Chapter 10Chapter 10Section 4Section 4

Wilson’sWilson’s

New FreedomNew Freedom

Reform on Many FrontsReform on Many Fronts President Woodrow Wilson’s first priority was President Woodrow Wilson’s first priority was

to lower tariffsto lower tariffs Despite initial Senate opposition Congress Despite initial Senate opposition Congress

passed passed {the {the Underwood Tariff Act of Underwood Tariff Act of 1913.1913. It reduced tariffs and introduced a It reduced tariffs and introduced a graduated income tax}graduated income tax}

Next on Wilson’s agenda was banking reform Next on Wilson’s agenda was banking reform at the time no banks had a central fund in at the time no banks had a central fund in which to borrow against. As a result it was which to borrow against. As a result it was common for banks collapsed when many common for banks collapsed when many people withdrew their deposits at the same people withdrew their deposits at the same time.time.

Wilson helped draft the {Wilson helped draft the {Federal Reserve Federal Reserve Act-Act- a reform measure that established a a reform measure that established a central fund from which banks could borrow} central fund from which banks could borrow}

Federal Reserve Bank NYCFederal Reserve Bank NYC

Continued….Continued….

The Federal Reserve Act created a three The Federal Reserve Act created a three tier banking systemtier banking system

At the top the Federal Reserve Board At the top the Federal Reserve Board charge with running the system charge with running the system

Second were 12 Federal Reserve banks Second were 12 Federal Reserve banks that served banks rather than individualsthat served banks rather than individuals

At the third level were the private banks At the third level were the private banks which could borrow from the Federal which could borrow from the Federal Reserve Banks at interest rates set by the Reserve Banks at interest rates set by the BoardBoard

More on Reform…..More on Reform…..

Wilson also focused on business regialtionWilson also focused on business regialtion He backed the passage of He backed the passage of {{TThe Clayton Antitrust Acthe Clayton Antitrust Act

which established regulations about what businesses which established regulations about what businesses could and could not do}could and could not do}

For example companies could not sell goods below cost For example companies could not sell goods below cost to drive other companies out of business. Nor could to drive other companies out of business. Nor could they buy competitors stock to create a monopolythey buy competitors stock to create a monopoly

{Wilson also backed the creation of the {Wilson also backed the creation of the Federal Trade Federal Trade CommissionCommission to regulate corporate commerce} to regulate corporate commerce}

The FTC was authorized to investigate corporations and The FTC was authorized to investigate corporations and could issue “cease and desist orders” to companies could issue “cease and desist orders” to companies engaged in unfair or fraudulent practices as well as use engaged in unfair or fraudulent practices as well as use the courts to enforce its rulings the courts to enforce its rulings

Farm and Labor Acts Farm and Labor Acts

In 1916 Congress passed the Federal Farm In 1916 Congress passed the Federal Farm Loan Act which provided low-interest loans Loan Act which provided low-interest loans to farmers by setting up 12 federal farm-to farmers by setting up 12 federal farm-loan banksloan banks

The Adamson Act was passed that reduced The Adamson Act was passed that reduced the workday for railroad workers from 10 the workday for railroad workers from 10 hours to 8 hours without cuts in payhours to 8 hours without cuts in pay

The Federal Workmen’s Compensation Act The Federal Workmen’s Compensation Act was passed to provide benefits for those was passed to provide benefits for those injured on the job injured on the job

Railroad Workers 1912Railroad Workers 1912

Child LaborChild Labor The administration was less successful in its The administration was less successful in its

campaign against child labor.campaign against child labor. {{Mary Harris JonesMary Harris Jones was a labor organizer was a labor organizer

and opponent of child labor} and opponent of child labor} Rising protests prompted Congress to pass Rising protests prompted Congress to pass

the the Keating-Owen Child Labor Act Keating-Owen Child Labor Act in in 1916. Backed by Wilson the act outlawed 1916. Backed by Wilson the act outlawed the interstate sale of products produced by the interstate sale of products produced by child laborchild labor

In 1918, however, the Supreme Court In 1918, however, the Supreme Court declared the law unconstitutional because it declared the law unconstitutional because it restricted commerce instead of directly restricted commerce instead of directly outlawing child labor outlawing child labor

Mary Harris JonesMary Harris Jones

The Struggle for Women’s The Struggle for Women’s SuffrageSuffrage

{Interests opposed to national women’s {Interests opposed to national women’s suffrage in the United States until 1920 suffrage in the United States until 1920 included liquor manufacturers who feared included liquor manufacturers who feared women would vote for prohibition and women would vote for prohibition and businesses that worried that women workers businesses that worried that women workers would demand better pay}would demand better pay}

One leading force in the women’s suffrage One leading force in the women’s suffrage movement was the movement was the National American National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

In 1914 Alice Paul broke away from the In 1914 Alice Paul broke away from the NAWSA and formed the Congressional Union NAWSA and formed the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage which later became the for Woman Suffrage which later became the National Woman’s PartyNational Woman’s Party

Continued….Continued….

{The {The National Woman’s PartyNational Woman’s Party focused focused its efforts on a constitutional amendment its efforts on a constitutional amendment to win the vote for women}to win the vote for women}

{{Alice PaulAlice Paul adopted strategies of British adopted strategies of British suffragists to demonstrate the importance suffragists to demonstrate the importance of women’s right to vote}of women’s right to vote}

These attention-getting strategies included These attention-getting strategies included round the clock protests, chaining round the clock protests, chaining themselves to railings and hunger strikesthemselves to railings and hunger strikes

Energized by the leadership of Carrie Energized by the leadership of Carrie Chapman Catt the NAWSA continued to Chapman Catt the NAWSA continued to use traditional political strategies to attain use traditional political strategies to attain voting rightsvoting rights

Alice PaulAlice Paul

The National Woman’s PartyThe National Woman’s Party

Oh there’s still more…..Oh there’s still more…..

{early in her career, Carrie Chapman Catt {early in her career, Carrie Chapman Catt won the right to speak publicly at her won the right to speak publicly at her school’s literary society debatesschool’s literary society debates} } she she remained a political and social activist until remained a political and social activist until her death in 1947her death in 1947

After the U.S. entered World War I leaders of After the U.S. entered World War I leaders of the movement as well as millions of the movement as well as millions of American women lent strong support to the American women lent strong support to the war effectwar effect

Their patriotism helped weaken the Their patriotism helped weaken the opposition to women’s suffrage opposition to women’s suffrage

In 1919 Congress proposed the In 1919 Congress proposed the Nineteenth Nineteenth Amendment Amendment granting women full voting granting women full voting rights. It was ratified in 1920. rights. It was ratified in 1920.

{{The Armory ShowThe Armory Show was was organized to introduce the organized to introduce the American public to modern American public to modern

art}art}

Wassily Kandinsky; Improvisation 28 (1912),

Review QuestionReview Question What did the Underwood Tariff Act of 1913 What did the Underwood Tariff Act of 1913

do? do? Which Act established regulations about what Which Act established regulations about what

businesses could and could not do?businesses could and could not do? This womanThis woman was a labor organizer and was a labor organizer and

opponent of child laboropponent of child labor The National Woman’s Party focused its The National Woman’s Party focused its

efforts on a constitutional amendment to efforts on a constitutional amendment to attain attain whatwhat for women? for women?

Early in her career, Carrie Chapman Catt won Early in her career, Carrie Chapman Catt won the right to the right to do whatdo what at her school’s literary at her school’s literary society debatessociety debates

The King and Queen The King and Queen Surrounded by Swift NudesSurrounded by Swift Nudes by by

Marcel DuchampMarcel Duchamp

L'Affiche de Kubelick (Le L'Affiche de Kubelick (Le Violon),Violon), by Georges Braque by Georges Braque

Wisdom and Destiny Wisdom and Destiny by by Henry G. Keller Henry G. Keller

Constantin Brancusi, Constantin Brancusi, The MuseThe Muse, 1912, marble , 1912, marble