WWI EndsWWI Ends

Armistice signed Nov. 11, Armistice signed Nov. 11, 19181918

(Agreement to stop fighting)(Agreement to stop fighting)

Devastation of WarDevastation of War►Loss of LifeLoss of Life►10 million soldiers dead10 million soldiers dead►21 million soldiers wounded21 million soldiers wounded►10-16 million civilians dead10-16 million civilians dead►Total cost of WWI over $338 BillionTotal cost of WWI over $338 Billion►Much of Europe destroyed Much of Europe destroyed

(infrastructure and economy)(infrastructure and economy) ►US – global power – from debtor US – global power – from debtor

nation to world’s largest creditornation to world’s largest creditor

A Lost GenerationA Lost Generation

Political EffectsPolitical Effects►Political boundaries change inside and Political boundaries change inside and

outside of Europe outside of Europe new countries/redrawing of bordersnew countries/redrawing of borders

►Many Many old monarch families were old monarch families were replaced by new DEMOCRATIC replaced by new DEMOCRATIC governments:governments: Russia – Communist GovtRussia – Communist Govt Germany – Kaiser goneGermany – Kaiser gone Austria-Hungary – Hapsburgs Austria-Hungary – Hapsburgs

abdicated & 2 separate republics abdicated & 2 separate republics emerged & sued for peaceemerged & sued for peace

Ottoman Empire – Turks launch Ottoman Empire – Turks launch Armenian Genocide in 1915Armenian Genocide in 1915

Empires crumbleEmpires crumble

Peace SettlementPeace Settlement►Allies met at Paris Peace ConferenceAllies met at Paris Peace Conference►Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles►32 Nations involved32 Nations involved►““Big Four” Allied PowersBig Four” Allied Powers

USA=Woodrow WilsonUSA=Woodrow Wilson Britain=David Lloyd GeorgeBritain=David Lloyd George France=George ClemenceauFrance=George Clemenceau Italy=Vittorio OrlandoItaly=Vittorio Orlando

Paris Peace TreatyParis Peace Treaty►Central Powers - not invitedCentral Powers - not invited►New Russian gov’t - not invitedNew Russian gov’t - not invited►Majority of Allies wanted to punish and Majority of Allies wanted to punish and

humiliate the Central Powershumiliate the Central Powers►““Make Germany pay for War”Make Germany pay for War”►Britain, France, and Italy wanted Britain, France, and Italy wanted

to disarm and weaken Germanyto disarm and weaken Germany►U.S. (Wilson) wanted a stable U.S. (Wilson) wanted a stable

Germany – prevent future warGermany – prevent future war

The Big FourThe Big Four

The “Big Four”The “Big Four”DO NOT WRITE THIS DOWN!!!DO NOT WRITE THIS DOWN!!!

► BritainBritain (David Lloyd-George) Many in Britain (David Lloyd-George) Many in Britain (having seen their husbands, sons and friends killed (having seen their husbands, sons and friends killed in the war) were eager for revenge. A popular saying in the war) were eager for revenge. A popular saying was "was "Squeeze them until the pips squeakSqueeze them until the pips squeak".".However However Lloyd-George himself was worried Lloyd-George himself was worried about the dangers of treating Germany too about the dangers of treating Germany too harshlyharshly. .

► FranceFrance (George Clemenceau) Clemenceau was (George Clemenceau) Clemenceau was nicknamed "The Tiger". He wanted to nicknamed "The Tiger". He wanted to make make Germany payGermany pay for all the damage that France for all the damage that France suffered during the years of fighting.suffered during the years of fighting.Clemenceau wanted to punish Germany so Clemenceau wanted to punish Germany so that it couldn't ever start a war again. that it couldn't ever start a war again.

DO NOT WRITE THIS DO NOT WRITE THIS DOWN!!!DOWN!!!

► AmericaAmerica (Woodrow Wilson) The USA had only declared (Woodrow Wilson) The USA had only declared war in April 1917 and thus experienced far fewer war in April 1917 and thus experienced far fewer casualties. Wilson arrived in Europe with his 'casualties. Wilson arrived in Europe with his 'Fourteen Fourteen PointsPoints'. These were his plans to ensure future peace in '. These were his plans to ensure future peace in Europe. He believed Europe. He believed Germany should be treated fairly Germany should be treated fairly and that a 'League of Nations' and that a 'League of Nations' should be set upshould be set up to to settle future disputes between countries.settle future disputes between countries.

► ItalyItaly (Vittorio Orlando) Italy had declared war on Germany (Vittorio Orlando) Italy had declared war on Germany

in 1915, changing sides from her alliance with Germany at in 1915, changing sides from her alliance with Germany at the beginning of the war. Italy had been promised territory the beginning of the war. Italy had been promised territory as a reward for changing sides. Italy wanted its 'as a reward for changing sides. Italy wanted its 'fair fair shareshare' from the spoils of war.' from the spoils of war.

► GermanyGermany was not invited to the peace treatywas not invited to the peace treaty. The . The German Gov’t expected the treaty to be based on Wilson's German Gov’t expected the treaty to be based on Wilson's Fourteen Points.Fourteen Points.

Wilson’s 14 PointsWilson’s 14 Points►President Wilson’s plan for a President Wilson’s plan for a just and just and

lasting lasting peacepeace►Points 1-13Points 1-13 --- --- self-determination self-determination for

all nations Nations deciding for themselves what type Nations deciding for themselves what type

of government they wanted to live underof government they wanted to live under Refused to meet w/ Ho Chi Minh of Vietnam Refused to meet w/ Ho Chi Minh of Vietnam

– – self-determination for “Whites” onlyself-determination for “Whites” only►Point 14Point 14 --- --- League of Nations—an League of Nations—an

association of all world nations to association of all world nations to work together to maintain peacework together to maintain peace

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles► Final peace treaty signed June 28, 1919Final peace treaty signed June 28, 1919►Allies only adopted Wilson’s 14Allies only adopted Wilson’s 14thth point point

(L.O.N.)(L.O.N.)►Germany was big loser in TreatyGermany was big loser in Treaty

Terms of the TreatyTerms of the Treaty::►Germany had to take full responsibility Germany had to take full responsibility

for the warfor the war►Germany had to pay for all the war Germany had to pay for all the war

damage (damage (reparationsreparations) - later set at ) - later set at ~33 million USD.~33 million USD.

►Germany’s army reduced to 100,000 Germany’s army reduced to 100,000 menmen

Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles continuedcontinued

►Germany disarmed Germany disarmed could not have an Airforce or submarines, could not have an Airforce or submarines,

and was limited to only six large Navy and was limited to only six large Navy shipsships

►Germany lost territory on all sidesGermany lost territory on all sides Poland, Alsace-LorrainePoland, Alsace-Lorraine

►Germany lost all colonies Germany lost all colonies

The The Middle Middle East East after after WWIWWI

► Treaty of Versailles, 1919Treaty of Versailles, 1919►Above:Above: On the foreground the German On the foreground the German

delegation (Müller, standing, and Bell, delegation (Müller, standing, and Bell, sitting) signing the Treaty of Versailles, on sitting) signing the Treaty of Versailles, on June 28th, 1919. June 28th, 1919.

► Painting (detail) by W. Orpen.Painting (detail) by W. Orpen.

A stable peace?A stable peace?► Some regarded Some regarded

treaty as “a peace treaty as “a peace built on quicksand”built on quicksand”

► League of NationsLeague of Nations

Wilson came home from Paris and toured the US Wilson came home from Paris and toured the US trying to persuade the American public to urge trying to persuade the American public to urge Congress to ratify the Treaty and sign onto the Congress to ratify the Treaty and sign onto the

League of NationsLeague of Nations Congress did not ratify the Treaty and the US Congress did not ratify the Treaty and the US

never joined the League of Nationsnever joined the League of Nations