A NEW ERA: THE TWENTIES

HIST 202 - HESEN

“The War to End All Wars” WWI ends November

11, 1918 Wilson’s Plans for

Peace:Fourteen PointsLeague of Nations

○ Irreconcilables○ Reservationists

Wilson’s Plans for Peace Treaty of Versailles

Big Four○ U.S. (Wilson)○ Great Britain (David

Lloyd George)○ France (Georges

Clemenceau)○ Italy (Vittorio Orlando)

○ NO RUSSIA!!!!

War Debts and Reparations War-guilt clause

(1918) Blame Germany for

WWI Owes $30 billion to

Allied Powers (GB and France)

Dawes Plan (1924)○ U.S. lends money to

Germany to pay back Great Britain and France

○ Leads ultimately to the Great Depression

Postwar Problems Postwar

Red Scare○ A. Mitchell Palmer○ “Palmer Raids”

Strikes of 1919○ Boston Police Strike

(MA)○ Calvin Coolidge

Tulsa Race Riot (1921)○ Dick Rowland

Return to Normalcy Republican Control

Wilson diesRepublicans rule the

1920s○ Warren G. Harding

“Normalcy”

○ Calvin Coolidge○ Herbert Hoover

○ Focus is on business – “The business of American is business”

Warren G. Harding Won Election of

1920 Former newspaper

editor from OhioPracticed patronage“Ohio Gang”Teapot Dome ScandalPardoned Eugene V.

Debs

Domestic Policies Reduction of income

tax Established Bureau

of the Budget Centralized federal

budget Increase in tariff

ratesFordney-McCumber

Tariff (1922)

Harding’s Death Harding

administration was fraught with scandal

He was at the center of the problems

White House – promiscuity

Died unexpectedly in August 1923

Calvin Coolidge Becomes president

after Harding dies Wins election of

1924 because he was popular with business

Took on a new way of looking at laissez faire practices

Coolidge’s Vetoes and Inaction

Believed in limited government

Laissez-faire Focused on the budget Vetoed bills that offered

bonuses to WWI vets Vetoed McNary-Haugen

Bill (1928) – refused to help farmers

Election of 1928 Coolidge declined to

run for president again Tickets:

Herbert Hoover (R) Alfred E. Smith (D)

Americans went with the Republicans because of PROSPERITY

Mixed Economic Development

Causes for prosperityIncreased productivityEnergy technologiesGovernment policies

Problems:Labor

○ Open shopFarmers

A New Culture Consumerism

People bought goods….even if they didn’t need them

Gender RolesFlappers

ReligionRevivalism – Aimee

Semple McPhersonInternational Church

of the Foursquare Gospel

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Cultures in Conflict Fundamentalism

John Scopes Trial Evolution vs. Scripture Clarence Darrow

(ACLU) vs. William Jennings Bryan

Prohibition 18th Amendment Volstead Act Sale, distribution,

manufacture of “intoxicating liquors”

Cultures in Conflict Nativism/Xenophobia

Quota Law (1921)Eastern Europeans

and AsiansNicola Sacco and

Bartolommeo Vanzetti Ku Klux Klan

Became more of a political organization

Executions

Harlem Renaissance Born out of the Great

Migration Explosion of African

American culture in Harlem Langston Hughes, Duke

Ellington – coined 1920s Jazz Age

Marcus Garvey – United Negro Improvemen Association Back to Africa Movement Controversy with civil rights

leaders