WWI 1914-1918
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Transcript of WWI 1914-1918
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WWI1914-1918
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Causes(See the Dynamite Notes)MilitarismAlliances ImperialismNationalism
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Beginning AlliancesTriple Alliance:
CentralPowers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy
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Beginning Alliances
Britain
France
Russia
Triple Entente:
Allied Powers
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Immediate CauseArchduke Francis Ferdinand, (heir to Austrian throne) was assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist
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Assassin: Gavrilo Princip
Member of the “Black Hand”
Supported Serbian Nationalism
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife some minutes before they
were assassinated
Gavrilo Princip was taken into custody after the
assassination
Austrian archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife,
Sophie, riding in an open carriage at Sarajevo shortly before their assassination,
June 28, 1914.
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Austria blamed Serbia for killing Ferdinand and declared war
Because of the alliances, “friends” joined war tooRussia –– Serbia
France and Britain join too
Germany –– Austria-Hungary
War Starts: 1914
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Because of the Alliance System, a dispute between two countries full European war
“Total War”
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Animated Map: Europe Plunges Into War
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Central Powers Austria-
Hungary Ottoman
Empire Germany Bulgaria
Allied Powers Britain France America (entered
1917) Italy – changed
sides! Russia (withdrew
1917)
VS.
Sides
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Schlieffen Plan: Germany invaded France
Goal: defeat France quickly to avoid war on two fronts
Chose to go through neutral Belgium
1st Stage: 1914-1916
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Battle of the Marne (Sept. 1914) Germans stopped 60 miles from Paris
Ended goal for quick victory on Western Front
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Both sides dug trenches trench warfare
WWI primarily fought in trenches of France
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German soldiers in their trenches near Antwerp (September 1914)
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American soldiers in their trenches
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British trench – soldier on the right is on guard, the others are resting.
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Dead bodies in a trench after an attack
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Life in the Trenches
Trench foot
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Trenches Today
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Major Theaters: Multi-Front War
Western Front – France–Trench warfare–Stalemate – no one is winning
–War of Attrition – just trying to wear down the other side
Eastern Front – Russia–Russians invade Germany on the east but are beaten back
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British entered the war:Naval blockade around Europe so Germany couldn’t get supplies
Germans started building submarines
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WWI = NEW kind of War
First industrialized war using machines
New weapons stalemate–Most deadly war to date
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1. New types of artillery (huge cannon, grenade, mortars, shrapnel)
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2. Machine guns ended frontal assault trench warfare
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3. Tanks (originally British – not as advanced as in WWII)
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4. Zeppelins (airships; used mainly for observation of troop movement)
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5. Poison gas (first used by Germans)
Poison gas attack
British troops blinded by tear gas
A soldier with mustard gas burnsVarious gas masks employed on
the Western Front during WWI
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6. Submarines (U-boats, developed and used by Germans)
German U-Boat U-Boat Crew
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United States entered the war
Russia left the war because of the Communist (Bolshevik) Revolution of 1917
2nd Stage: 1917-1918
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Sussex Pledge: Germans promised not to sink any more American ships
Why did the US enter?
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Lusitania: British passenger ship sunk by German U-boats – 128 US citizens killed
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Americans really were
carrying ammunitio
ns and supplies to Britain and the allies
on the Lusitania, despite it being a
passenger ship.
Still, the American public was outraged.
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Unrestricted German submarine warfare against neutral countries
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Ties with Great Britain–Trade and loans–Allied propaganda
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Zimmerman Note – Germany promised Mexico part of US territory if they fought with the Central Powers
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Woodrow WilsonPresident who brought the
US into the warHoped to make
this the “War toEnd All Wars”to make theworld safe fordemocracy
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US Entry More manpower, money,
and weaponsTurned the tide in favor of
AlliesEnded American
isolationism
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Wilson’s 14 Points January 1918 – Wilson’s
speech before CongressListed 14 ideas he had for
a lasting peace settlement
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First 5 points: to settle problems that caused the war
1.No secret deals between countries
2.Freedom of the seas3.No economic/trade
barriers4.Reduce arms supplies in
all countries5.Peaceful settlement of
colonial claims
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Next 8 points: to settle problems of conquered nationalities
Last point: create a League of Nations to prevent future wars
“A general association of nations” to protect countries and settle
problems
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Effects of the 14 Points
Raised morale of Allied soldiers
Encouraged Germans to surrender, knowing they would be treated fairly
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End of the WarUS troops got to Europe
in 1918 and strengthened Allies
Allies won – Central Powers surrendered
Armistice – an agreement to stop fighting until a treaty could be written–Signed on 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918
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Treaty of
Versailles
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Treaty of Versailles
Meeting held in Paris between leaders of winning countries
“Big Four”
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Big Four and Their Goals
David Lloyd George – Britain –Expand British power
–Make Germany payGeorges Clemenceau –
France –Ensure French security
–Make Germany pay
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Woodrow Wilson – US –Provide just peace
–Create better world
Vittorio Orlando – Italy –Expand Italy's European lands and empire abroad
Big Four and Their Goals
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Treaty of VersaillesBlamed Germany for WWI
(war guilt clause) Germany had to pay
reparations Payment for damages$33 billion over 30 years
League of Nations created
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Territories of defeated nations became mandates –Governed by the League of Nations until deemed ready for independence
Became “colonies” of the League
–People in mandates were angry because they wanted independence after supporting the Allies in the war
Treaty of Versailles
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German DisarmamentReduced army and navy
War industries prohibited
Problems that caused WWI and hatred still existed
Treaty of Versailles
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Organization of countries to keep world peace
US never joined because Senate votes “no” – went back to policy of isolation
Weak organizationFailed to keep dictators like Hitler down
Dissolved when WWII began
League of Nations
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Effects of WWI
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SocialAlmost 10 million soldiers
were killed and over 20 million wounded
Millions of civilians diedWorld aflame with hatred
and nationalismFamine and malnutrition
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01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000
10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS
WWI Casualties
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EconomicCost $350 billion
–Heavy taxes, inflation –Lower standards of living
International trade suffered
Russia began new socialist/ communist economic system
Economic problems 1929 depression
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PoliticalUS emerges as world
powerDynasties in Austria,
Russia, and Germany fellNew nation-states createdLeague of Nations
established to promote peace
Struggling countries dictatorships (ex: Russia)
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