christian sects and traditions, but they often fought among themselves. There was not real unity or theological identity; every movement was for itself. The great benefit from these seemingly innumerable Christian streams was that most fought against slavery and for women’s rights. It is lamentable that these issues were not taken up by the established church as well rather than leaving these social injustices relegated to the Christian “fringe” groups. Nevertheless, groups like the Quakers and early Baptists were friends to the Native Americans, slaves, and women.

Pedagogical Suggestions

Ask students if there should be a limit on sects, movements, and denominations. Should one religious body oversee Christian factions to make sure they are “orthodox”?

Have students consider whether social programs like abolition, poverty relief, and equal rights are essentials to gospel and church presence.

Suggested Essay Questions

What makes Christian faith “orthodox”? Who makes those decisions? What is the proper balance between religious toleration and godly biblical expression?

Other Media Sources/Websites

http://www.christianhistorymagazine.org/index.php/past-pages/10pietism/

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/1986/issue11/

37

Chapter 18 – The Catholic Church

Key Terms

Pope Innocent X, Olimpia, Blaise Pascal, René Descartes, Madame Jeanne-Marie Guyon, Anne-Marie Javouhey, John Henry Newman

Key Points

Along with its immoral excesses, the Catholic Church made great advances from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment.

If it were not for the Reformation, one could argue that the Ages of Rationalism and Enlightenment would not have occurred.

38

Chapter Summary

In some respects the Catholic Church changed little in the aftermath of the Reformation, but in other respects it changed much. The papacy was still in operation, but women were more engaged in religious vocation and missions. Moreover, figures gifted in science, math, and philosophy were making waves in Europe. Some of the previous constraints in Catholicism were removed so now those like Pascal and Descartes could lead Europe in major philosophical and scientific advances. We observe that some people converted to Catholicism like Elizabeth Ann Seton and John Henry Newman. Figures like Madame Guyon and Anne-Marie Javouhey were engaged in preaching and missions. They continued to advance the validity of women in ministry and missions within the Catholic Church. There was a new Catholicism afoot in the modern world. This notwithstanding, Catholicism did not know what to do with the Ages of Rationalism and Enlightenment.

Rome was still primitive in its dealing with demonism, not unlike the Puritans in America and Britain. But more important, Rome struggled to keep its reigns on the developing philosophical and scientific arenas. The question that everyone was dealing with was what institution or figure had the final authority? Were faith and science at odds and irreconcilable? Were faith and science about different questions and pursuits with no real tension? Was faith the starting point for theology and philosophy or was reason? Where did one end and the other begin? For the first time in history theology was done outside the confines and authority of the Roman Church. Now secularists and even atheists were doing theology. Rome simply did not know how to handle this development.

Pedagogical Suggestions

Have students discuss whether the Bible gives direction for what gender equality and leadership should look like. Both Protestants and Catholics struggled with this question.

Since science was a Christian (Catholic) endeavor with figures like Copernicus, Bacon, Kepler, Galileo, Pascal, Descartes, Newton, Boyle, Farraday, and Mendel, why is there such antagonism between faith and science today?

Suggested Essay Questions

In the last few years, a noticeable group of evangelicals have migrated to Catholic, Orthodox, and Anglican circles. What might precipitate this move from low church to high church?

Having reviewed roughly sixteen centuries of church history, what have you learned that you were surprised by, and how are you reevaluating your own faith and confession?

Other Media Sources/Websites

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/2002/issue76/

39

http://www.christianhistorymagazine.org/index.php/past-pages/95bachs-bible/

Chapter 19 – Trans-Atlantic Awakenings

Key Terms

Susanna Wesley, Jacob Arminius, John Wesley, George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, David Brainerd

Key Points

Christian revivals were active on both sides of the pond. Great Britain and colonial America each had church growth and notable leaders of the movements.

As with most generations of church history, the debate over predestination and free will was rehearsed yet again. Both Arminian and Calvinists were devoted to missionary activity.

40

Chapter Summary

The Great Awakenings in Britain and America were notable events that changed the course of both countries. God’s providence moved on both countries (but at the time they were one country) before the French and Indian War (1754-63) and the American Revolution (1775-83). It is sobering to note how many lives were impacted by the gospel in these revivals before the death and destruction of those two wars. The personalities of British and American individuals leading the awakenings had a lasting effect many generations. For example, the Methodist Church from Wesley and theological rigor from Edwards are still appreciated today. While Wesley and Edwards were speaking and traveling and writing, individuals like David Brainerd were living among Native Americans in order to share the gospel.

As one can imagine theology and people were largely intertwined in this era. The women behind the men were just as significant figures. Susanna Wesley, mother of John and Charles, was a highly gifted minister in her own right. Sarah Edwards, wife of Jonathan, was a model for mothers and wives. As with most generations, the theological underpinnings colored the awakenings. An Arminian theology directed Wesley in much of his ministry, while a Calvinistic brand influenced Whitefield and Edwards.

The American colonies were largely independent of one another, but not independent—as of yet—from Britain. The First Great Awakening did not pervade all of the colonies, but it served as a galvanizing movement that only intensified the American versus British divide. War between the colonies and King George III was inevitable.

Pedagogical Suggestions

Discuss the personalities of Wesley and Whitefield in Britain and Edwards and Brainerd in America.

Ask the students if revival is something that people can contrive or if it is solely a divine event.

Suggested Essay Questions

Is the perennial debate between election and free will simply a semantic disagreement or a more fundamental difference in how people read and understand the Bible?

Evaluate what revivalism looked like in Great Britain and how it played out in colonial America.

Other Media Sources/Websites

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/2003/issue77/

http://www.christianhistorymagazine.org/index.php/past-pages/38whitefield/

41

Chapter 20 – An Age of Societies

Key Terms

Richard Allen, Charles Finney, Phoebe Palmer, George Müller, Charles Spurgeon, Dwight Moody

Key Points

A Second Great Awakening occurred in Britain and America, which had theological distinctives, notable figures, and the presence of new movements.

Adventism, Jehovah Witnesses, Mormonism and other millenarian groups emerged from 19th century American landscape.

Chapter Summary

42

One may find it difficult to keep up with the numerous changes in Britain and America between the First and Second Great Awakenings. As with the first period of revivalism, the second period also had its characteristics, whether theological or otherwise. There seemed to be no limit to new sects and societies in America, while Britain still had a state church that somewhat limited new Christian groups. The spirit of America as a new nation seemed to foster a climate for these new “Christian” movements. Many of them were millenarian, and some groups had an ominous ethos among their adherents. Nevertheless, the Second Great Awakening had an ecumenical atmosphere where people like Finney and Moody were active in all types of congregations and venues. As with the First Great Awakening for Britain and America, concurrent revivals were taking place in the Second Awakening. Spurgeon continued in the revivalist traditions of Whitefield and Wesley.

This “Age of Societies” also provided a greater value and contribution among women and African-Americans. If existing Christian denominations refused to value and use them in ministry, then they simply left to start their own Christian societies. This poses a difficult question that the Magisterial and Radical Reformers dealt with. When does one reform from within, and when does one reform from without? The authority structures in colonial America rarely allowed women and minorities to have a significant role in ministry. It was this very atmosphere that moved figures like Joseph Smith and Charles Russell to being their own societies known as Mormonism and Jehovah Witnesses, respectively.

Pedagogical Suggestions

Have students compare and contrast Spurgeon and Moody. Ask the students if multi-ethnic congregations are preferable and necessary for

Christian unity or if it is better for certain ethnicities to worship separately.

Suggested Essay Questions

It is often heard that the American Revolution was kicked off by Christian men with biblical ideals. Were the men Christians, and did they have biblical warrant?

What is the relationship between ethnic issues and the rise of awakenings and denominationalism?

Other Media Sources/Websites

http://www.christianhistorymagazine.org/index.php/past-pages/20finney/

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/1996/issue50/

43

Chapter 21 – The Modern Missionary Movement

Key Terms

William Carey, David Livingstone, Adoniram Judson, Hudson Taylor, Mary Slessor, Xi Sheng Mo, Charlotte “Lottie” Moon, Kanzo Uchimura, Eliza George

Key Points

Interestingly, it was not the Catholic, Anglican, or Protestant Church, let alone particular denominations, that were engaged in missionary activity. It was mostly led by individuals.

The 19th century saw an increase in people who were overwhelmed with the gospel and missional call for international peoples. The western world was moving east and south.

44

Chapter Summary

As with other generations and centuries of Christian faith, women often led the missionary charge in the eastern and southern areas of the globe during the modern era. Often they would go as single women, not to be deterred from the many dangers they might face. Sometimes married couples would be divided on the task of missions, and they would either stay in their country and begin a missions agency, or they would leave together to serve an international people whereby one or both might lose their life. Adoniram Judson had three wives in the course of his missions career. William Carey outlived three wives in India. Sometimes these figures sacrificed in missions for their family, and sometimes they sacrificed their family for missions. These men and women are rightly revered today not only because they carried the gospel of Jesus to other nations, but also because they served to promote education, medicine, and family among the people whom they loved.

Although deeply rewarding, life in these countries was challenging and sacrificial. Travel and health were perennial concerns. Many who left for these countries would rarely see their families and friends again back in America or Europe. Livingstone’s exploits in Africa are legendary, but he did not know his wife and children for most of his life. One of Carey’s many lasting influences was his Form of Agreement that displayed great theological insight and humanitarian value. Great people like Hudson Taylor, Mary Slessor, Eliza George, and Lottie Moon sought to inculturate themselves among the people. They lived like the people lived and valued what they valued. Another perspective comes from national Christians and missionaries like Kanzo Uchimura who rejected much of the trappings of western Christianity in order to adapt the faith to his Japanese culture.

Pedagogical Suggestions

Ask students in what ways all Christians are missionaries and in what ways are only some Christians missionaries.

Have the students consider the differences in 19th century missions and 21st century missions.

Suggested Essay Questions

Evaluate the strategies of Taylor and Carey. Why is indigenous missionary activity so important if not in the first generation then

certainly in the second generation of Christian communities?

Other Media Sources/Websites

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/2006/issue90/

http://www.christianhistorymagazine.org/index.php/past-pages/36missions/

45

Chapter 22 – Fragmentation and Revival

Key Terms

Evangeline Booth, Pandita Ramabai, William Seymour, Billy Sunday, Aimee McPherson, John Sung

Key Points

Christianity continued to see new expressions and new leaders, many of whom were women. New movements in particular had a focus on the Holy Spirit.

Sadly, some of the more high profile leaders, both male and female, did not exude a humble Christianity but an aggressive and divisive posture.

Chapter Summary

46

During this period in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Christianity took on new forms and denominations. Women had more prominent roles, and some leaders were immoral and damaging to gospel work. Power and authority started to grip some Christian leaders, inclusive of both genders. It seemed like this era was more divided than unified in the church. Strong and charismatic personalities were on the rise, while a humble and grateful spirit appeared on the decline. Although some of the church was in disarray, many wonderful movements and ministries flourished during the turn of the century, both in Britain and in America.

Liberalism was on the rise in some segments of society so some individuals organized Fundamentalism to combat this evil to Christianity and culture. The Fundamentalist movement had the good intentions of preserving biblical truth, but they did not know how to accommodate biblical truth to an increasingly global society with its new questions and challenges. Christians began to be more divided not only on theological and doctrinal lines but also social and political lines. The epistemological chasm between liberal and conservative Christians was more tangible. Fundamentalism became a 20th century type of “monasticism” that called for a withdrawal from secular society, inclusive of education and politics. Interestingly, this era of division helped to bring together other Christian movements for missions and theological education against the rising tide of secular humanism.

Revivalist and denominational leaders seemed to start off well but were often later embroiled in controversy and conflict such as Billy Sunday and Aimee McPherson. Some leaders had charismatic personalities that encouraged more authoritarian practices rather than more humble approaches to leadership and church communities.

Pedagogical Suggestions

Ask the students when Christianity ceases to be Christianity. What attitudes and beliefs must be present for biblical faith to be present?

Have students discuss the relationship between church ministry and para-church ministry.

Suggested Essay Questions

Did women step up in leadership because men were not leading well, or did women assume their gifts and passions for Christian work?

When is division and fragmentation healthy, and when is it a detriment to the church?

Other Media Sources/Websites

http://www.christianhistorymagazine.org/index.php/past-pages/26booth/

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/2004/issue82/

47

Chapter 23 – Theological Ferment

Key Terms

Reinhold and Richard Niebuhr, Abraham Kuyper, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Albert Schweitzer, Karl Barth, Dorothy Day, Pope John XXIII, Oscar Romero

Key Points

The 20th century saw the simultaneous events of two horrific world wars and profound theological engagement in Protestant and Catholic circles.

Less than “orthodox” individuals became some of the most notable and industrious persons in recent church history.

Chapter Summary

48

The 20th century, to say the least, is a fascinating time. Catholics and Protestants are both active in theology and mission. At the same time, Christian faith is achieving more prominence in Asia, Africa, and South America. The global south is emerging. Christians are thinking more deeply about ethics and morality, especially in light of World War I and II and the Korean and Vietnam Wars. At the same time as there is unprecedented growth in theological writing and missionary endeavors, there are tragically more wars and genocides of people. These events encourage Catholics and Protestants to partner together more than ever since before the Reformation.

Nothing brought together more the Confessing Church than the presence of Hitler and the Third Reich. All of Christendom was united against this evil and its program of genocide. Europe and America produced significant theological figures like Kuyper, Bonhoeffer, Schweitzer, and Barth. They all had different theological textures and tones, but each identified with Christ and his teachings. These juggernaut minds stood against Hitler, pursued missions over academics in Africa, and wrote unrivaled theological works since Aquinas or Augustine. The western and eastern regions of the globe were in dramatic change. World War I and II brought intense pessimism to the church, and conflicts in Vietnam and Korea were the catalysts advances in human rights and worth in the United States. This was a bitter-sweet century, but many ideas were put in place for how the global church would transition into the 21st century.

Pedagogical Suggestions

Do students think that Catholics and Protestants can ever be reunited, or is there an unbridgeable divide?

Have students consider whether it is morally right or wrong for a Christian like Bonhoeffer to be part of an assassination attempt on Hitler?

Suggested Essay Questions

Discuss how the best theologians in the 20th century were Protestant and Catholic, liberal and conservative.

Is it more important in the name of Christ to engage in theological writing or social justice?

Other Media Sources/Websites

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/2005/issue88/

http://www.christianhistorymagazine.org/index.php/past-pages/75chesterton/

49

Chapter 24 – Worldwide Christian Outreach

Key Terms

Leslie Newbigin, C. S. Lewis, Martin Luther King Jr., Mother Teresa, Desmond Tutu, Billy Graham

Key Points

After a century of multiple wars and endless Christian factions, the second half of the 20th century is a healing time for Christendom.

Christians are engaged in every area to make global society and culture better. Leaders in the Protestant and Catholic Church are vocal against social injustice of every type.

Chapter Summary

50

The shift of Christian influence from the West to the Global South is an exciting transition. Whether someone is a fan of Tolkien and Tutu or Graham and Teresa, Christian figures in the last generation have shaped global culture in a variety of ways. What King was doing for the oppressed in America, Tutu was doing for the oppressed in Africa. It was indeed an exciting time for global Christianity. No longer do we identify Christian faith with the West or the faith of Europe or America. In fact, Christian faith is waning in Europe and America and on the rise in East Asia and Africa.

The missional call is not isolated to only a few like in centuries past; rather, all Christians realize the call to live missionally and to follow the ethic of Jesus. Bishop Newbigin spent most of his life in India on Christian mission, and he retires to England only to be convicted to come out of retirement and continue missions in his own country. Tremendous scholars and pastors in England like C. S. Lewis and John Stott make a mark on global Christianity. With the presence of the internet and electronic communication, the proliferation of Christian messages and education are instantly accessible anywhere in the world.

The significant shift of the epicenter of Christianity moving from the western to southern hemispheres is something that will entirely redefine all aspects of faith and culture. Christian faith is indeed global and not parochial. New challenges and questions will undoubtedly arise, but this Christian shift should be looked on with eagerness.

Pedagogical Suggestions

Ask students if they would rather live the “American Dream” of prosperity or the “Global Dream” of fighting social injustice?

Who are the figures in church history that the students would most like to learn from or be like?

Suggested Essay Questions

How have your opinions of church history been challenged and altered over the last few centuries?

Where do you think church history will go in the next century? What figures and events and trends might develop?

Other Media Sources/Websites

http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/2003/issue78/

http://www.christianhistorymagazine.org/index.php/past-pages/65graham/

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Student Learning Objectives

Chapter 1 – A Resurrection People

The students will be able to:

Be able to compare and contrast the personalities and ministries of Peter and Paul. Communicate the manner in which Jesus and the early church valued women and the

marginalized. Understand how NT figures and events contributed to later Catholic and Protestant

traditions. Name characteristics of Nazareth. Provide a general itinerary for Paul’s three missionary journeys.

Chapter 2 – A Persecuted People52

The students will be able to:

Be able to describe early Christian worship and liturgy. Understand how Christianity spread in different parts of the Mediterranean world. Consider the differences among Irenaeus, Ignatius, and Tertullian. Organize the early church fathers according to region. Name some of the early Christian sects or splinter groups.

Chapter 3 – Creeds and Councils

The students will be able to:

Note the influence of Antioch and Alexandria on later Christian generations. Evaluate the theological controversies in the seven ecumenical councils. Describe the theological differences between Arius and Athanasius. Explain the growing church and state relationship. Critique how the early church engaged theological and alleged heretical ideas.

Chapter 4 – Desert Fathers

The students will be able to:

Describe the beginnings of the monastic movement. Evaluate the lasting influence of Jerome and Augustine. Consider the benefits and drawback of Christians moving to the desert. Note the relationship between asceticism and sexuality. Provide reasons why Augustine had such a lasting influence.

Chapter 5 – City of God in the “Dark Ages”

The students will be able to:

Note why the Middle Ages were also called the “Dark Ages”? Evaluate how the papacy changed the face of Christianity. Describe the significance of Boethius. Explain why the Roman Empire fell. Provide differences between the western Latin and eastern Greek Fathers.

Chapter 6 – Byzantine Religion

The students will be able to:

Consider the differences between Western (Roman) Christianity and Eastern (Byzantine) Christianity.

Evaluate the Cappadocian influence on theology.53

Describe how food and feasts were an important part of Christian faith. Critique the Theotokos and Monophysite movements. Explain the events in AD 1054 between the east and west.

Chapter 7 – The Reconstituted Roman Empire

The students will be able to:

Evaluate the relationship between Alcuin and Charlemagne. Describe how Pope Urban II changed the face of Europe with the crusades. Note how the Carolingian Renaissance provided many advances to European culture. Consider the role of love and poetry during this era. Critique the idea of whether Pope Joan was Pope John VIII.

Chapter 8 – Medieval Theology

The students will be able to:

Describe what marriage and family life was like during the Middle Ages. Contrast the atonement differences between Anselm and Abelard. Note the import of Aquinas on Medieval Europe. Explain the proof set forth by Anselm. Evaluate the relationship between Abelard and Heloise.

Chapter 9 – Beyond the Cloistered Walls

The students will be able to:

Describe how mysticism increased during this period. Evaluate how the Dominicans differed from other monastic movements. Consider notable women and their influence as mystics and monastics. Note how medicine was practiced during this era. Explain how views of creation and humanity are adopted by monastics.

Chapter 10 – Renaissance Humanism and the Dawn of the Reformation

The students will be able to:

Describe the characteristics of Humanism. Note why Wycliffe and others were persecuted for their faith. Consider how both piety and corruption increased during this time. Provide the advances in art and literature during this era. Critique the papacy during the Renaissance.

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Chapter 11 – The German Reformation

The students will be able to:

Evaluate the life and ministry of Martin Luther. Note how the view of women changed during this period. Contrast the persons of Luther and Erasmus. Describe how inventions and education provided impetus for the Reformation. Give a summary of the geography and politics of the Holy Roman Empire.

Chapter 12 – The Swiss Reformation

The students will be able to:

Contrast the differences between the Swiss and German Reformations. Describe the strengths and weaknesses of Calvin. Evaluate the Geneva experiment. Provide a summary of the role of music during this era. Note how the Eucharist (Lord’s Supper or Mass) was theologically and practically

understood.

Chapter 13 – The Anabaptists

The students will be able to:

Identify the reasons for Anabaptist persecution by other Protestants and Catholics. Describe the religious intolerance of Europe. Evaluate how baptism is a marker of church-state relationship in 16th century Europe. Note the fashion trends during this time. Explain why pacifism was debated.

Chapter 14 – The Catholic Reformation

The students will be able to:

Note how this reformation provided for increased exploration, missions, and theology. Consider the positives and negatives of the Jesuit movement. Identify the Catholic mystics and their contributions. Evaluate the importance of the Council of Trent. Describe sea navigation during this era.

Chapter 15 – The English Reformation

The students will be able to:

Identify the reasons for England breaking away from Rome. Consider why Bible translation from Tyndale or Luther was seditious. Note the atmosphere that made England politically and religiously volatile.

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Give a summary of Henry’s attempts at marriage and offspring. Evaluate marriage and divorce laws and theology.

Chapter 16 – Puritans in England and America

The students will be able to:

Evaluate the differences between English and American Puritanism. Note the secular or sinful practices of the day that would be normal today. Describe the lasting influence of Bunyan or Owen. Summarize the politics and religions of the five English royals. Provide a short timeline of New England happenings.

Chapter 17 –Sectarian Movements in Europe and America

The students will be able to:

Describe the reasons why women had more influence in this period. Note characteristics of the Quaker faith. Consider how these new movements were involved with social issues. Evaluate societal norms of speech, behavior, and honor/shame. Critique the atmosphere in Britain and America that provided for sectarian

movements.

Chapter 18 – The Catholic Church

The students will be able to:

Note how the Catholic Church both fought and tolerated immorality. Describe the contributions of Pascal and Descartes. Consider the role of women in the Catholic Church. Critique the theology and science relationship in the church. Evaluate the shifts of theology from bishops, to monks, to professors.

Chapter 19 – Trans-Atlantic Awakenings

The students will be able to:

Note the differing aspects of revivalism in America and Britain. Evaluate the friendship of Whitefield and Wesley. Describe the long-term effects of revivalism.

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Consider family and childbirth during this era. Critique how Arminianism (with Wesley) and Calvinism (with Edwards and

Whitefield) were influential in the awakening movements.

Chapter 20 – An Age of Societies

The students will be able to:

Evaluate the relationship between revivalism and missions/social justice. Consider the reasons why denominationalism flourished. Describe aspects of Spurgeon, Finney, and Moody. Note how emotionalism played a role in revivalism. Explain how music was important to British and American revivals.

Chapter 21 – The Modern Missionary Movement

The students will be able to:

Note reasons for the increased missionary activity. Evaluate the differences between Carey and Livingstone. Describe the lasting influence from Moon, Slessor, and George. Summarize life on the mission field. Critique Carey’s Form of Agreement with its logic and value.

Chapter 22 – Fragmentation and Revival

The students will be able to:

Note how revivalism led to more fragmentation. Consider the increase tension between male and female Christian leaders. Describe the atmosphere for the plethora of Christian movements. Explain the role of entertainment in the 19th century awakenings. Compare the first, second, and third awakenings.

Chapter 23 – Theological Ferment

The students will be able to:

Describe the relations between the Catholic and Protestant Church. Note the important influence of Kuyper. Consider how theology and practice developed from liberal and conservative circles. Summarize male and female ministry during this era. Compare and contrast Barth and Schweitzer.

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Chapter 24 – Worldwide Christian Outreach

The students will be able to:

Evaluate why the Christian epicenter is moving from the west to the south. Note how King, Tutu, and Teresa are devoted to the oppressed. Consider the influence of Lewis, MacDonald, Chesterton, and Tolkien. Summarize how technology and travel changed Christianity. Describe any changes in Christianity in the 20th century.

Chapter Quizzes

Chapter Quiz

Chapter 1 – A Resurrection People

True/False

1. The Jewish Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed by the Romans in AD 70. True

2. Jesus was the first Christian. False

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3. Before Jesus gave the disciples the Great Commission he had already sent them out two by two to Jewish villages. True

4. Jesus probably spoke Greek. True

5. Elizabeth, the mother of John the Baptist, was Mary’s cousin. True

Multiple choice

6. Jesus’ childhood town wasA. BethlehemB. CapernaumC. NazarethD. Jerusalem

7. John the Baptist’s beliefs and behaviors closely resembled A. PhariseesB. EssenesC. SadduceesD. Zealots

8. Who is the head of the Jewish church in Jerusalem?A. PeterB. PaulC. JohnD. James

9. What does Cephas mean?A. rockB. boatC. foolD. strong

10. Who was most responsible for the spread of Christianity in the Mediterranean world?A. MatthewB. JohnC. PaulD. Mary

Fill in the blank

11. In Catholic tradition __Peter__ is the first pope.

12. The rabbinic school __Shammai__ was more strict than the school Hillel.

13. Paul is arrested in Jerusalem by __Romans__ because of a plot by __Jews__.

14. Paul took at least __three__ mission journeys during his life.

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15. According to church tradition, Peter was crucified upside down, while Paul was __beheaded__.

Chapter Quiz

Chapter 2 – A Persecuted People

True/False

1. The ante-Nicene Fathers wrote after the Council of Nicea. False

2. Roman officials were perplexed at the way Christians would confess Christ, even to death. True

3. Ignatius holds the Catholic Church and the bishop as the supreme authority. True

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4. The Bishop of Antioch was martyred under Emperor Trajan’s rule. True

5. Marcion had anti-semitic tendencies by denying the OT books and the Jewish background of Christianity. True

Multiple choice

6. Tertullian was later in life an adherent to A. MontanismB. GnosticismC. NestorianismD. Platonism

7. As a response to Marcion, early Christian communities began to defineA. their creedsB. their liturgyC. their OT and NT booksD. their theology

8. Perpetua and Felicitas are brought before wild beasts, originally stripped naked but later clothed, and put to death, all because of A. their insult to the emperorB. their faith in ChristC. their disobedience to their husbandsD. their promiscuous behavior

9. “No one can have God as Father who does not have the church as mother”A. TertullianB. JustinC. CyprianD. Ignatius

10. “What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?”A. TertullianB. IgnatiusC. PolycarpD. Irenaeus

Fill in the blank

11. For early church initiates their Christian __behavior__ was often more emphasized than their Christian belief.

12. Justin Martyr employed __pagan philosophy__ to confirm the trustworthiness of the biblical witnesses.

13. Irenaeus fought against __gnosticism__ during his bishopric in Lyons.

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14. Not unlike Muslim theology, __gnostic__ theology denies that Jesus died on the cross but was substituted by Simon of Cyrene.

15. Clement of Alexandria discipled __Origen__ and used science and philosophy in his apologia.

Chapter Quiz

Chapter 3 – Creeds and Councils

True/False

1. The Edict of Milan made Christian worship legal in the Roman Empire. True

2. Antioch was known as the “Athens” of the Near East. True

3. Alexandria was known as the home of Origen with Greek philosophy and allegorical readings of Scripture. True

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4. The Greek term homoousios means “similar nature” in the Christology debate. False

5. Athanasius’ enemies called him the “Black Dwarf.” True

Multiple choice

6. The First Council of Constantinople was convened by _________ and rejected Arianism.A. ConstantineB. Theodosius IC. OrigenD. Athanasius

7. The Council of Ephesus renouncedA. GnosticismB. MonophysitismC. DocetismD. Nestorianism

8. The military general who saw a cross in the sky and heard “Conquer by this” as he met Maxentius outside Rome.A. Theodosius IB. ConstantineC. GaleriusD. Diocletian

9. The Third Council of Constantinople convened to refute Nestorians’ _____ nature(s) of Christ.A. twoB. threeC. oneD. many

10. The Second Council of Nicea was convened by Constantine V to restore ______ to the Eastern Church.A. JesusB. MaryC. iconsD. Scriptures

Fill in the blank

11. The brilliant biblical scholar and text critic in Alexandria, __Origen__, read Scripture on literaristic and allegorical levels.

12. The theologian __Arius__ denied the divinity and preexistence of Christ and was charged with heresy at the Nicea Council in AD 325.

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13. The key opponent to Arianism and proponent of Trinitarian theology was __Athansius__.

14. The Roman Emperor __Constantine__ supported the Edict of Milan and called together the Council of Nicea in order to use Christianity to help unify the empire.

15. The Bishop of Caesarea __Eusebius__ was an important church historian and biblical exegete.

Chapter Quiz

Chapter 4 – Desert Fathers

True/False1. Anthony of Egypt was in a long line of desert monks. False

2. Asceticism is the practice of giving yourself to all types of pleasures. False

3. Simon Stylites lived most of his life on a platform in the desert. True64

4. Jerome was commissioned to translate the Greek and Hebrew Scriptures into the Latin Vulgate. True

5. St. Augustine was possibly the single most important church father in the first millenium. True

Multiple choice6. Augusine was influenced by the philosophy of A. ManichaeismB. DonatismC. PelagianismD. Nestorianism

7. As with most every generation, ________, was a vice for many of these Christian saints.A. lyingB. stealingC. drunkeness D. sexual immorality

8. The phrase that caught Augustine’s attention chanted by nearby kids wasA. “Here is the Bible.”B. “Come play with us.”C. “Take up, read.”D. “Are you Augustine?”

9. Ambrose is the patron saint of A. prosperityB. familiesC. safe journeysD. beekeepers

10. To avoid sexual immorality and to embrace asceticism, many assumedA. celibacyB. flagellationC. a mistressD. education

Fill in the Blank11. __Ambrose__ was the Bishop of Milan who mentored Augustine.

12. Confessions and City of God were written by __Augustine__.

13. The __Donatists__ thought those who denied the faith and handed over the Scriptures by the threat of Rome were ultimate traitors.

14. __Mary of Egypt__ was the female version of Augustine with her testimony and conversion.

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15. Early monasticism and asceticism was not just for men but also for __women__.

Chapter Quiz

Chapter 5 – City of God in the “Dark Ages”

True/False1. Ulfilas was the bishop who ministered to the Goths of whom many became Arian Christians. True

2. Alaric I was the Goth who sacked Rome in AD 410. True

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3. Many historians consider Leo I the first pope who defined the papacy and served the church. True

4. Benedict of Nursia is seen as the father of western monasticism. True

5. St. Patrick, remarkable, was born in Britain, kidnapped by Irishmen, escaped to Britain, and then returned to Ireland as a missionary. True

Multiple choice6. The book Consolation of Philosophy proved to be one of the most important treatises byA. Gregory IB. BoethiusC. BenedictD. Augustine

7. When the empire and even Rome itself began to lose battles and suffer defeat, church leaders pointed to the biblical ________ to say that these texts were speaking of Rome.A. Law of MosesB. GospelsC. wisdom literatureD. prophetic literature

8. Entrance into the Christian community was marked byA. baptismB. communionC. confession of creedsD. circumcision

9. He was a monk and church historian of the Franks.A. St. PatrickB. Martin of ToursC. BoethiusD. Gregory of Tours

10. In his writing, Boethius uses _______ as his dialogue partner.A. Lady WisdomB. PeterC. JesusD. Lady Philosophy

Fill in the blank11. Often called the father of Christian worship, __Gregory the Great__ was a good and pious pope.

12. It was __Martin of Tours__ who served as a soldier and left for monastic life after seeing a vision.

13. The epicenter of religion, culture, and politics in the empire was __Rome__.

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14. The __bishop of Rome__ was called the “first among equals.”

15. It was __Leo I__ who persuaded Attila the Hun not to sack Rome in 452.

Chapter Quiz

Chapter 6 – Byzantine Religion

True/False1. The Byzantine Justinian used Roman law to codify his legal system. True

2. The Coptic Church is Egyptian Christianity. True

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3. Monophysites believe in only two natures of Christ. False

4. Muhammad is the Arabic leader who began Islam. True

5. Iconoclasts support the presence of icons. False

Multiple choice6. He was not a Cappadocian FatherA. Basil the GreatB. Gregory of NyssaC. Gregory of NazianzenD. John Chrysostom

7. Chrysostom’s name means A. golden mouthB. slick tongueC. honey mouthD. forked tongue

8. Nesotorius said that Mary was theA. mother of GodB. mother of the MessiahC. mother of the God-manD. mother of Christ

9. Orthodoxy may refer to all countries exceptA. GreeceB. RussiaC. SpainD. Egypt

10. Cyril and Methodius were missionary brothers to the A. EgyptiansB. SlavsC. RomansD. Syrians

Fill in the blank11. __John of Damascus__ was the Syrian monk and priest who encouraged the use of icons.

12. The __Filioque__ Clause caused a split between the east and west as it referred from whom the Spirit proceeds.

13. The mutual excommunication between the western pope and eastern patriarch caused the __Schism of 1054__.

14. Christos Anesti means __“Christ is risen”__.

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15. __Justinian I__ wanted to unify the east and west as emperor.

Chapter Quiz

Chapter 7 – The Reconstituted Roman Empire

True/False1. Alcuin was an important scholar who helped the Carolingian Renaissance. True

2. Boniface was an English priest and monk who ministered to the Franks. True

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3. Charlemagne wrote A History of the English Church and People. False

4. At least once in papal history (although it may be legend) there may have been a short-lived female pope. True

5. Anskar was a Dominican monk and missionary as far north as Scandinavia. True

Multiple choice6. Began the crusadesA. John VIIIB. Innocent IIIC. Urban IID. Gregory VII

7. There were ______ crusades.A. 10B. 9 C. 7D. 5

8. The ______ saw close to 37,000 French and German children going to the Holy Land to capture it for the church, though none never made it.A. Fourth CrusadeB. Children’s CrusadeC. Fifth CrusadeD. Sixth Crusade

9. It was ________ who pushed back the Moors (Muslims) at the Battle of Tours in 732.A. Charles MartelB. CharlemagneC. Pippin the HunchbackD. Pippin the Short

10. The first individual who translated portions of the Bible (the Gospel of John) into Old English.A. AlcuinB. Venerable BedeC. CharlemageD. Boniface

Fill in the blank11. Deus vult means __“God wills”__.

12. The Benedictine principle ora et labora means __“pray and work”__.

13. The German Emperor Henry III had constant run-ins with __Pope Gregory VII__ even to the point of being excommunicated.

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14. Sadly, the Fourth Crusade launched by Innocent III sacked the Christians in __Constantinople__.

15. In 1215 the Fourth Lateran Council is set by __Innocent III__ to solidify the Catholic Church over Europe.

Chapter Quiz

Chapter 8 – Medieval Theology

True/False1. Anselm said, “I believe in order to understand.” True

2. Abelard and Heloise were controversial lovers. True

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3. Thomas Becket was killed by knights while performing the Mass. True

4. Bonaventura was highly influenced by Aristotle. False

5. Aquinas was highly influenced by Plato. False

Multiple choice6. Author of Sic et NonA. AnselmB. AbelardC. LombardD. Becket

7. Author of Four Books of SentencesA. AnselmB. AbelardC. LombardD. Becket

8. Aquinas’ nickname from miscreantsA. shortyB. dumb oxC. beaverD. four-eyes

9. Medieval philosopher who argued for the immaculate conception of MaryA. BonaventuraB. AquinasC. OckhamD. Scotus

10. Medieval means A. “between times”B. “dark ages”C. “between the two”D. “almost evil”

Fill in the blank11. __William of Ockham__ is considered to be the father of modern epistemology.

12. The book Cur Deus Homo? was written by __Anselm__.

13. The moral influence theory of the atonement was set forth by __Abelard__.

14. The massive work Summa Theologica was written by __Aquinas__.

15. Instead of the complex solution, Ockham’s Razor prefer the most __simple__ solution.

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Chapter Quiz

Chapter 9 – Beyond the Cloistered Walls

True/False

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1. Hildegard of Bingen was not only a gifted musician but also a talented German mystic and scholar. True

2. Francis of Assisi began the Franciscan order. True

3. Dante’s writings, including the Inferno and Paradiso, are notable medieval writings. True

4. Augustinian monasticism was rigorous and isolated, while the Cluniac monasticism was involved with the poor and the rebuilding of churches. False

5. Medicine at this time was largely dependent on the theory of treating the four bodily fluids and humors. True

Multiple choice6. Which was not a monastic order?A. AsceticsB. CistercianC. DominicanD. Franciscan

7. Wrote possibly the first English autobiography.A. Clare of AssisiB. Julian of NorwichC. Catherine of SienaD. Margery of Kempe

8. The task of the Inquisition was given to theA. CisterciansB. FranciscansC. AugustiniansD. Dominicans

9. The Bablonian Captivity of the Church is notable due to the presence and rule of multipleA. popesB. kingsC. emperorsD. patriarchs

10. __________ were the first two female Doctors of the Church.A. Julian of NorwichB. Clare of AssisiC. Catherine of SienaD. Teresa of Avila

Fill in the blank11. The celebrated Cistercian monk who greatly influenced the Reformers was __Bernard of Clairvaux__.

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12. The disease that plagued Europe and killed more than a third of the people from 1347-1351 was the __Black Plague__.

13. The marks of bleeding nail prints on the hands and feet are known as __stigmata__.

14. __Francis of Assisi__ is known as a Franciscan monk who has an affinity for nature and the animals.

15. The “Black Friars” or __Dominicans__ are often see as the contrasting order to the Franciscan order.

Chapter Quiz

Chapter 10 – Renaissance Humanism and the Dawn of the Reformation

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True/False1. The German and larger European Reformation was kicked off by Martin Luther on October 31, 1517. True

2. Dante wrote The Divine Comedy partly as a satire against the Catholic Church and pope. True

3. Rome was the epicenter of the Italian Renaissance. False

4. The Copernican Revolution forced the church to rethink theology and doctrine. True

5. Peter Waldo was an early Catholic reformer who questioned indulgences, purgatory, and prayers for the dead. True

Multiple choice6. The reformer a century before Luther from Czech (Bohemia).A. WaldoB. WycliffeC. HusD. Kempis

7. Wrote The Imitation of ChristA. WaldoB. WycliffeC. HusD. Kempis

8. The most noted scholar and editor of a Greek New Testament in the early 16th century.A. ErasmusB. SavonarolaC. HusD. Wycliffe

9. Extreme Dominican who is responsible for the “burning of the vanities” with art, literature, and things of this world.A. SavonarolaB. ErasmusC. LutherD. Hus

10. Lollards were the followers of A. Peter WaldoB. ErasmusC. Jan HussD. John Wycliffe

Fill in the blank11. __John Wycliffe__ has the fame for translating the Bible into English from the Vulgate.

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12. Some of the __popes__ during the Renaissance were at one time married and had illegitimate children.

13. The name “Morningstar of the Reformation” was applied to __John Wycliffe__.

14. __Erasmus__ and __Luther__ debated the question of free will and election.

15. The Reformation began in the __Catholic__ Church and then moved outside to groups that would become Protestants.

Chapter Quiz

Chapter 11 – The German Reformation

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True/False1. Martin Luther began the German Reformation with his 95 Theses. True

2. The Council of Trent lasted many years and both rejected the Reformation and redefined Catholic doctrine. True

3. Luther married Katherine von Bora, a former nun. True

4. Luther was the most extreme of the reformers. False

5. At the Marburg Colloquy, Luther and Zwingli agree on fourteen of fifteen points, with the fifteenth being the strong disagreement over the Eucharist. True

Multiple choice6. The Catholic friend and mentor of Luther who pushed himA. Johann von StaupitzB. Johann EckC. Philip MelanchthonD. Heinrich Bullinger

7. Luther’s nickname in university wasA. Wild BoarB. DrinkerC. DoctorD. Philosophus

8. “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs.”A. LutherB. MelanchthonC. Cardinal CajetanD. Tetzel

9. Luther writes all but A. The Babylonian Captivity of the ChurchB. On the Freedom of the ChristianC. Address to the German NobilityD. Freedom of the Will

10. The pope who sends Luther a papal bull.A. Pius IIIB. Julius IIC. Adrian XD. Leo X

Fill in the blank11. __Philip Melanchthon__ continued the German Reformation after Luther.

12. Luther’s Leipzig debate was with Catholic __John Eck__.

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13. It was the Dominican __Johann Tetzel__ and his tour of selling indulgences that moved Luther to act publically.

14. The reformation by Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli was called the __Magisterial Reformation__.

15. The printing press by __Johannes Gutenberg__ rapidly spread the literature of Luther and the other reformers.

Chapter Quiz

Chapter 12 – The Swiss Reformation

True/False

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1. While Luther was working toward reform in Germany, Zwingli was doing so in Switzerland. True

2. After Zwingli, Bullinger in Zurich continued the Reformation. True

3. William Farel convinced Calvin to write and preach in Strasbourg. False

4. Calvin wrote editions of The Institute of the Catholic Religion. False

5. The death of Anabaptists by drowning is called the “cruelest joke of the Reformation.” True

Multiple choice6. The main two issues that divided the Anabaptists and Lutherans/Reformed wereA. baptismB. authority of the popeC. EucharistD. separation of church and state

7. Many of the reformers like Bullinger, Erasmus, Luther, and Kempis are educated byA. MoraviansB. AugustiniansC. DominicansD. Brethren of the Common Life

8. A royal supporter of Calvin in ItalyA. Katherine ZellB. Katherine von BoraC. Renee of FerraraD. Marguerite of Navarre

9. Calvin learned these languages to read and translate the Bible. (more than one answer)A. HebrewB. GreekC. FrenchD. Latin

10. __St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre__ was a tragic plot to kill Protestants by Catholic supporters when the king’s sister wed the Protestant Henry III of Navarre.

Fill in the blank11. It is suggested that the Swiss Reformation was started by the __“Affair of the Sausages”__ and Zwingli’s preaching on freedom and food during Lent.

12. Luther received the training and orders of an __Augustinian monk__, while Calvin received the professional training of an __attorney__.

13. Calvin is involved with the death of the non-trinitarian “heretic” __Servetus__.

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14. It was __Martin Bucer__ who convinced Calvin of some continuity of the Mosaic Law for the New Testament writings.

15. It was __Theodore Beza__ who was close and influential on Calvin and edited a Greek New Testament and Greek grammar in his own right.

Chapter Quiz

Chapter 13 – The Anabaptist

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True/False1. Conrad Grebel studied biblical languages with Zwingli and became leader of the Anabaptist movement. True

2. After John of Leiden jogs through the streets naked and has a three day trance, he is convinced that God has appointed him as king of the world. True

3. While on the run for his life, Menno Simons writes Foundation of the Christian Doctrine. True

4. Both the Catholic and Magisterial Reformers were tolerant and understanding of the Radical Anabaptist Reformers. False

5. Thomas Müntzer has Anabaptist leanings and leads the Peasants’ Uprising against the Catholic Church. True

Multiple choice6. Leader of the Anabaptists who was martyred in icy waters.A. GrebelB. MüntzerC. HubmaierD. Manz

7. He sets himself up as king and prophet in Münster.A. GrebelB. HubmaierC. John of LeidenD. Simons

8. Chief theologian of the Anabaptists.A. John of LeidenB. SimonsC. SattlerD. Hubmaier

9. Grebel and Manz first had their disputations with Zwingli in what Swiss city?A. BaselB. BernC. GenevaD. Zurich

10. After renouncing his vows and marrying the nun Margaretha, ________ is a significant Anabaptist who is tragically martyred. A. HubmaierB. SattlerC. GrebelD. Manz

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Fill in the blank11. It was __Menno Simons__ who was a Dutch Anabaptist and later associated with the Mennonites.

12. The Anabaptist woman who was a strong voice against monasticism and certain Catholic dogmas. __Elizabeth Dirks__

13. The Anabaptist movement is also called the __Radical Reformation__.

14. __ Münster__ was the German city where most of the Anabaptist activity was centered and was also called the New Jerusalem.

15. __ Thomas Müntzer__ writes the Prague Manifesto against the Catholic Church.

Chapter Quiz

Chapter 14 – The Catholic Reformation84

True/False1. Bartholomew de Las Casas was a missionary and advocate of native peoples during the Spanish colonization. True

2. Ignatius of Loyola was the zealous founder of the Jesuits. True

3. From Columbus’ fame, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella propagated the Spanish Inquisitions. True

4. Loyola writes the History of the Indies describing Spain’s mistreatment of natives in the New World. False

5. Loyola writes Spiritual Exercises to provide an understanding of sin and Christ’s kingship. True

Multiple choice6. The Society of Jesus was founded byA. Ignatius of LoyolaB. Bartholomew de Las CasasC. John of the CrossD. Francis Xavier

7. The Dominican tasked with the Spanish Inquisition.A. TorquemadaB. LoyolaC. XavierD. De Las Casas

8. Protestants had theological challenges with Catholics on the following exceptA. transubstantiationB. purgatoryC. seven sacramentsD. authority of the Scriptures

9. Catholics supported the following exceptA. monasticismB. relics and indulgencesC. marriage of nunsD. veneration of the saints

10. He worked with Melanchthon to find a compromise between the Catholic and Magisterial Reformers.A. XavierB. ErasmusC. CajetanD. Contarini

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Fill in the blank11. __Teresa of Avila__ was a Spanish mystic and Carmelite nun.

12. __John of the Cross__ was a Spanish mystic and Carmelite friar.

13. __ Menocchio__ was a prophet and friar killed during the Inquisition.

14. The __Index of Prohibited Books__ were documents that the Catholic Church deemed heretical and dangerous.

15. The Council of Trent is often considered the __Counter__ Reformation.

Chapter Quiz

Chapter 15 – The English Reformation86

True/False1. Henry VIII had one wife and one male heir to his throne. False

2. Henry VIII began the Church of England when he split from Rome. True

3. For Henry VIII, Thomas Cromwell was his lawyer, and Thomas Cranmer was his theologian. True

4. Elizabeth, Mary, and Edward were all siblings and offspring from Henry VIII. True

5. Pope Leo X gave Henry VIII the title “Defender of the Faith.” False

Multiple choice6. He led the Scottish Reformation.A. William TyndaleB. John KnoxC. John FoxeD. Thomas Cranmer

7. Two devout English reformers executed by Mary I.A. RidleyB. LatimerC. KnoxD. Tyndale

8. The Protestant queen who defeated the Spanish Armada.A. Catherine of AragonB. Elizabeth IC. Mary ID. Anne Boleyn

9. It was _________ who reportedly said as his last words, “Lord, open the king of England’s eyes.”A. LutherB. CranmerC. TyndaleD. More

10. It was ___________ who was responsible for The Book of Common Prayer.A. CranmerB. WolseyC. MoreD. Tyndale

Fill in the blank11. It was __Anne Boleyn__ who gave Henry VIII a female heir named Elizabeth I.

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12. __William Tyndale__ was an English Reformer and translator of the Bible.

13. Although a loyal theologian and reformer to Henry VIII, __Thomas Cranmer__ was martyred during the monarch’s reign.

14. __John Foxe__ wrote The Book of Martyrs and was a leading English reformer.

15. The Act of __Supremacy__ officially separates England from Rome and names Henry VIII as the head of the church.

Chapter Quiz

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Chapter 16 – Puritans in England and America

True/False1. John Owen is probably the most important English theologian of the puritan movement. True

2. James I or the “King of Great Britain” commissioned the King James Bible. True

3. Cromwell was a religious puritan who was also a violent politician. True

4. Although Bunyan spent a number of years in jail, he could have walked out at any time if he had promised not to preach. True

5. The “Half-Way Covenant” in America occurs when the children of believing parents are baptized. False

Multiple choice6. The Stuart king who advanced limited religious tolerance wasA. James IB. Charles IC. James IID. Charles II

7. The Scottish king who asserted himself over Britain by divine right.A. James IB. Charles IC. James IID. Charles II

8. The monarch who was beheaded by the Roundheads led by Cromwell.A. James IB. Charles IC. James IID. Charles II

9. The Puritan dictator who ruled England for ten years after the English Civil War.A. CromwellB. Charles IIC. James IID. Baxter

10. The Stuart son of Charles II who was Catholic and served only a short reign before his daughter Mary ascended the throne.A. James IIB. James IC. PhilipD. William

Fill in the blank

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11. The royal matrimony of __William and Mary__ ruled over the Glorious Revolution.

12. __Richard Baxter__ was the Puritan preacher who wrote The Reformed Pastor.

13. The uneducated Baptist, __John Bunyan__, wrote the wildly popular Pilgrim’s Progress.

14. The notable puritan leader in America was __Cotton Mather__.

15. The tragic __Great Fire__ of London destroys much of the city in 1666.

Chapter Quiz

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Chapter 17 – Sectarian Movements in Europe and America

True/False1. Roger Williams supported religious toleration, separation of church and state, and abolition. True

2. George Fox founded the Society of Friends (Quakers). True

3. Lady Eleanor in 1636 sat on the bishop’s throne in Litchfield Cathedral and proclaimed herself “the Lamb’s wife” and primate over the Church of England. True

4. Roger Williams found himself more often with the native Americans than with other Puritans. True

5. George Fox taught a sinless perfectionism. True

Multiple choice6. More female preachers and prophets appeared with the exception ofA. Mary CaryB. OlimpiaC. Anna TrapnelD. Lady Eleanor Davis

7. William Penn was the founder ofA. Rhode IslandB. New HampshireC. New YorkD. Pennsylvania

8. The following terms are applied to Puritans with the exception ofA. AnabaptistsB. English SeparatistsC. Non-conformistsD. Dissenters

9. George’s wife ________ was a more than capable successor to the Quaker movement.A. MargaretB. AnneC. SarahD. Mary

10. William Penn is a supporter of all the following exceptA. fairness to native AmericansB. Catholic reformC. union of the coloniesD. democracy

Fill in the blank

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11. __Anne Hutchinson__ was a notable female leader, albeit sometimes extreme, in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

12. __Roger Williams__ was connected to the first Baptist church in New England.

13. With respect to conflict, __pacificism__ is an important mark of Quakers.

14. Anne Hutchinson was so outspoken and radical for her day that she was also called __Jezebel__.

15. Although John Woolman is opposed to __slavery__, other Quakers are wealthy and are not against this practice.

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Chapter Quiz

Chapter 18 – The Catholic Church

True/False1. Pope Innocent X saw the end of the Thirty Years War and the French scandal. True

2. Paul V was the pope who censored Galileo. True

3. Urban VII consecrated the new St. Peter’s Basilica in 1626. True

4. The Age of the Enlightenment was detrimental to the Christian faith. True

5. John Henry Newman is seen as the father of rationalism. False

Multiple choice6. The father of modern philosophy is seen as A. SpinozaB. DescartesC. HumeD. Kant

7. This French nun founded the Congregation of St. Joseph and served as a missionary in AfricaA. JahouveyB. Hume C. AvilaD. Newman

8. He was an Anglican priest who converted to Catholicism and became a cardinalA. SpinozaB. NewmanC. PascalD. Jahouvey

9. He was a proponent of Jansenism and a mathematician and philosopherA. KantB. AquinasC. PascalD. Schleiermacher

10. She was a Catholic Evangelist who was imprisoned on the orders of Louis XIVA. GuyonB. JahouveyC. AvilaD. Foxe

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Fill in the blank11. The brilliant mathematician and philosopher who set forth a “wager” for God’s existence was __Pascal__.

12. The French mystic and leader of Quietism was __Madame Guyon__.

13. Jansenists were French Calvinists who believed in the doctrine of __election__.

14. The Edict of Nantes in 1598 was meant to protect __French Protestant Calvinists or Huguenots__.

15. Louis XIV said, “L’état, C’est Moi” meaning __“I am the state”__.

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Chapter Quiz

Chapter 19 – Trans-Atlantic Awakenings

True/False1. Susanna Wesley had John and Charles, plus 17 other children. True

2. Jacob Arminius was a strong supporter of Calvinism. False

3. John was the preacher, and Charles was the musician of the British revivals. True

4. Jonathan Edwards was the foremost theologian of American history and a leader in the First Great Awakening. True

5. David Brainerd ministered to the Indians and also died at their hand. False

Multiple choice6. Two figures from the Pietistic movement areA. SpenerB. FranckeC. EdwardsD. Arminius

7. The Christian refuge Herrnhut meansA. “Lord’s watch”B. “house of the Lord”C. “God’s people”D. “God’s holiness”

8. The Moravian movement was launched byA. EdwardsB. HusC. ZinzendorfD. Whitefield

9. The “Holy Club” consists of the likes of all butA. John WesleyB. Charles WesleyC. Jonathan EdwardsD. George Whitefield

10. Edwards writes all but A. Thoughts on RevivalsB. Religious AffectionsC. A Faithful NarrativeD. Free Will and Man

Fill in the blank

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11. __George Whitefield__ was theologically similar to Edwards, but he divided his time between America and Britain for revivals.

12. At 13 years of age, __Edwards__ entered Yale University.

13. Those supporting the revivals are known as “New Side” or “New Lights” and those opposing are __“Old Side” or “Old Lights”__.

14. Edwards is voted out of his church mostly because of his opposition to the __Half-Way Covenant__.

15. After he is dismissed from his church, Edwards ministers to __native Americans__.

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Chapter Quiz

Chapter 20 – An Age of Societies

True/False1. Richard Allen was founder of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. True

2. Charles Finney was an evangelist of the First Great Awakening. True

3. George Müller pastored and served the orphans of Berlin. False

4. Many call Schleiermacher the “father of modern theology.” True

5. Ellen G. White is the founder of the Seven Day Adventists. True

Multiple choice6. He translated a gold Bible from the revelations of God, Jesus, and angels.A. William MillerB. Joseph SmithC. Henry DrummondD. Edward Irving

7. He started the Catholic Apostolic Church.A. William MillerB. Joseph SmithC. Henry DrummondD. Edward Irving

8. He began the Plymouth Brethren and formulated dispensational theology.A. William MillerB. Joseph SmithC. Henry DrummondD. John Nelson Darby

9. The social issue that most had women’s’ attention wasA. temperanceB. votingC. missionsD. slavery

10. “The nineteenth century is the woman’s century.”A. Sojourner TruthB. Victor HugoC. Elizabeth Cady StantonD. Frances Willard

Fill in the blank11. __Phoebe Palmer__ was the female leader of the Holiness Movement.

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12. __Charles Spurgeon__ was nicknamed the Prince of Preachers while he served in London.

13. From Chicago shoe salesman to national revivalist, __Dwight Moody__ was an influential evangelist.

14. She was a famous nurse in England during the Crimean War, __Florence Nightingale__.

15. She was the incredible hymn writer, who composed between 8,000 and 9,000 hymns during this Second Great Awakening, __Fanny Crosby__.

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Chapter Quiz

Chapter 21 – The Modern Missionary Movement

True/False1. William Carey was a missionary to India who translated the Bible into numerous Indian dialects. True

2. David Livingstone was the British explorer and missionary to South America who influenced many for missions. False

3. Adoniram Judson lived in Burma, translated the Bible, and had three wives during his life. True

4. Hudson Taylor was a significant missionary to Japan. False

5. Xi Sheng Mo was an opium addict who became a powerful Christian minister to other opium addicts. True

Multiple choice6. An important British missionary to Africa who was influenced by Livingstone.A. Charlotte MoonB. Eliza GeorgeC. Mary SlessorD. William Carey

7. This little Baptist missionary did much in China.A. Charlotte MoonB. Eliza GeorgeC. Mary SlessorD. Kanzo Uchimura

8. Tensions between western and eastern Christianity caused this Christian worker to reject western Christianity and its methods in Japan.A. Xi Sheng MoB. Kanzo UchimuraC. Eliza GeorgeD. Mary Slessor

9. Although from Texas, this missionary was determined to live and serve in Africa.A. Charlotte MoonB. Hudson TaylorC. Eliza GeorgeD. Mary Slessor

10. Taylor’s mission agency was the A. China Inland MissionB. Missions for China

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C. Mission ChinaD. The Gospel in China

Fill in the blank11. So many people died in __Africa__ it was called the “white man’s graveyard.”

12. Because of the size of the __British Empire__, it was commonly said that it was the nation “on which the sun never sets.”

13. The Hindu practice of __suti__ was to burn the wife on a funeral pyre after the death of her husband.

14. __Livingstone__ had the motto “Commerce and Christianity” in his African explorations.

15. It was the __Opium War__ that prevented Livingstone from going to China but prepared Taylor to go.

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Chapter Quiz

Chapter 22 – Fragmentation and Revival

True/False1. John Sung was an Asian intellectual and evangelist who struggled with liberal theology and eastern faith. True

2. Aimee McPherson founded the Foursquare Gospel Church. True

3. Billy Sunday popularized preaching, was a sportsman, and appealed to the common man. True

4. William Seymour was a skilled preacher and revivalist in Azusa Street since he had a doctorate and an affluent background. False

5. Pandita Ramabai was born in a high caste with education; she fought for gender equality and rights for Muslim women. False

Multiple choice6. The desire for Christian communities to live as the early church wasA. primitivismB. authentic faithC. first ChristiansD. New Testament life

7. Two significant scholars at Princeton fought against Christian liberalismA. WarfieldB. SeymourC. ParhamD. Hodge

8. It was _________ who left Princeton to start Westminster Theological Seminary.A. Alexander CampbellB. J. Gresham MachenC. Barton W. StoneD. Carl McIntire

9. The ________ revival of 1904 was a significant event before WWI just a decade later.A. ScottishB. IrishC. EnglishD. Welsh

10. Billy Sunday left the sport of ________ to become a revivalist.A. basketballB. baseballC. footballD. soccer

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Fill in the blank11. __Evangeline Booth__ was high ranking in the Salvation Army in Britain, Canada, and America.

12. __Benjamin Irvin__ taught that there were more “baptisms of fire” (dynamite, Lyddite, and Oxidite) in his movement.

13. The __Scopes Monkey Trial__ in 1925 brought William Jennings Bryan and Clarence Darrow together for the evolution and creationism debate.

14. During a “watch-night” service in Topeka in 1900, __Agnes Ozman__ began the Pentecostal movement.

15. Ironically, __Alma White__ was the first American woman to hold the office of bishop and worked for women’s equality and denied equality to African Americans as she worked with the KKK.

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Chapter Quiz

Chapter 23 – Theological Ferment

True/False1. Abraham Kuyper was both a Dutch Reformed pastor and a prime minister. True

2. Dietrich Bonhoeffer was a German pastor and also executed for attempting to assassinate Hitler. True

3. Albert Schweitzer gave up a life of music and singing to go to medical school and serve in Africa. False

4. Karl Barth was the most notable theologian in the 20th century. True

5. Oscar Romero was a bishop and activist in Guatemala who was assassinated. False

Multiple choice6. Unam Sanctam is the Catholic document that claimed there is no salvation for thoseA. without ChristB. outside the churchC. who do not have the SpiritD. who have not had communion

7. The brothers who taught and wrote in hopes of turning the tide of Protestant liberalismA. NiebuhrB. BultmannC. KuyperD. Tillich

8. He was one of Europe’s premier theologians, musician, and medical doctor.A. BarthB. MouwC. SchweitzerD. Bonhoeffer

9. “There is not a square inch in the whole domain of our human existence over which Christ, who is Sovereign over all, does not cry: ‘Mine!’”A. BarthB. KuyperC. BultmannD. Schweitzer

10. One of Schweitzer’s scholarly pursuits was theA. Quest for St PaulB. Quest for the Historical ExodusC. Quest for MosesD. Quest for the Historical Jesus

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Fill in the blank11. Pope John XXIII presided over __Vatican II__.

12. __Dorothy Day__ was an influential female Catholic writer and activist.

13. While Hitler was in Germany, __Stalin__ ruled Russia and Idi Amin ruled Uganda.

14. __Paul Tillich__ was one of the top theologians in America and known for his “theology of doubt.”

15. __Friedrich Nietzsche__ was a proponent of the “death of God” movement, although he grew up in a strong Lutheran home.

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Chapter Quiz

Chapter 24 – Worldwide Christian Outreach

True/False1. Leslie Newbigin after thirty-five years of ministry in India began a new ministry in Britain during his “retirement.” True

2. C. S. Lewis is an enduring author and scholar both for adults and children. True

3.The most important American civil rights leader in the last half of the 20th century was Martin Luther King Jr. True

4. Mother Teresa was a missionary to the poor and outcast of Nepal. False

5. Desmond Tutu was the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize and bishop against apartheid in South America. False

Multiple choice6. He focused on missions to “unreached peoples.”A. TownsendB. McGavernC. WinterD. Wagner

7. He founded Wycliffe Bible Translators.A. TownsendB. McGavernC. WinterD. Wagner

8. A leader in the third wave of mission strategies.A. TownsendB. McGavernC. WinterD. Wagner

9. The first wave was Pentecostalism, the second wave was charismatic, and the third waveA. spiritual warfareB. holy laughterC. tongues movementD. dreams and visions

10. Groups like InterVarsity Christian Fellowship, Young Life, and Campus Crusade for Christ are allA. confessional groupsB. discipling organizationsC. relief agencies

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D. parachurch ministries

Fill in the blank11. Probably the most internationally known evangelist in the world in the 20th century was __Billy Graham__.

12. Harold Ockenga and Carl F.H. Henry founded the magazine __Christianity Today__.

13. __Process Theology__ by Alfred North Whitehead suggests that God is a verb rather than a noun and that God is in process as is the universe.

14. __Open Theism__ by Clark Pinnock and John Sanders suggest that nothing is set in the future but that God respond to human decisions.

15. The Jim Crow laws __segregated__ blacks and whites but were removed due to nonviolent protests.

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Mid-Term and Final Exams

Name: _____________________

Parade of FaithMidterm Exam – With Answers

Material on the midterm exam: the exam covers the first part of POF (chapters 1-12).

Questions on the final exam: true/false, short answer, fill in the blank, and multiple choice. The fifty questions will be two points each.

1. There seems to be no missional call for Israel in the Old Testament.A. TrueB. False

2. This preacher and scholar had a sermon against Bethlehem and wanted to have been present in the first century in order to make sure baby Jesus had a place to stay.A. John CalvinB. Martin LutherC. AugustineD. Aquinas

3. What group of people did Jesus give significance?A. menB. soldiersC. womenD. Greeks

4. What was one of the Jewish rabbinic schools? Hillel or Shammai

5. Paul made __3__ mission trips throughout the Mediterranean.

6. Give one of the early Christian martyrs. Perpetua, Felicitas, Stephen, Polycarp

7. __Ignatius__ was the outspoken Bishop of Antioch in Syria.

8. Who was the first serious threat to Christianity from within the church?A. MarcionB. PolycarpC. ClementD. Trajan

9. Who was the church theologian who wanted distance between the views of Athens and Jerusalem? Tertullian

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10. The __Edict of Milan__ in AD 313 provided for the legalization of Christianity in the Roman Empire.

11. Origen was arguably the most gifted theologian and biblical exegete in the fourth century.A. TrueB. False

12. Arius and other theologians battled biblical belief regardingA. eschatologyB. pneumatologyC. ChristologyD. ecclesiology

13. Who is considered the Father of church history? Eusebius of Caesarea

14. How many ecumenical councils were there in the first millennium?A. 3B. 5C. 7D. 9

15. Who was the monk who lived on a pillar for many years? Simon Stylites

16. Augustine began the desert monastic movement.A. TrueB. False

17. The spiritual and physical discipline of self-suffering is known asA. asceticismB. sacramentalismC. liturgyD. tithing

18. __Jerome__ was the Bible translator for the Latin Vulgate.

19. Who was the Italian bishop who influenced Augustine? Ambrose of Milan

20. __Leo I__ was the first official pope of the Roman Empire.

21. Who was the individual who was born in Britain, kidnapped by Irish, escaped, and then returned to Ireland for missions? Patrick

22. Who sacked and took over Rome?A. MuslimsB. GermansC. VisigothsD. Greeks

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23. Who was the last of the Latin popes and transition to the Medieval period? Gregory the Great

24. The Byzantine Church is also called the A. Roman faithB. Orthodox faithC. Coptic faithD. Protestant faith

25. __John Chrysostom__ is also known as the “golden mouth” preacher.

26. The church in Egypt is the Coptic Church.A. TrueB. False

27. The theistic faith that begins and gains in popularity in the 7th century is __Islam__.

28. Missions and Christian presence are basically lost during the Middle Ages (Medieval Period).A. TrueB. False

29. The __Venerable Bede__ was the father of English history and a Bible translator into Old English.

30. Which pope is suggested to have launched the crusades?A. Innocent IIIB. Pope JoanC. Gregory VIID. Pope Urban II

31. How many crusades were there? Ten

32. The term “medieval” means __”between times”__.

33. “I believe in order to understand” was famously said byA. AbelardB. AugustineC. AnselmD. Ambrose

34. The moral influence theory of the atonement was set forth by __Peter Abelard__.

35. The most important and influential theological work in the Middle Ages was Peter Lombard’s Four Books of Sentences.A. TrueB. False

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36. After Augustine, the greatest theologian at the end of the Middle Ages was __Thomas Aquinas__, nicknamed the “dumb ox”.

37. Monastic schools were all of the following except:A. AugustiniansB. CisterciansC. AbelardiansD. Dominicans

38. The Catholic Church forbade women to dedicate themselves to the religious life.A. TrueB. False

39. A famous monk who was extreme in his ascetics and started an order of preaching friars is? Francis of Assisi

40. It was __Julian of Norwich__ who was a famous English mystic who wrote of her visions of love and the Trinity as “oure moder.”

41. Catholic dogma, sacraments, and papacy were not questioned until the 16th century Reformation.A. TrueB. False

42. The sculpture __David__ was a fantastic piece made by Michelangelo to celebrate this biblical figure.

43. Much of the activity in renaissance Florence was led by all except:A. MichaelangeloB. MachiavelliC. DanteD. Wycliffe

44. Heretics or people who believed differently about God, Christ, and Christian practice were put to death by the established, Roman Church.A. TrueB. False

45. If it were not for Johannes Gutenburg’s invention of the __printing press__, the Reformation may never have happened.

46. Luther’s successor in his reforming efforts was? Philip Melanchthon

47. Although Luther and Zwingli agreed on most all doctrinal points regarding their break from Rome, they ardently disagreed on the nature of the Lord’s Supper or Eucharist.A. TrueB. False

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48. The first individual who attempted a systematic theology of the Christian faith was? John Calvin

49. This Swiss city was the church-state home of Calvin for most of his career:A. ZurichB. GenevaC. BaselD. Lausanne

50. Music and singing were both encouraged and hotly debated in worship services among the Reformers.A. TrueB. False

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Name: _____________________

Parade of FaithFinal Exam – With Answers

Material on the final exam: the exam only covers the second half of POF (chapters 13-24).

Questions on the final exam: true/false, short answer, fill in the blank, and multiple choice. The fifty questions will be two points each.

1. The “Radical Reformers” or __Anabaptist__ were distinct and more progressive than Lutheran or Calvinist Reformers.

2. The father of Anabaptism is considered: Conrad Grebel.

3. Anabaptist ideals contributed to later democracy in America except:A. freedom of conscienceB. separation of church and stateC. voluntarism in religionD. patriotism

4. The founder of the later Mennonites is considered Menno Simons.A. TrueB. False

5. The Catholic Reformation, including the early __Spanish Inquisition__ under Ferdinand and Isabella, was a move to stamp out heresy in the Roman Church.

6. The Catholic council that lasted almost two decades to define the faith and sanction counter-reformational measures was the A. Council of MilanB. Council of RomeC. Council of TrentD. Council of Florence

7. __Ignatius of Loyola__ was a devout and zealous instrument of the pope for the Catholic Counter Reformation and founder of the Jesuits.

8. Missions were an important task of the Catholic Church in the 16th century.A. TrueB. False

9. It was __Henry VIII__ who married multiple times so as to have a male heir and who broke away his country from the Roman Catholic Church.

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10. Even though Wycliffe in the 14th century translated the Bible from Latin to English, it was William Tyndale who translated from Greek to English and is the father of the English Bible.A. TrueB. False

11. The English monarchs went back and forth between the _______ and _______ faiths during the volatile 16th century.A. CatholicB. ProtestantC. OrthodoxD. Lutheran

12. Presbyterian Scotland began under the influence of whom? John Knox

13. The English Puritans were also called non-conformists or separatists.A. TrueB. False

14. The soldier and academic who has had incredible theological influence centuries later, especially with his writings of sin and predestination, is __John Owen__.

15. The “tinker” who wrote the endearing tome Pilgrim’s Progress. John Bunyan

16. Although he helped start a republic in England as a Roundhead during the English Civil War, his dictatorial rule was violent and unforgiving against political opposition. A. James IB. Charles IC. Oliver CromwellD. Charles II

17. Cogito ergo sum means __“I think, therefore I am”__.

18. Christian women like Anne Hutchinson draw ire because they have the desire to be ministers and prophets of the gospel in a patriarchal world.A. TrueB. False

19. The separation of church and state was heralded by a famous puritan with Baptist ties: Roger Williams.

20. William Penn is a notable landowner and diplomat involved with the A. QuakersB. LutheransC. CatholicsD. Anglicans

21. The Edict of Nantes in 1598 was passed to protectA. Catholics

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B. hereticsC. French Protestant CalvinistsD. women

22. With the incident of Galileo, there became more of a chasm between theological and scientific views of life and reality.A. TrueB. False

23. __Blaise Pascal__ was a famed Catholic mathematician and philosopher.

24. The Catholic philosopher who popularized rationalism and set the backdrop for the Enlightenment era was __René Descartes__.

25. German Pietism consisted of influential figures exceptA. SpenerB. WesleyC. FranckeD. Zinzendorf

26. The founder of Methodism, __John Wesley__, was also influenced by Arminianism.

27. Wesley’s revivalist counterpart in Britain and America was __George Whitefield__.

28. Most believe he is the great theologian America has ever produced.A. WesleyB. WhitefieldC. BrainerdD. Edwards

29. If D. L. Moody was the most notable revivalist in America, his counterpart was __C. H. Spurgeon__ in England.

30. The 19th century saw the beginnings of many sects, cults, and denominations from Mormonism to the African Methodist Episcopal Church.A. TrueB. False

31. The Second Great Awakening was led by A. EdwardsB. WhitefieldC. FinneyD. Müller 

32. Since music was essential to the revivalist movements, it was __Fanny Crosby__ who wrote much of the music.

33. The father of modern missions is known as William Carey.A. True

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B. False

34. The Englishman who went to Africa for many years as an explorer and missionary. David Livingstone

35. All of the following were significant persons for missions exceptA. Adoniram JudsonB. Hudson TaylorC. Charles DickensD. Mary Slessor

36. The Southern Baptist lady, __Lottie Moon__, is the face of modern missions.

37. These missionaries were heavily involved in Bible translation, language fluency, and cultural understanding as they lived out the gospel.A. TrueB. False

38. Academics like __Warfield__ and __Hodge__ taught at Princeton University and attempted to push back liberal Christianity.

39. J. Gresham Machen left Princeton in 1929 to start a new institution, Westminster Theological Seminary.A. TrueB. False

40. Women were often in the frontlines of ministry, preaching, and missions, like __Evangeline Booth__ with the Salvation Army.

41. These 1906 revivals in Los Angeles were a catalyst for American Pentecostal and charismatic movements. Azusa Street Revivals

42. Ruth Tucker states that __Albert Schweitzer__ is a figure who seemed to be less than orthodox and yet lived sacrificially as a medical doctor and theologian in Africa.

43. In 1870 the first Vatican Council declared that when the pope speaks __ex cathedra__, he is speaking infallibly.

44. This theologian and pastor risked his life to assassinate Hitler, but he failed and was executed for his efforts. Dietrich Bonhoeffer

45. One of the most important theologians and statespersons who helped Christians think about the kingdom of God and gospel in this world was Abraham Kuyper.A. TrueB. False

46. The most significant theological mind of the 20th centuryA. Karl BarthB. Gustavo Gutierrez

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C. Pope John XXIIID. Dorothy Day

47. Who was the Englishman and Anglican who served in India for thirty-five years before retiring to England and then starting a new missionary service to his people? Lesslie Newbigin

48. __C. S. Lewis__ was the atheist turned believer and Oxford scholar who became the premier apologist and thinker for the 20th century.

49. Which of these was not a voice for the marginalized in the 20th century?A. Mother TeresaB. Desmond TutuC. Pandita RamabaiD. Martin Luther King

50. The majority of Christians has shifted from the Western world to the Global South.A. TrueB. False

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Suggested Essay Questions

Chapter 1 – A Resurrection People

Give a brief comparison and contrast between Paul and Peter. Provide a general itinerary for Paul’s missionary journeys.

Chapter 2 – A Persecuted People

Consider the reasons for the explosive growth of the church in the first two centuries. Can biblical faith and Christian confession only be understood and defined in light of

the Marcions of the world? Why or why not?

Chapter 3 – Creeds and Councils

Should the state (the Roman Empire or Washington D.C.) weigh in on religious beliefs and behaviors?

How should the church handle questions of “unorthodoxy” or “heresy” with truth and grace?

Chapter 4 – Desert Fathers

What is the difference between healthy self-discipline and unhealthy self-discipline? Evaluate whether God calls some to a “monkish” life in the church today while others

are called to be fully integrated in this world.

Chapter 5 – City of God in the “Dark Ages”

Did the Roman papacy evolve into something that was necessary or aberrant from New Testament life?

Are the NT communities beliefs, behaviors, and polities descriptive or prescriptive for Christian communities today?

Chapter 6 – Byzantine Religion

Evaluate the significance and division of the Filioque Clause. The Cappadocian Fathers (Basil, Gregory of Nyssa, Gregory of Nazianzen) were

important but less known in early church history. Outline their individual contributions.

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Chapter 7 – Creeds and Councils

The Battle of Tours and multiple Crusades can teach us much about Christian and Muslim relations. What can we learn?

How was the Carolingian Renaissance and papal reforms precursors to the later European Renaissance and Reformation eras?

Chapter 8 – Medieval Theology

It was not until the 18th century that theology and philosophy was separated from the church and done mostly in secular universities. Evaluate how these disciplines were done in the Medieval and now Postmodern eras.

What were the social, economic, and conceptual contexts that gave birth to figures like Abelard or William of Ockham?

Chapter 9 – Beyond the Cloistered Walls

Women were given more value and significance during this period. How does proper Christian faith value men, women, and children of all ethnicities and classes as images of God?

What are important lessons that we can learn from monastic life?

Chapter 10 – Renaissance Humanism and the Dawn of the Reformation

What are the values of the humanists that prepared the context for the Reformation of the Catholic Church?

Tyndale, Wycliffe, and Erasmus were Bible translators, among other things. Why was Bible translation a rebellious and capital offense for the Catholic Church?

Chapter 11 – The German Reformation

Should the church continue the Reformation? Why or why not? What would Christendom be like today without Luther, Huss, Calvin, and others?

Chapter 12 – The Swiss Reformation

The Geneva experiment was an attempt to have a church-state theocracy not unlike ancient Israel. Is this a desirable and beneficial endeavor today?

At the end of the day, are Catholic, Reformed, Lutheran, and Radical Reformers at odds with one another, or could they all worship in the same church?

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Chapter 13 – The Anabaptists

How is paedobaptism related to the church-state relationship? If this practice is discontinued would the Anabaptisms have “finished the Reformation?

Anabaptists are loyal to the kingdom of God over any geo-political kingdom on this earth. How do they negotiate questions regarding patriotism, flags, military service, etc.?

Chapter 14 – The Catholic Reformation

Evaluate the ideas and practices of Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross. Two centuries after Catholics were missionaries in China and Japan, Protestants

continued the efforts. What are the similarities and differences in those two church efforts?

Chapter 15 – The English Reformation

A flurry of activity was taking place on the European continent and the British Isles in the 16th and early 17th centuries. Evaluate what lessons could be learned from these multiple reformations.

Much attention is given to the King James Bible of 1611. What should we make of the Wycliffe, Tyndale, Geneva, Bishop, Douay-Rheims, and Coverdale Bibles that preceded the KJV?

Chapter 16 – Puritans in England and America

The church-state question is an inevitable one. The Puritans who were persecuted by the Church of England left for America largely for religious freedom. Evaluate this observation.

Reflect on whether the founding of colonial America and the United States would have been quite different if the Puritans were accepted and not persecuted by the Church of England.

Chapter 17 – Sectarian Movements in Europe and America

What makes Christian faith “orthodox”? Who makes those decisions? What is the proper balance between religious toleration and godly biblical expression?

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Chapter 18 – The Catholic Church

In the last few years, a noticeable group of evangelicals have migrated to Catholic, Orthodox, and Anglican circles. What might precipitate this move from low church to high church?

Having reviewed roughly sixteen centuries of church history, what have you learned that you were surprised by, and how are you reevaluating your own faith and confession?

Chapter 19 – Trans-Atlantic Awakenings

Is the perennial debate between election and free will simply a semantic disagreement or a more fundamental difference in how people read and understand the Bible?

Evaluate what revivalism looked like in Great Britain and how it played out in colonial America.

Chapter 20 – An Age of Societies

It is often heard that the American Revolution was kicked off by Christian men with biblical ideals. Were the men Christians, and did they have biblical warrant?

What is the relationship between ethnic issues and the rise of awakenings and denominationalism?

Chapter 21 – The Modern Missionary Movement

Evaluate the strategies of Taylor and Carey. Why is indigenous missionary activity so important if not in the first generation then

certainly in the second generation of Christian communities?

Chapter 22 – Fragmentation and Revival

Did women step up in leadership because men were not leading well, or did women assume their gifts and passions for Christian work?

When is division and fragmentation healthy, and when is it a detriment to the church?

Chapter 23 – Theological Ferment

Discuss how the best theologians in the 20th century were Protestant and Catholic, liberal and conservative.

Is it more important in the name of Christ to engage in theological writing or social justice?

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Chapter 24 – Worldwide Christian Outreach

How have your opinions of church history been challenged and altered over the last few centuries?

Where do you think church history will go in the next century? What figures and events and trends might develop?

Sample Syllabus121

Church History: From the Beginning to the PresentSYLLABUS

I cannot and will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand, I can do no other, so help me God. Amen.Martin Luther, from the Diet of Worms trial, 1521

I. Contact Information:Instructor: Office: Email:

II. Catalog Description:A study of the historical persons and events and theological developments of Christianity from the New Testament to the present day.

III. Course Description:This course is a study of the historical dynamics and developments of the Christian church. This course will include a study of the persons and movements significant to the spread of Christianity and its effects on world history. This course will evaluate the historical, social, intellectual, and cultural aspects/controversies of the time periods studied. Our goal is to learn about church history, not simply for the sake of knowledge, but in order to think critically about both our past and present.  This course is reading and discussion intensive.

IV. Rationale: 1. Institutional -- This course promotes the outcomes that are stated in institutional goal #1,

“competent knowledge,” goal #2, “foundation for graduate study or vocation,” goal #3, “academic excellence,” and goal #4, “foundational experiences in computer literacy.”

2. Divisional -- This course promotes the outcomes that are stated in divisional goal #1, “competent knowledge,” and goal #2, “an integrative understanding of faith and academic discipline.”

3. Departmental -- This course promotes the outcomes that are stated in department goal #1, “evaluating historical works,” and it partially fulfills the requirements for the history major and minor and the elementary education major.

V. Student Learning Outcomes:In the process of fulfilling assignments in the course, students will:1. be able to critically define and interpret the following broad periods of history and

culture: ages of early church, medieval, renaissance, reformation, rationalism, enlightenment, modernism, and postmodernism;

2. be able to articulate an overview of these eras of history;3. be able to trace chronologically the progress of the church from the NT era to the

contemporary age;4. be able consider the Judeo-Christian tradition from a historical perspective.

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VI. Knowledge and Skills for Teacher LicensureStudents will develop:1. the ability to understand and respect others’ points of view, both personal and cultural.2. an understanding of one’s own and others’ ethics and values.3. an understanding of how human ideals, values, and ethics can be examined and

illuminated figuratively.4. an informed historical perspective, including an understanding of how one’s own society

developed, and an awareness of how other societies developed.5. an understanding the major ways that science and technology have affected humans and

their world.6. an understanding of the power and limitations of science and technology in a changing

world; awareness of how societies, institutions, and individuals are responsible to see that technology is used ethically and appropriately.

7. an understanding of the influence of geographic characteristics, including climate, physical features and natural resources, on the world’s major societies and cultures.

8. an understanding of the context of current events from a historical perspective with the ability to connect modern trends to past events.

9. an understanding of current events from an international perspective.10. an ability to integrate into the curriculum skills related to the use of maps, graphs, and

charts.11. an understanding of the concept of change over time with the ability to relate past to

present.12. an understanding of the major events and movements in history (American, Western,

and non-Western), the turning points of historical development, and their relationship to the present.

VII. Method of Instruction: This class will be conducted using the Socratic Method. It will also utilize brief lectures and group discussions. Its success will depend on student preparation and participation. Your most important responsibilities in this class will be to become familiar with the course calendar and what is expected of you for each class meeting, keep up with daily readings, attend class and participate in discussions, plan ahead, and organize what you learn.

VIII. Text(s):Ruth A. Tucker. Parade of Faith : A Biographical History of the Christian Church. Zondervan, 2011. ISBN 0310206383(hereafter POF)

IX. Course Requirements:1. Attendance:This class meets MWF. I require faithful class attendance. Because I consider the student/instructor relationship to be a social contract, and because I believe that students are best served by attending all classes, I will uphold the following attendance policy: students must attend all class meetings.

Note to students: the use of laptop computers or smart phones of any kind during class is not permitted. In addition, texting during class is not tolerated.

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2. Class Participation (25%):The strength of this course will depend upon our relationships with each other. One of the great joys, and also great challenges, of teaching history in the context of Christian liberal arts is the community that is established and developed in the classroom, and the exchange of ideas that arises out of our collaboration. Such collaboration necessarily requires a great deal of flexibility, humor, and grace. The classroom environment should encourage participation and discussion. Although we won’t always agree with each other’s interpretations of the past, I expect us all to treat each other with respect. To foster that community of learning, I would ask that you please complete all scheduled assignments, arrive on time, turn off your cell phones, and try to avoid classroom disruptions that detract from the intellectual task at hand.

I require vigorous participation during our time together. Participation in the course is defined beyond merely asking a question in class or making a base observation on the material covered in the required reading. It means thoughtfully processing what you were asked to read or write about and making a substantial contribution to the classroom discussion. This can take the form of, but is not limited to, a complex question or systematic critique of a concept or theme covered in the daily reading assignments as well as offering an informed observation or analysis of a historical movement or event.

3. Discussion Circle (25%):Each day you will have assigned readings to complete, with the schedule of readings listed below. The Discussion Circle portion of your grade will require students to lead a series of class discussions based on the POF readings. This exercise will assess your ability to make connections between the material in readings and discussions, and present them to your classmates in a way that enriches our understanding of the historical and cultural content covered. It is not a time for you to rehash facts such as people, dates and places, but rather a time where your insights and conclusions serve to lead us all to a deeper and more complete understanding of the material at hand. Each student will have a reading from POF and lead the class in the topic. Seek outside reading and research to provide the class with a robust discussion on the selected topic. Each student should prepare a 2 page paper on his/her discussion circle topic.

4. Exams (50%):A midterm and final exam will be given. The exam study guides and flashcards will help the student prepare for the exams.

X. Grading Scale:A: 94-100% A-: 90-93% B+: 87-89% B: 84-86% B-: 80-83% C+: 77-79% C: 74-76% C-: 70-73% D+:67-69% D: 64-66% D-: 60-63%

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F: 59% or below

XI. Honor Code:All students are to abide by the honor code included in your Student Handbook or College Catalog. All assignments, quizzes and exams will be so pledged.

XII. Classroom Dress:Students are expected to observe classroom dress standards when attending class by dressing neatly and modestly and adhering to the standards in the Student Handbook.

XIII. Miscellaneous:Teaching PhilosophyI am a Perennialist, therefore I believe that the focus of education (and my classroom) should be the ideas, concepts, and themes that have endured the test of time, and have strongly shaped our Western identity, culture, and heritage. I would argue that the events and ideas of the past are as influential and relevant today as when they occurred or were originally penned. This being the case, I strongly recommend that students learn from reading, analyzing, and writing about the works created by history’s finest historians, thinkers, and artists. I am less concerned about students’ past experiences with history; rather, I would argue that it is my job to both directly, and indirectly, push my students to think deeply and imaginatively about the past as they struggle to find its relevance for today’s fast-moving world. Anyone can memorize vast amounts of facts, but very few can thoughtfully articulate how the ideas of the past are as meaningful today as they were when they first occurred. This is why I utilize the Socratic Method as my method of instruction. Only in a true dialogue can a balance be struck between instructor and student(s), and only then can we get at the importance of history, both to better understand the past, but to also think critically and purposefully about our present and future.

Technology RequirementStudents will be expected to exhibit skills in electronic communication, word processing, document development, internet use, A/V presentation, and electronic library research and will receive access to training through peer tutoring, classroom demonstration, on-line tutorial, IT workshops, library bibliographic instruction, and the Academic Support Center.

ADA StatementAll requests for accommodations for this course or any school event are welcome from students. Accommodations are to be requested within the first ten days of classes and will not be considered after, unless a diagnosis is given after that date. Accommodations must be requested per semester.

XIV. Course Calendar:This course calendar provides you with a reading schedule. It offers you a general frame of reference and should be consulted regularly throughout the week. Please bear in mind I will work on the assumption that the material to be covered on a given date has been read by you prior to your attendance of individual class meetings. I strongly suggest that you keep up with daily readings; failure to do so before each meeting will only serve to your detriment. Should you need clarification on any aspect of the course calendar, including assignments,

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you are strongly encouraged to speak with me before a particular reading or assignment is due.

MWF ScheduleWeek 1M introduction to class and review of syllabusW POF ch 1 and quizF POF ch 2 and quiz

Week 2M POF ch 3 and quizW POF ch 4 and quizF discussion circle

Week 3M POF ch 5 and quizW POF ch 6 and quizF discussion circle

Week 4M POF ch 7 and quizW POF ch 8 and quizF discussion circle

Week 5M POF ch 9 and quizW POF ch 10 and quizF discussion circle

Week 6M POF ch 11 and quizW POF ch 12 and quizF discussion circle

Week 7M POF midterm reviewW midterm examF discussion circle

Week 8M POF ch 13 and quizW POF ch 14 and quizF discussion circle

Week 9M POF ch 14 and quizW POF ch 15 and quizF discussion circle

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Week 10M POF ch 16 and quizW POF ch 17 and quizF discussion circle

Week 11M POF ch 18 and quizW POF ch 19 and quizF discussion circle

Week 12M POF ch 20 and quizW POF ch 21 and quizF discussion circle

Week 13M POF ch 22 and quizW POF ch 23 and quizF discussion circle

Week 14M POF ch 24 and quizW POF final reviewF discussion circle

Week 15M final exam

TTh ScheduleWeek 1T introduction to class and review of syllabusTh POF ch 1 and quiz

Week 2T POF ch 2 and quizTh POF ch 3 and quiz

discussion circle

Week 3T POF ch 4 and quizTh POF ch 5 and quiz

discussion circle

Week 4T POF ch 6 and quizTh POF ch 7 and quiz

discussion circle

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Week 5T POF ch 8 and quizTh POF ch 9 and quiz

discussion circle

Week 6T POF ch 10 and quizTh POF ch 11 and quiz

discussion circle

Week 7T POF ch 12 and quizTh POF ch 13 and quiz

discussion circle

Week 8T POF midterm reviewTh midterm exam

Week 9T POF ch 14 and quizTh POF ch 15 and quiz

discussion circle

Week 10T POF ch 16 and quizTh POF ch 17 and quiz

discussion circle

Week 11T POF ch 18 and quizTh POF ch 19 and quiz

discussion circle

Week 12T POF ch 20 and quizTh POF ch 21 and quiz

discussion circle

Week 13T POF ch 22 and quizTh POF ch 23 and quiz

discussion circle

Week 14T POF ch 24 and quizTh POF final review

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Week 15T final exam

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Dogmatic TheologyThomas Aquinas. Summa Theologica. Vols 1-5. Christian Classics, 1981.

Karl Barth. Church Dogmatics. Vols 1-14. Hendrickson, 2010.

Herman Bavinck. Reformed Dogmatics. Vols 1-4. Baker, 2011.

Gerald Bray. God is Love: A Biblical and Systematic Theology. Crossway, 2012.

Louis Berkhof. Systematic Theology. Eerdmans, 1996.

Donald Bloesch. Christian Foundations. Vols 1-7. IVP, 2005.

_________. Essentials of Evangelical Theology. Hendrickson, 2006.

John Calvin. Institutes of the Christian Religion. Vols 1-2. WJK, 1960.

John Dagg. Manual of Theology. General Books, 2009.

Bruce Demarest and Gordon Lewis. Integrative Theology. Vols 1-3. Zondervan, 1996.

Millard Erickson. Christian Theology. 2nd edition. Baker, 1998.

John Frame. A Theology of Lordship. Vols 1-4. P&R, 1987-2008.

James Garrett. Systematic Theology. Vols 1-2. 2nd edition. Smithfield Press, 2001.

Norman Geisler. Systematic Theology. Vols 1-4. Bethany House, 2005.

Wayne Grudem. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Zondervan, 1994.

Carl Henry. God, Revelation and Authority. Vols 1-6. 2nd edition. Crossway, 1999.

Charles Hodge. Systematic Theology. Vols 1-3. Hendrickson, 1999.

Michael Horton. The Christian Faith: A Systematic Theology for Pilgrims on the Way. Zondervan, 2011.

Thomas Oden. Systematic Theology. Vols 1-3. Hendrickson, 2006.

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Wolfhart Pannenberg. Systematic Theology. Vols 1-4. Eerdmans, 2010.

Paul Tillich. Systematic Theology. Vols 1-3. University of Chicago, 1967.

Historical TheologyGregg Allison. Historical Theology: An Introduction to Christian Doctrine. Zondervan, 2011.

Louis Berkhof. History of Christian Doctrines. Banner of Truth, 1996.

Geoffrey Bromiley. Historical Theology. An Introduction. T&T Clark, 2000.

Earle Cairns. Christianity Through the Centuries. Zondervan, 1996.

Everett Ferguson. Church History: From Christ to Pre-Reformation. Vol 1. Zondervan, 2005.

Justo Gonzalez. A History of Christian Thought. Vols 1-3. Abingdon Press, 1987.

_________. The Story of Christianity. Vols 1-2. Revised. HarperOne, 2010.

Adrian Hastings. A World History of Christianity. Eerdmans, 2000.

Jonathan Hill. Zondervan Handbook to the History of Christianity. Zondervan, 2007.

Kelly Kapic and Bruce McCormack. Mapping Modern Theology: A Thematic and Historical Introduction. Baker Academic, 2012.

J.N.D. Kelly. Early Christian Creeds. 3rd ed. Continuum, 1972.

_________. Early Christian Doctrines. Revised. Prince Press, 2004.

John Leith, ed. Creeds of the Churches. 3rd edition. John Knox Press, 1982.

Mark Noll. The New Shape of World Christianity. How American Experience Reflects Global Faith. IVP, 2009.

_________. Turning Points: Decisive Moments in the History of Christianity. 2nd edition. Baker Academic, 2001.

Alistair McGrath. Historical Theology: An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought. Blackwell, 1998.

Roger Olson. The Story of Christian Theology: Twenty Centuries of Tradition and Reform. IVP, 1999.

Phillip Schaff. Creeds of Christendom. Revised. Baker, 1984.

_________. History of the Christian Church. Vols 1-8. Hendrickson, 2006.

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Historical and Theological SeriesThe Cambridge History of Christianity. Vols 1-9. CUP, 2006-09.

The New Cambridge History of the Bible. Vols 1-4. CUP, 2012.

Gerald Bray, ed. Contours of Christian Theology. Vols 1-8. IVP, 1993-02.

John Feinberg, ed. Foundations of Evangelical Theology. Vols 1-4. Crossway, 2004-07.

D.A. Carson, ed. New Studies in Biblical Theology. Vols 1-27. IVP, 2000-11.

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