WV Global Agricultural Strategy v2.4

8142019 WV Global Agricultural Strategy v24

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullwv-global-agricultural-strategy-v24 141

World Vision

Global Agricultural StrategyEdition 24

The Global Agricultural Working Groups

June 2009

DRAFT - Not for circulation



World Vision (WV) Global Agriculture StrategymdashJune 2009DRAFT- Not for circulation

Table of Contents

ACRONYMS 3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4

1 INTRODUCTION 9

11 The Global Agri-Food System and Its Sustainability 9 12 Agriculture Food Security and Child Well-being 10 13 A Truly Sustainable Agriculture 10 14 Ecological sustainability 11 15 Economic viability 11 16 Social justice and acceptability 11

2 AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE 13

21 Demographic Issues 13 22 Agricultural Productivity 15 23 Access to Infrastructure and Improved Technology 17 24 Markets - Information Linkages Value Chains 18 25 The Environment Policy 18 26 Conflict and Emergency Settings 19 27 Spiritual Context 20

3 WORLD VISION PERFORMANCE 21

31 Programming 21 32 Staff Capacity for Impact 23 33 Programme Interventions 23 34 Targeting 25

4 STRATEGIC CONTEXT - STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS(SWOR) 26

41 Strengths 26 42 Weaknesses 26 43 Opportunities 27 44 Risks 28

5 GLOBAL AGRICULTURAL STRATEGY 30

51 Alignment with existing World Vision models strategies and partners 31 52 Smallholder Agriculture DADDs (Do-Assure-Donrsquot Do) 33 53 Programming Principles 36 54 Targeted Groups 38 55 Core Interventions Related to Objectives 39

Page 2 of 41




ACRONYMS

ADP Area Development Programme

ALST Africa Livelihood Security Team

APRO Asia and the Pacific Regional Office

ARC Agricultural Research Council

ARO Africa Regional Office

AWG Agricultural Working Group

CA Conservation Agriculture

CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research

DADD Do-Assure-Donrsquot Do

DRM Disaster Risk Management

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations

HEA Humanitarian amp Emergency Affairs

HIV andAIDS

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

ICT Information and communication technology

LACRO Latin America and Caribbean Regional Office

MED Micro Enterprise Development

MEERO Middle East and Europe Regional Office

MFI Microfinance Institution

MoM Models of Ministry

NGOs Non Government Organisations

NRM Natural Resource Management

NO National Office

OPVs Open Pollinated Varieties

QPM DT Quality Protein Maize Drought Tolerant

RPO Regional Producer Organisation

SALT Slope Agriculture Land Technology

SO Support Office

SWOR Performance and Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and RisksTLA Transformed Livelihood Security

TD Transformational Development

UNDP United National Development Programme

WASH Water Sanitation and Hygiene

WV World Vision

Page 3 of 41




EXECUTIVE SUMMARYFor more than 800 million people many of whom are children there has long been a food crisis The situationdeteriorated alarmingly during the food price inflation crisis of 2008 making the plight of many of the worldrsquospoorest and most vulnerable even worse Income growth climate change high fuelenergy prices globalisationurbanisation and degradation of the natural resource base are transforming the entire global system of foodproduction marketing distribution and consumption possibly for the long-term The situation demands that

World Vision respond with a multi-faceted multi-sectoral responseProductive agriculture together with proper management of the natural resources on which it depends isessential to the well-being of children and their families To ensure that well-being is sustained agriculturalproduction needs to be ecologically sound and economically viable To ensure that all can benefit equitably italso needs to be built solidly on social justice and gender equity Such agriculture contributes to child well-being by providing a safe secure source of nutritious foods and other products by providing families withsustainable income-earning opportunities so they can adequately provide and care for their children and byminimising the adverse effects that poor agricultural activities can have on the environment

In July 2008 the Vice President responsible for Children In Ministry and Integrated Technical Teamscommissioned the World Vision (WV) Africa Region to develop and lead an agriculture working group (AWG)from across the partnership in order to develop a Partnership Global Agriculture Strategy including a DADD(Do-Assure-Donrsquot Do) for the sector

The development of this strategy is in line with WVrsquos development objectives to see communities andhouseholds resilient and secure against shocks and is a response to the ongoing global food crisis and thecontinued severe degradation of natural resources and associated agro-ecosystem processes It is in fullalignment with WVrsquos core vision of ensuring the sustained well-being of children and aims at achieving thefollowing goal

To promote ecologically-sound socially and economically viable and justsmallholder agriculture and Natural Resource Management (NRM)

practices that contribute to the well-being of children

Strategic Objectives

Following an analysis of WVrsquos landscape context past performances strengths weaknesses opportunities andrisks the AWG identified the following Strategic Objectives which will be supported by core interventions tohelp WV realise this goal

1 Promote more productive and sustainable agricultural systems

Given the fact that gains in agricultural productivity have barely exceeded population growth rates sincethe latter half of the twentieth century it is essential that productivity be a key focus of WVrsquos agriculturestrategy and that this growth is balanced with considerations for the environment social acceptability and

justice

2 Protect andor restore healthy agro-ecosystems and adjacent landscapes throughappropriate natural resource management

Productive agricultural systems rely on functioning ecosystems hence it is essential that WV protect andrestore agro-ecological systems and adjacent landscapes Appropriate soil and water conservationpractices will additionally facilitate adaptation to climate change and reduce vulnerability to climateextremes

3 Support viable markets and smallholder agricultural enterprises

Better organised and trained smallholders can increase household income and reduce farming risksthrough improved access to viable markets and through small value-adding enterprises all along the valuechain to add value to agricultural production and make it more profitable and sustainable

4 Build smallholder household resilience and capacity to manage risk in the face of shocksIn the face of little production knowledge poor soil conditions climate change and food price inflationmanaging risk will be a key attribute to sustainable smallholder agriculture Therefore it is important to

Page 4 of 41




focus on building the resilience of the agricultural ecosystem and the adaptive capacity of the householdsand communities that depend on it for all or part of their livelihood strategies

5 Advocate at all levels (local national regional international and World Vision-internal) for policies legalregulatory environments and information flows supportive of smallholder agricultural development

World vision must ensure that its own policies and budget allocation provide for adequate investment inagriculture in order to create an enabling environment for attaining food security WV will be on a morecredible footing when promoting policy change and appropriate legislation at government and internationallevels There should also be active advocacy to counteract past policies that promoted models of agriculture that were biased toward large-scale enterprises and dependent upon very high levels of external inputs and promotion of technologies in inappropriate contexts

6 Promote understanding by youth that agriculture and related activities can be profitablehonourable and provide exciting career options

The future of agriculture is intimately linked to the youthmdashthe present and future generations GivenWorld Visionrsquos strategic child focus orientation must be given to senior middle management and fieldlevel staff so they can educate and convince rural youth of the advantages of making an honourable livingfrom agriculture

The Global Agriculture Strategy supports World Visionrsquos foundational building block of an Integrated Focus Itis community-based and employs a bottom-up participatory approach involving communities in analysis designand action The proposed agriculture strategy is resolutely child-focused The six objectives above areintentionally designed to actively and directly improve the food security health nutrition and general well-being of children and their families

The strategy is aligned with and contributes to WVrsquos Models of Ministry (MoM) by ensuring a transformationalenvironment that empowers farmers communities and children and leads to healthy children living in securehouseholds in resilient communities The agriculture strategy is additionally aligned to the strategies andpolicies of other WV sectors and host governments and communities

Contextual and performance issues that influenced the formulation of the strategy

1 Demography including the different locally contextualised roles of women men youth and vulnerablegroups such as orphans minorities marginalised ethnic groups the disabled and others ruralurbanpopulation trends and migration the progressive decline of the agriculture sector the impact of HIV andAIDS especially in Africa and levels of malnutrition

2 Agricultural productivity including know-how natural resource management climatechangevariability soil depletion and deforestation and decreasing social capital

3 Access to agriculture infrastructure and technology including roads irrigation services transportcommunications research and extension

4 Markets including access to markets and market information enterprise and market development valuechain approaches and improved rural-urban linkages through upgrading agricultural value chains access tocredit and other financial services impact of world food crisis on world markets changing consumerhabits and changing patterns of international trade

5 Policy environment (global regionalnational internal) including access and rights to land (land tenure)and other productive assets international trade agreements and private sector investment

6 Conflict and emergency settings including displaced populations impacts on agricultural productionand impacts on trader routes

7 Spiritual beliefs including religious and other world views their influence on attitudes and behaviouropportunities for collaboration and social mobilisation and sources of conflict

Page 5 of 41




SWOR Analysis

A thorough SWOR (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Risks) analysis was undertaken to ensure thatthe AWG made accurate decisions when developing the goals and objectives of the strategy Some of the keypoints collated from the various regional analyses are described below A complete list can be found in Section4

StrengthsOne of World Visionrsquos greatest strengths is the community based grassroots approach the organisation useswithin the context of long-term engagements This has fostered good relations with farming and ruralcommunities governments and international partners WV is currently positioned in areas of need and isalready targeting smallholders Due to global reach and flexibility in sponsorship funding it can responddecisively to the needs of the poor Strong potential exists for cross-sectoral integration and co-ordinationwith value added by staff that has considerable capacity experience and expertise

WeaknessesAlthough agriculture is clearly one of the key sectors contributing to child well-being and the survival andnutrition of most people in the areas where World Vision is working investment in the sector has not beenproportionately significant or effective The attention given to risk management market mechanisms genderroles a youth focus and appropriate delivery models is not as strong as it could be and the lack of a commonapproach to agricultural interventions further hinders the success of projects The agriculture sector is in needof greater networking current collaboration is limited localised and without strategic intent Lessons learnedare not always communicated widely or effectively among Area Development Programmes (ADPs) acrossNational Offices (NOs) or regions Furthermore at times the free inputs and services that WV programmesoffer which do provide social protection also compromise community ownership the fiscal sustainability of services and create heavy dependency

OpportunitiesWorld Visionrsquos key focus on the well-being of children combined with the burgeoning youth populations thatexist in WVrsquos areas of implementation provide the agency with a comparative advantage for strengthening thefuture food and livelihood security of young people As a result of enduring engagements with communitiesWV additionally has a comparative advantage for tackling long-term Natural Resource Management (NRM)National and local governments are generally appreciative of support in agriculture creating opportunities for

WV to develop partnerships and relationships with agriculture policy makers Additionally the time is ripe foran agricultural focus state of the art research and technology available to incorporate into programming newfunding opportunities exist (such as agro-forestry) and increasing attention is now paid to agriculture by bothfarmers and other sectors as a result of more awareness to food price increases and climate change

RisksSome of the external conditions challenging the agriculture sector include a bias in government investmenttoward large scale commercialised and trans-national agriculture impacts of trade agreements and land tenuresystems that are not supportive of production maximisation Moreover within national contexts littleattention is given to the creation of attractive environments for private sector investment in the agricultureindustryEnvironmental conditions which threaten WV agriculture programmes include the increased frequency scaleand severity of natural disasters climate change and the loss of bio-diversity due to environmental

degradation and urbanisation which is encroaching on agricultural landSocial risks include population growth and a reduction in agricultural labour due to urban migration andrampant disease like malaria and HIV and AIDS

Core Interventions Related to Objectives

The priority list of core interventions outlined in the following paragraphs is constant throughout beingapplicable globally though needing to be adapted as necessary to local contexts The proposed interventionsencompass technical social financial economic and political aspects of agricultural development Acomprehensive list can be found in section 55

Objective 1 Promote more productive and sustainable agricultural systems will be realised through theuse of context-specific and appropriate technologies practices and delivery mechanisms such as agricultural

inputs non-chemical or integrated pest management high-value crops post-harvest handling storage andmarketing capacity building for farmers promotion of best practices and the establishment of strategic links

Page 6 of 41




Objective 2 Protect andor restore healthy agro-ecosystems and adjacent landscapes will be realisedthrough appropriate natural resource management at the community and watershed scales such asdiversification of farming systems soil conservation soil fertility management water conservation andwatershed management

Objective 3 Support viable markets and smallholder agricultural enterprises will be realised throughmarket assessments value chain analysis and development savings improved credit availability and marketaccess strengthened urbanrural linkages and rural producer organisations

Objective 4 Build smallholder household resilience and capacity to manage risk in the face of shocks will be realised through improved information infrastructure crop and livestock diversification environmentalrestoration food and grain banks crop and weather insurance and improved Microfinance Institution (MFI)services and products for agriculture linkages

Objective 5 Advocate at all levels (local national regional international and World Vision-internal)for policies and legal regulatory environments supportive of smallholder agricultural development willbe realised through support for farmer organisations collaboration with other stakeholders and theencouragement of self-regulation by target groups

Objective 6 Promote understanding by youth that agriculture and related activities are potentially profitable honourable and exciting career options will be realised by creating opportunities for educationand capacity building in activities such as formal agriculture training 4-H or young farmers clubs mass mediacampaigns and extension campaigns which engage youth and their parents in discussions and activities thatpromote the value and know-how of agriculture

Do-Assure-Donrsquot Do (DADD)

DO Assure

Promote productive and sustainableagricultural systems and supportive socialnetworks

Protect andor restore healthy agro-ecosystems

Support viable markets and smallholderagricultural enterprises

Build smallholder household resilience andcapacity to manage risk

Advocate for policies supportive of smallholder agricultural development

Promote an understanding by youth thatagriculture is a viable vocation

Build Partnerships Evaluate the sustainability of agricultural

activities Build organisational and community

understanding of the link betweensmallholder agriculture

A bottom-up participatory approacheffectively involving community members in

the process of analysis design and action Create labour opportunities Gender equity Availability of local inputs and products Linkage of agriculture productivity nutrition

and food security with child well being Appropriate inclusion of Bible-related

examples and business ethics in training Stakeholder involvement and networking in

the agricultural development process Appropriate research

Appropriate interventions in conflictdisplacement landless labourers

Access to information about conservationagriculture

Just regulatory frameworks Environmental impact studies per national and

internationally accepted guidelines A material base and soft base when

introducing agriculture productsKey Partners for Core Focus Local agriculture extension service providers agriculture universitiesand research stations at local national regional and international levels agriculture ministries localschools local community organizations (farmersrsquo organizations agricultural co-ops) businesses andmarkets UN agencies (FAO WFP IFAD) other NGOs

Page 7 of 41




ADDITIONS TO THE AGRICULTURE CORE FOCUS

Food for assets ndash are appropriate when they are targeted at helping to overcome labour constraints to

adoption of improved agricultural practices at the household or community level Biofuels ndash consider pilot projects related to smallholder (at the household level) agroforestry systemsfor food and fuel production leading to alternative energy use independence and security

Crop insurance schemes Community-based social protection and safety nets Early warning systems

PHASE DOWN AND TRANSITION ldquoDONrsquoT DOrdquo

AND EXCEPTION ONLY ACTIVITIES

Exception Only Criteria for Exception

Free distribution of agricultural inputs and assets (whennot a small component of an integrated project)

Food-for-Work

Infrastructure development (roads bridges electricpower)

Cash transfers

Loss due to disaster

Minor roads bridges where theseimprove economic and social accessto isolated communities

The full section on ldquoDOrdquo for agriculture can be found in section 52

Page 8 of 41




1 INTRODUCTION 1 Child hunger and malnutrition are unfortunately not new For more than 800 million people many of whomare children there has long been a food crisis 2 Hunger and malnutrition are the underlying causes of death of over 35 million children every year One in every four children under the age of five in the developing world isunderweight and one of every three is stunted 3 4 Rates of malnutrition are twice as high for children living inrural areas

Soaring food pricesmdashfuelled by income growth climate change high fuelenergy prices globalisationurbanisation and the production of biofuelsmdashare transforming the global agri-food system including foodproduction marketing distribution and consumption possibly for the long-term Although prices decreasedsomewhat in early 2009 increased food price volatility is expected to continue and high prices are predictedto remain above 2004 levels through at least 2015 5 In addition degradation of the natural resource base onwhich agriculture depends is compromising the earthrsquos capacity to produce food 6

World Vision as an organisation is called to respond in new ways to this recent and potentially systemicchange in the global agri-food situation The current food price crisis combined with natural resourcedegradation has both short -and long-term implications The situation demands that World Vision respondwith a multi-faceted multi-sectoral response In 2008 the Global Centre charged the Africa Region indeveloping and leading an Agricultural Working Group (AWG) from across the Partnership in order todevelop a Global Strategy on Agriculture The working group was comprised of WV staff (mainly agriculturists)from Support Offices (SO) National Offices (NO) and the four regional offices Africa (ARO) Asia and thePacific (APRO) Latin America and Caribbean (LACRO) and Middle East and Europe (MEERO) This teamconducted a contextual analysis at the NO and regional levels that characterised 1) the Landscape 2) thePerformance and 3) the Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Risks (SWOR) related to agriculturalprogrammes The AWG team then used this information to develop World Visionrsquos Global AgriculturalStrategy

This Strategy is in line with WVrsquos development objectives to see communities and households resilient andsecure against shocks and is a response to the ongoing global food crisis and to the continuing deterioration of natural resources and agro-ecosystem processes It is in accordance with WVrsquos core vision of ensuring thesustained well-being of children as well as with the first Millennium Development Goal of ldquoeradicating hungerand extreme povertyrdquo

Productive and sustainable agricultural systems together with proper management of the natural resources onwhich they depend are essential to the well-being of children and their families To ensure well-being thesesystems must be both ecologically sound and economically viable To ensure that all can benefit equitably theyalso need to be built solidly on social justice and gender equity Such an agriculture system contributes to childwell-being by providing a safe secure source of nutritious foods and other products by providing families withsustainable income-earning opportunities so they can adequately provide and care for their children and byminimising the adverse effects that inappropriate agricultural activities can have on the environment

11 The Global Agri-Food System and Its Sustainability

Rising incomes and changes in dietary patterns as well as population growth globalisation rapid technological

change and biofuels production have all resulted in progressive large-scale changes in the global agriculturaland food system The characteristics of agricultural value chainsmdashfrom input supply through productionprocessing transport wholesale and retail sales (affected by the rise of supermarkets) and final use byconsumersmdashare undergoing systemic change in many parts of the world This has had a dramatic effect onsmallholder farmers particularly in developing countries The current and probable future impacts of changingfood systems on smallholder farmers must be taken into account when developing a strategy for developmentof the sector

1 Adapted from World Visionrsquos Food Security Strategy Framework Draft August 20082 Tony Rinaudo 2008 World food crisis drawing good from bad World Vision3

Cackler and Sur (2008) presentation to the World Bank ndash CSO Roundtable 15 July 20084 UNICEF 2006 Progress for Children Accessed at httpwwwuniceforgprogressforchildren5 World Bank 2008 The global food crisis response programme at the World Bank Presentation at the Food and Energy Price

Briefing July 9 2008 by Christopher Delgado6 World Bank 2008 World Development Report

Page 9 of 41




In the face of these changes sustainably combating poverty through agricultural development is a global task with three intertwined dimensions ecological economic and social The ecological dimension concerns theconservation of a sound environment for future generations the economic dimension concerns a globaldevelopment partnership which overcomes discrimination between poor and rich countries the socialdimension considers social responsibility acceptability and justice 7

12 Agriculture Food Security and Child Well-beingThe UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) defines food security as existing when all people at alltimes have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs andfood preferences for an active and healthy life Food security is a function of availability of food the ability of people to access what food may be available and proper utilisation of food to ensure proper nutrition

Because a large number of constraints (eg poverty disease lack of purchasing power lack of rights andaccess to land and other productive resources poor nutritional practices etc) contribute to food insecurityincreased agricultural production alone cannot ensure food security and the eradication of hunger Evensustainable agriculture in itself does not guarantee food security Agricultural productivity must beaccompanied by improvements in nutrition education better environmental stewardship better access toclean water more equitable economic opportunities and just social and political systems in order forcommunities and households to achieve truly sustainable food security

While we realise that food security is no guarantee that a child will be well nourished we know that in theabsence of food security it is impossible for a family to provide adequate nourishment for their children Thatis food security is necessary but is not alone sufficient for good child nutrition

It is important to stress that food aid alone while it may address immediate food shortages also does notensure food security especially in the medium and long term Households truly food secure and economicallyresilient will not need to rely on the provision of food commodities 8

The same applies to sustainable and resilient livelihoods There is no guarantee that a household with anadequate livelihood strategy will choose to feed their children well and provide adequate health care andschooling but in the absence of livelihood security we know that the children will not do well at all Like foodsecurity livelihood security is necessary but is not alone sufficient for child well-being

Where the primary livelihood strategies involve agricultural activities for household food needs or sale to earnmoney the same principle applies a sustainable resilient ecologically sound and economically viableagricultural system is a necessary but not sufficient condition for improved child well-being While such asystem offers no guarantee of success in the absence of such agricultural system failure is guaranteed

13 A Truly Sustainable Agriculture

Historically agricultural development has been shown to be particularly effective to have a ldquospecial powerrdquo inspurring and sustaining broader economic development With few exceptionsmdashmostly small city states such asSingapore and Hong Kongmdashagricultural development has led to broader national development By extensionan indispensable component of sustainable development is a sustainable agri-food system To ensure long-termsustainability however agricultural systems must be ecologically sound economically viable and sociallyresponsible A sustainable agriculture system is one that produces little or no waste or pollution one thatcombines production and consumption needs with environmental protection one that achieves profitability byreducing economic costs (including social and environmental ldquoexternalitiesrdquo) as much as by increasing sales Asustainable just and socially responsible agriculture system not only produces plentiful high-quality food withconsideration for the environment but also meets the needs of vulnerable populations This entails ruraldevelopment in the broad sense ensuring that the rural poor have improved transport improved input andoutput market facilities and linkages improved quality of and access to information improved credit and otherfinancial services access to peaceable environments and improved opportunities for participation in planningand decision making Only when production and environmental concerns are complemented by sociallyacceptable and just approaches and methods can a truly sustainable agriculture be achieved

7 Sustainable Agriculture Information Network 2006 Sustainable agriculture A pathway out of poverty for Indiarsquos rural poor8 Tony Rinaudo 2008 World food crisis drawing good from bad World Vision

0 of 41




14 Ecological sustainability 9 10

When ecosystem processes are compromised long-term agricultural production and consequently foodsecurity are also compromised Ensuring agro-ecological sustainability leading to good agricultural productionand by consequence achieve and maintain food security requires attention to a number of considerations

Soil Improving fertility and soil structure preventing erosion by the adoption of soil and waterconservation practices and for example through reforestation livestock grazing rotation agro-forestry etc

Water Increasing soil organic matter content to raise its water holding capacity increasing wateruse efficiency through improved surface water management practices eg drip irrigation andpractices such as the use of swalesdrainage filters mulching and appropriate crop selection androtation

Biodiversity Protecting and increasing both natural and agricultural plant and animal diversityincluding soil biodiversity reducing risks inherent to mono-croppingmdashand increasing whole-systemresiliencemdashthrough multiple cropping inter-cropping and mixed cropanimal farming practices

Environmental Reducing or eliminating the effects (damage pollution ) of hazardous chemicals byensuring correct know-how and capacity for use and promoting practices such as integrated pestmanagement and integrated nutrient management

Planning Improving productivity conserving soil plant and animal biodiversity avoiding land useconflicts and expansion of farming into marginal areas preserving rural jobs working with naturalprocesses to maximise yields while restoring or even enhancing rural landscapes

Climate Reducing the impact of greenhouse gases through agricultural practices that reduce fossilfuel emissions building soil carbon and minimising methane and nitrous oxide production rationalisingthe use of energy-intensive inputs such as nitrogen fertilizers creating agricultural systems adaptedand resilient to climate variability and change reclaiming and rehabilitating marginalised lands byencouraging the planting of economically viable multi-use shrubs and small trees

15 Economic viability 11

Ensuring economic viability will require attention to

Local focus and orientation vs export Ensuring that crop and livestock production for exportdoes not compromise the need to meet domestic demand and contribute to local food security

Risk reduction Developing preparedness plans to meet foreseeable disasters eg floods droughtThis builds confidence to adopt innovations and to invest and expand agricultural activities

Linkages with MFIs Expanding and introducing innovative products where possible into the small-scale agriculture sector

Niche markets Responding to increasing demand for certified organic or other cash and nicheproducts

Profitability Improving returns to key factors of production such as land inputs credit appropriatetechnology and know-how andmdashespecially in the case of smallholdersmdashhousehold labour

Employment Giving priority to labour-intensive activities that provide rural employment tocounteract where feasible specialisation and intensive mechanisation

16 Social justice and acceptability 12

Promoting social sustainability involves consideration of

Inclusiveness Intentionally targeting marginal minority and vulnerable population groups Politics and ldquopower relationsrdquo Fostering awareness of feelings of social injustice on the part of

those who are excluded from development opportunities as well as from better-off sympathisers

9 Sustainable Agriculture Information Network2006 Sustainable agriculture A pathway out of poverty for Indiarsquos rural poor10 Rinaudo Tony 2008 World food crisis drawing good from bad World Vision11 Ibid12 Sustainable Agriculture Information Network2006 Sustainable agriculture A pathway out of poverty for Indiarsquos rural poor

Page 11 of 41




Local norms Respecting adapting to and building on local customs traditions community normstaboos etc

Traditional indigenous knowledge Acknowledging and valuing hard-won traditional know-howand innovation supplementing and leveraging it with appropriate introduction of and training onappropriate more ldquomodernrdquo and ldquoscientificrdquo knowledge

Gender Ensuring that access to opportunities resources and ownership as well allocation of andcontrol over benefits are justly and equitably shared by women and men

Broad participation Engaging the broadest feasible range of stakeholders promoting dialogue anddemocracy by empowering stakeholders to organise and speak with their own voice

Page 12 of 41




2 AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE

The purpose of a lsquoLandscape Analysisrsquo is to describe the physical social natural economic technologicaldemographic political and spiritual context of a sector in order to inform strategic decisions on effectiveapproaches to programming at the global level As might be expected the characteristics of agriculturallandscapes vary considerably across each of World Visionrsquos four regions and each National office There is

nonetheless sufficient commonality to identify key areas affecting agriculture production systems across WVrsquosareas of operation

Through its agricultural landscape analysis the AWG identified issues under several contextual areas thatinfluenced formulation of the current strategy

1 Demographic issues including the different locally contextualised roles of women men youth andvulnerable groups such as orphans minorities marginalised ethnic groups the disabled and othersruralurban population trends and migration the progressive decline of the agriculture sector theimpact of HIV and AIDS especially in Africa and levels of malnutrition

2 Agricultural productivity including know-how natural resource management and climatechangevariability soil depletion and deforestation and decreasing social capital

3 Agriculture infrastructure (roads irrigation services transport communications) and technologyand knowledge (including research and extension)

4 Markets including access to markets and market information enterprise and market developmentvalue chain approaches and improved rural-urban linkages through upgrading agricultural value chainsaccess to credit and other financial services impact of world food crisis on world markets changingconsumer habits changing patterns of international trade

5 Policy environment (global regionalnational internal) including access and rights to land (landtenure) and other productive assets international trade agreements and private sector investment

6 Conflict disaster and emergency settings including displaced populations impacts onagricultural production and impacts on trader routes

7 Spiritual beliefs including religious and other world views their influence on attitudes andbehaviour opportunities for collaboration and social mobilisation and sources of conflict

21 Demographic Issues

211 Gender and youthIt is important to begin by emphasising that ldquogenderrdquo is not synonymous with ldquowomenrdquo Gender as aconsideration important to the analysis of agricultural and food systems and to defining the agriculturallandscape in which WV works involves a critical awareness of and sensitivity to the different rolesresponsibilities and rightsmdashwhich vary from one context to anothermdashof both women and men

212 Women and female-headed households

Nevertheless smallholder agriculture in many developing countries continues to be characterised by systemsin which women perform a large proportion of food production activities while access to resources andallocation of benefits traditionally are decided by men and tend to favour men In many regions women takeprimary responsibility for ensuring household food security and assume the greatest portion of the burden of household agricultural labour According to the World Bank and other institutions 42 per cent of theeconomically active population involved in agriculture in Africa is female FAO suggests that such figures in factunderestimate womens role since there is sometimes a tendency to register women in farm households ashousewives although most carry out a wide range of agricultural activities in addition to domestic work FAOfound in a survey of nine African countries in 1996 that womens contribution to the production of foodcrops ranges from 30 per cent in Sudan to 80 per cent in the Republic of Congo with estimates for othercountries tending toward the higher end of the scale 13

13 UNDPI - lsquoAfrica Recoveryrsquo Vol 11 No 2 -- October 1997

Page 13 of 41




Increasing rates of urban migration ongoing civil conflict and outbreaks of pandemic disease have led to anincrease in the number of female-headed households in poor rural communities Almost one-third of ruralhouseholds in Africa are headed by women In Latin America more than 40 million homes depend on womenrsquoslabour for survival While not all of these households are entirely dependent on agriculture the vulnerability of female-headed households is clear 79 percent are below the poverty line 14

In many areas women are disempowered in terms of access to land and other productive assets Often theiraccess is through their husband and secure only so long as he is alive or she is married to him When womendo own land the land holding is often smaller and located in more marginal areas Women also often have lessaccess than men to credit which limits among other factors their ability to purchase seeds fertilizers andother inputs needed to adopt new farming techniques

Even where women are the main providers of agricultural labour men are often disproportionately targetedfor training by outside interventions Only 5 per cent of the resources provided through extension services inAfrica are available to women and according to the Director of the FAOs Women in Development Service -ldquoOf total extension agents at work in Africa today only 17 per cent are women 15 Few governments orNGOs have developed agricultural technologies that account for the physical economic and time constraintsof women and women are routinely under-represented as extension agents

Additional considerations are that women exhibit relatively high rates of illiteracy Women are also oftenphysically endangered andor sexually exploited in their efforts to access agricultural markets and provide for

their families

213 YouthMany parts of the developing world including many regions in which WV carries out its work areexperiencing a demographic ldquoyouth bulgerdquo Rapidly growing youth populations have implications for human andeconomic development Unemployment can be exacerbated and dependency on parents is often prolonged Inareas where educational and employment opportunities are limited poor and disaffected youth are susceptibleto despair leading in many places to increased rates of out-migration violence gang activities drug and alcoholabuse prostitution and suicide Finding or creating sources of productive employment for their burgeoningyouth populations is an increasingly high priority for many governments throughout the developing world 16

214 Rural Urban population trendsAmong the most notable global population trends and one that will have a direct and significant impact on theagricultural sector is a continuing trend of rural to urban migration Latest news on urbanisation indicates thatby 2015 it is projected that the world will be urbanised in the following manner by continent Africa 53percent Asia 54 percent Latin America and Caribbean 85 percent Europe 80 percent North America 84percent and Oceania 77 percent 17

Latin America serves as a case in point By 2010 it is expected that 79 percent of the total regional populationwill reside in urban areas and only 21 percent in rural areas If current rates of migration continue until 2015only 19 percent of the regional population will reside in rural areas In fact the intensive mechanisation andmodernisation of agriculture in some countries such as Brazil has itself contributed to this movement of people 18

Africas population is predominantly rural The urbanisation level stayed at 35 percent in 1995 Although Africa

is the lowest urbanised continent its growth rate of urbanisation is the highest Africas urban population hasbeen consistently growing above 4 percent per annum from 1950 onwards Even between 2000 and 2005 it isestimated to have grown 4 percent per annum 19

14 World Vision 2008 LACRO regional LandscapePerformance and SWOR report Elaboracion Estrategia Global deAgricultura DRAFT15 UNDPI 199716 Report of the World Summit for Social Development Copenhagen 6-12 March 1995 (United Nations publication Sales No96IV8)17 Population reports Latest news on urbanisation Volume XXX Number 4 Fall 2002 Series M Number 16 Special Topics

Published by the Population Information Programme Center for Communication Programmes The Johns Hopkins UniversityBloomberg School of Public Health 111 Market Place Suite 310 Baltimore Maryland 21202 USA18 SHelfand and GC Rezende Brazilian Agriculture in the 1990s Impact of the Policy Reforms 2001 Prepared for the XXIVInternational Conference of Agricultural Economists Berlin August 13-18 200019 UNCHS (Habitat) Tools and Statistics Unit 31 December 1999

Page 14 of 41




215 Declines in the agricultural sector Similar trends are evident in the percentage of the population employed in the agricultural sector Again LatinAmerica demonstrates trends that are seen elsewhere in the developing world In 1990 nearly 25 percent of the workforce was employed in the agricultural sector As of 2006 the proportion had declined to just over22 percent Such trends represent clear threats to both food and livelihood security as the growing number of urban poor becomes increasingly dependent on a decreasing number of farmers to ensure food security 20

216 Populations with HIV and AIDSAn estimated 225 million adults and children are made highly vulnerable to the food crisis by HIV and AIDS 21The great majority of the population in the countries most affected by HIV and AIDS live in rural areas It is tobe expected that HIV and AIDS will continue to cause serious damage to the agriculture sector in thosecountries especially in countries that rely heavily on manpower for production Among the factors are the lossof knowledge about traditional farming methods and the loss of assets that occur as key members of ruralhouseholds are struck by the disease The increasing prevalence of the virus has a direct impact on availableagricultural labour especially in southern and eastern Africa The loss of labour may lead to declines in cropvariety and to changes in cropping systems particularly a change from more labour-intensive systems to lessintensive systems Absenteeism caused by HIV-related illnesses and the loss of labour from AIDS-relateddeaths may lead to the reduction of the area of land under cultivation and to declining yields resulting inreduced food production and food insecurity Furthermore the disease has lead to an increase in theproportion of non-productive members of farming households that share the available food stocks

217 Malnutrition 22 In 1995 167 million children under five-years oldmdashalmost one-third of developing country childrenmdashweremalnourished 23 Based on recent trends in sub-Saharan Africa the percentage of underweight children isprojected by IFPRI to decline only marginally from 321 percent in 1995 to 288 percent in 2020 Thiscompares with a projected decline over the same period for all developing countries from 31percent to 184percent Recent developmental gains in reducing malnutrition are at risk of being reversed According to arecent World Bank study at least another 105 million people across the world of which 35 million will bechildren may be pushed by economic recession deeper into poverty 24 In March 2008 World Vision estimatesit was unable to feed 15 million of its food aid beneficiaries due to both inaccessibility and unavailability of staple foods The recent crisis has highlighted the vulnerability of households communities and governmentsto achieving food security particularly amongst poorer populations already affected by undernourishmentinstability HIV conflict and drought

22 Agricultural Productivity

In each of the four regions included in this review the agricultural sector (comprised of farming livestock andfisheries) continues to be a critical component of the national economy Throughout the developing worldespecially in poor agrarian countries with low levels of industrialisation agriculture accounts for a significantportion of GNP foreign exchange export earnings and the labour force In many poor nations gains inagricultural productivity have barely exceeded population growth rates since the latter half of the twentiethcentury and in some cases such as the Africa region population growth is faster than agricultural productiongrowth 25 This limited growth in the agricultural sector provides one explanation for the limited progressmade toward reducing hunger and poverty in many countries

Land degradation climate change and failings in various land tenure systems threaten land productivity in allregions The onset of HIV and AIDS in Africa has caused labour and land productivity to lag far behind otherdeveloping regions Numerous civil conflicts and the resulting large numbers of displaced populations have alsoreduced productivity Southern and Eastern Africa in particular are home to a growing number of householdsthat are chronically vulnerable to food and livelihood insecurity as a result of declining agricultural yields Inrecent years low rates of cereal production and crop yields have translated into falling per capital foodproduction In some cases 26 a significant proportion of agricultural land holdings may be left uncultivated due

20 CEPAL 2008 Anuario estadistico de America Latina y el Caribe21 The Impact of AIDS - UN Department of Economic and Social AffairsPopulation Division 200722

Adapted from World Visionrsquos Food Security Strategy Framework Draft August 200823 IFPRI 2020 Brief No6424 UN High Level Taskforce on the Global Food Crisis Comprehensive Framework for Action July 200825 Africa Agricultural Working Group 2008 Africa Agricultural Landscape Performance and SWOT DRAFT26 WV Zimbabwe 2007 Household Livelihood Security Assessment May 2007

Page 15 of 41




to lack of resources ndash labour draft power inputs and rainfall The resulting dependence on food importscomes at a time of drastic increases in food commodity and energy prices further jeopardising the short-termand long-term food security of millions of poor households throughout Africa

221 Natural resource management

Agricultural livelihoods are more dependent than any other on regular access to a healthy and diverse natural

resource base However climate change increasing population density improper management of collectiveresources inappropriate expansion into marginal environments increasing frequency and severity of naturaldisasters and limited access to water each compromise the sustainability of agricultural livelihoods in much of the developing world Population growth has forced the poor onto marginal lands to agricultural productionleading to environmental degradation greater vulnerability and increased food insecurity A lack of emphasison good soil and water conservation and appropriate management practices in some agricultural developmentefforts has only served to exacerbate this process

222 Climate change 27

Climate change will continue to have an increasing effect on agriculture worldwide This effect is likely to bemost marked in parts of the sub-tropics where annual average rainfall is declining Further it will have animpact on human health livelihood assets distribution channels as well as food production Its impacts will beboth short term resulting from more frequent and more intense extreme weather events and long termcaused by changing temperatures and precipitation patterns 28

Climate determines to a great extent which crops can grow in an agricultural ecosystem Climate change canhave both positive and negative effects on agriculture The challenge for agriculture is to adapt fast enough to achanging climate and to shift to production practices which reduce the lsquocarbon footprintrsquo of food productionIn 2000 agriculture was responsible for 14 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions from fertilizerslivestock wetland rice cultivation manure management methods and burning of savannah and agriculturalresidues each responsible for producing significant levels of methane (CH 4) Carbon dioxide (CO 2) andorNitrous oxide (N 2O) 29

The conversion of forest and grassland to agriculture is another major source of CO 2 through a 50 per centloss of soil carbon Developing countries are most likely to suffer the negative effects of climate change Accessto food in all regions may be severely compromised by climate variability and change due to reductions in theland area suitable for agriculture the length of growing seasons as well as potential yields especially in semi-arid and arid regions Rain-fed agriculture which covers 96 percent of all cultivated land in sub-Saharan Africawill be particularly affected In fact it is estimated that by the 2020s yield from rain-fed agriculture in someAfrican countries could be reduced by up to 50 per cent It is also estimated that land that is unsuitable forrain-fed agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa due to climate soil or terrain constraints may increase by 30 to 60million hectares

Heightened climate variability will also quite likely increase the risk of flooding and drought impacting themany rural areas that are dependent on rain-fed agriculture The Africa AWG noted that by 2020 between 75and 250 million people on the continent are expected to face an increase in lsquowater stressrsquo due to climatechange Agriculture through much of the world is very vulnerable to variations in weather patterns from yearto year season to season and within seasons even now 30 In most regions this trend will only be aggravated byclimate change unless a concerted effort is made to proactively build the resilience of agro-ecosystems Thereis also a serious risk to many areas that are low-lying and near the ocean due to changes in groundwater andthe potential for inundation as sea levels rise or as storms get more intense 31 The FAO states that Nationsthat have pushed for monoculture crop production for foreign markets will need to assess their own foodsecurity potential It is well established that diversified agricultural systems are more resilient and will farebetter under climate change scenarios

27 Adapted from World Business Council for Sustainable Development and International Union for Conservation of Nature July2008 Agricultural Ecosystems Facts and Trends28

FAO June 2008 Climate Change and Food Security - A Framework29 WRI 2005 lsquoNavigating the Numbersrsquo World Resources Institute Washington DC30 In part because of inadequate attention to best practice in the areas of soil conservation water management andnutrientcarbon cycles31 Ibid FAO

Page 16 of 41




223 Soil depletion and deforestation

Throughout all regions increasing population density in rural communities has led to greater pressure onagricultural land and increasing rates of soil depletion Similarly deforestation has contributed to the loss of productive soil and frequent flooding of agricultural lands In many parts of Africa extensive livestock production and increasing pastoralism have led to the deterioration of grasslands and contributed to inter-ethnic conflict related to agricultural land Many regions in Asia Latin America and the Caribbean areparticularly prone to natural disasters which can have a long-term impact on agricultural productivity inaffected areas Each of these factors contributes to a deterioration of biodiversity Continued declines in thebiodiversity of both natural areas and agro-ecological systems are likely to compromise resilience to naturaldisasters and lead to more severe and frequent pest outbreaks

224 Decreasing social capital

Increasing rates of poverty endemic diseases urban migration and conflict have had a detrimental effect onsocial capital in many developing countries Nevertheless rural communities can be helped to become muchmore resilient to these and other shocks As a result some rural agricultural communities are in fact veryhardy and resourceful characteristics that are necessary in many small farming situations Therefore it is of great importance to identify best practices in reversing the decline in social capital and in assisting ruralcommunities to become less vulnerable and more resilient This will most probably include advocating for

justice and for international solidarity with the poor countries and the poor and smallholder farmers in thesesocieties

23 Access to Infrastructure and Improved Technology

Along with the above listed constraints including the lack of access and tenure rights to productive arable landaccess to appropriate technologies and infrastructure is one of the most critical determinants of agriculturalproductivity This includes infrastructure that supports on-farm production (irrigation energy transportationpre- and post-harvest technology storage) ensures efficient trading and exchange (telecommunicationsaccessible markets) adds value to the domestic economy (agro-processing and packaging facilities) and enablesproduce to move rapidly and efficiently from farm-gate to processing facilities and on to wholesalers(transportation and bulk storage) 32

Throughout the developing world the lack of access to appropriate agricultural technologiespractices andinfrastructure has created significant disadvantages for poor rural households For example in many areas thelack of access to irrigation infrastructure improved seed and livestock breeds and affordable inputs hasseverely limited agricultural productivity throughout much of the developing world especially in Southern andEastern Africa Small-scale farmers in all four regions continue to experience significant crop losses (25-50)due to inadequate post-harvest storage facilities In Latin America recent decades have seen a substantialincrease in the use of improved seeds (including genetically modified varieties) market information systemsand agricultural machinery However each of these gains predominantly benefits large commercial producersand further erodes the competitiveness of small-scale farmers Consequently the modernisation of agriculturethroughout the region has in many cases decreased the food and livelihood security of millions of households 33

option

231 Limited investment by governmentsGovernments in developing countries have tended to give low priority to agriculture within their nationalstrategies including giving little attention to the creation of attractive environments for private investment inthe agricultural industry generally Farmersrsquo needs and the needs of agribusiness too often do not sufficientlydrive the orientation of agricultural research and extension services causing lack of relevance and impactWhile Agriculture Ministries in most developing countries support a system of agricultural extension agentsfindings suggest that such efforts are often under-staffed and are relatively ineffective at encouraging adof emerging agricultural technologies that are appropriate for the small-scale farming sector

Further governments and relevant institutions in the developed world have tended to give low priority toinvestment in the small-scale agriculture sector in developing countries especially in Africa Part of the reason

32 World Vision Africa Agricultural Working Group 2008 Africa Agricultural Landscape Performance and SWOT DRAFT33 World Vision 2008 LACRO regional LandscapePerformance and SWOR report Elaboracion Estrategia Global deAgricultura DRAFTAfrica Agricultural Working Group 2008 Africa Agricultural Landscape Performance and SWOT DRAFT

Page 17 of 41




for this is the apparent lack of success of many agriculture development programmes and projects cowith other sectors In addition International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) andInternational Monetary Fund (IMF) policies promoting structural adjustment have had a disproportional imp

mpared

actn rural people in developing countries where rural development initiatives are one of the first casualties

and

ornsaction costs and a lack of

g uplue

low prices on staple commodities making it very hard forallholder producers to sell at a profit

s in

lly

ricultural households from a state of transitory vulnerability to one

iesthe more intensive production of high value export crops such as coffee and

to

at the

food deficit African countries the cost of cereal imports was expected to soar by 74

lr

theirod these are also a welcome incentive to farmers to invest in agriculture and in increased production

e often

o

24 Markets - Information Linkages Value Chains

Efficient marketing systems and infrastructure are often unavailable andor underdeveloped in most areasgovernments often do not provide an enabling environment for the smallholder producer There is weak international trading at government and sub regional levels with sporadic collaboration with the private sect(supply and service delivery)These factors combined result in higher market trainfluence among small-scale producers within the agricultural marketing chain

Lack of knowledge of available production and marketing data and resources within the existing agriculturalmarketing chain is common Small-scale producers generally poorly educated thus have difficulty in keepinwith market trends and have very little negotiating strength within the various agricultural product vachains In addition some governments setsm

241 Access to financial servicesRural farmers generally have little or no access to financial services to support their farming operations Giventhe cost of agricultural inputs the lack of infrastructure limited access to markets and seasonal fluctuationcommodity prices the inability to obtain credit to support production threatens both food and livelihoodsecurity of millions of households over the short- and long-term The lack of access to formal credit marketsoften forces agricultural households to sell productive assets or turn to the informal credit market typicaunder highly exploitative terms Under such conditions the onset of a natural disaster or severe marketdisruptions can easily push impoverished agof chronic food and livelihood insecurity

The lack of capital impacts the majority of small-scale farmers just wanting to produce enough staple food fortheir families This constraint also prevents them from experimenting with emerging agricultural technologand practices or engaging incashew nuts among othersImpact of the world food price crisisRecent hikes in world food prices have thrown many developing countries especially net food importers ina state of market turbulence with profound social economical and political implications Since the onset of price increases for basic commodities import costs have increased significantly making it extremely difficultfor many countries to ensure access to affordable food for the entire population The FAO estimated thcost of grain imports would increase by 56 percent in 20072008 following an already significant rise in20062007 In poor andpercent in 20082009 34

The impact of rising prices on net-buyers and food-deficit households is exacerbated by decreased agriculturaproduction although there are instances where the opposite has taken place due to the attraction of highefarm-gate prices Regions with declining production are increasingly dependent on imports Currently 20percent of Africa cereal production consumption depends on imports 35 including food aid As import capacitychanges due to spiking prices food security risks are heightened However farmers generally stand to benefitfrom higher grain and oilseed prices while higher prices do present a problem for those who have to buyfo

25 The Environment Policy

Increasingly agriculture throughout the developing world is characterised by two distinct and at timescompeting sub-sectors subsistence agriculture and the export market While millions of poor householdscontinue to practice subsistence agriculture as a means of providing for household consumption they arunable to benefit from policies or economies of scale geared toward the commercial export market In

34 ICTSD (2008) Raising agricultural productivity in Africa The energy challenge 22 May 2008 35 httpwwwfaoorgdocrep010ai465eai465e07htm

Page 18 of 41




general subsistence farmers are resource-poor with low-incomes have highly fragmented and relatively smallland holdings (often less than one or two hectares) own few productive assets and live in less favoured areas

)inable production and poverty

lected in National Poverty Reduction Strategies

sents challenges in all regions Latin America however is particularly plagued with inequitable

rd a

majority of this region has inadequate

have no access to land Female-

t of growing interest in large-scale plantation-styled biofuel production enterprises

)

to

utional constraintsesulting in the low performance of the sector as a whole

ctively pursuing public-private partnerships specificallyesigned to support rural agricultural economies

-ay

route thereby increasing prices to a point where urban dwellers choose to purchase imported food in place of

with either limited agricultural potential or poor market access

Poor farmers are often placed at a disadvantage due to unequal land distribution and land tenure systemscommodity price fluctuations and input subsidies that favour large producers who mainly target agriculturalexport markets Analysis conducted by the Asia and Pacific Region Agricultural Working Group (APRO-AWGobserved that small-scale low external input agriculture with a focus on sustareduction was frequently neg

Land tenure and accessAccess to land preland distribution

Despite previous efforts at agrarian reform in Latin America land tenure remains highly skewed towarelatively small number of wealthy land owners Unequal access to land perpetuates other structuraldisadvantages faced by the rural poor especially among women and ethnic minorities Land is not the onlyresource plagued by inequitable distribution in LATIN AMERICA theaccess to needed food due to unequal distribution of available food

In contrast in the Middle East and Eastern Europe most of the population whose livelihoods are based onagriculture have access to land However many of the poorest in rural areasheaded households face particular discrimination in relation to land accessIn many parts of Africa and Asia land is held under customary land tenure system However customary landadministration is getting weak and is not being replaced by satisfactory arrangements Land appropriation (andconsequent displacement of populations with customary tenureaccess rights) by large private companies andgovernment is common and is of particular concern in lighcarbon-sequestration an

Trade agreementsInternational and regional trade agreements while purporting to invigorate national economies have in factcreated further disadvantages for small-scale farmers While some countries and regions (Central AmericaBrazil Colombia Dominican Republic) maintain direct intervention in basic grain markets (wheat maize ricethere has been a progressive transition toward the provision of integrated interventions in support of small-scale producers These include investments in plant and animal health irrigation and land certification

Among the 14 countries in the MEERO region 10 are former- communist states currently undertaking landreform 36 Despite their proximity to European markets few are members of the EU and thus are not ablebenefit from regional agricultural trade agreements Furthermore the agricultural sector in many of thesecountries remains subject to an array of policy structural technological financial and instithindering its development and r

Private sector investmentFinally low population densities remote locations and seasonally - dependent production systems makeparticipation by the private sector investment in agricultural services and infrastructure a higher risk thanother ventures As a result few governments are ad

26 Conflict and Emergency Settings

Natural and man-made emergency situations will continue to impact World Visionrsquos attempts at improvingchild well-being and household food security through agriculture Conflict and emergencies arising from sociopolitical causes often result in displaced populations not having access to land Conflict and emergencies malso render the agricultural production efforts of populations less productive even when land is availableAdditional complications include looting of water pumps as well as security problems that cause traders to re-

36 Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Bosnia Georgia Kosovo Romania Russia Serbia Montenegro and Uzbekistan

Page 19 of 41




local products 37 According to FAO during the last third of the 20 th century Africa has lost over $120 billionworth of agriculture production due to conflict 38

Sustainable peace and reduced violence has been linked to the conditions of food production anddistribution 39 If agriculture projects help construct social contexts that promote greater equity they maycontribute to deterring conflict 40

27 Spiritual Context

The spiritual beliefs of groups in the highly diverse regions will play an important role in determining theeffectiveness of World Vision agriculture programmes Spirituality may influence the adoption of techniquesand may create conflict which undermines agricultural efforts it can also often be used as a positive method of mobilisation

In some WV regions there is potential conflict between spiritual ideologies For example in Africa Christianityis the predominant faith with Muslim and animism also present Traditional and conservative farmingcommunities often take more time to initiate change due to their beliefs about how agriculture relates tospiritual powers

In other regions it is possible to mobilise the spirituality of the community to act positively in partnership

37 C Longley R Jones M Hussein Ahmed and P Audi Supporting Local Seed Systems in Southern Somalia ADevelopmental Approach to Agricultural Rehabilitation in Emergency Settings Network Paper No 115 ODI AgriculturalResearch amp Extension Network 200138

E Messner and Marc J Cohen Breaking the Links Between Conflict and Hunger in Africa 2020 Africa Conference Brief 10IFPRI 200439 Indra de Soysa and Nils P Gleditsch To Cultivate Peace Agriculture in a World of Conflict Environmental Change ampSecurity Project Report Issue 5 P15 199940 E Messner et al

Page 20 of 41




3 WORLD VISION PERFORMANCEReviewing National Office (NO) performance in the agricultural sector enables WV to set clear performancecriteria and gauge both the efficiency and effectiveness with which agricultural programmes are contributingtowards achievement of WVrsquos mission Performance assessment also plays a critical role in the continuousproject cycle informing project design and implementation as well as adding another critical component tomonitoring and evaluation

31 ProgrammingWithin the Agricultural sector World Vision is primarily working with some of the worldrsquos most vulnerablerural populations However WV programming does not always exhibit an adequate understanding of genderroles in agriculture and at times is based on inaccurate assumptions regarding the effectiveness of agriculturalextension agents Further WV quite often employs structures that run parallel to (but separate from)government initiatives

World Vision is in transition towards child-focused programming approaches where local level staff work withcommunity partners to contribute to the well-being of children This presents an opportunity to strengthenagriculture components of programming in integration with other sectors to make a vital contribution to thewell-being of children

The review carried out by the Africa sub-working group suggests that only 10 to 20 percent of communitymembers sustain the technologies promoted by lsquolead farmersrsquo beyond the life of the project Consequentlythere is a need to examine more effective approaches to promoting improved agricultural practices andtechnologies among the communities where WV works The approaches themselves may need to be examinedfor their appropriateness (eg provision of maize seed in drought prone regions) andor underlying reasonswhy appropriate approaches are not being adopted need to be understood (eg lack of land ownership may bethe real reason for low adoption rather than rejection of the approach outright)

Sometimes programmatic constraints exist within WV organisational frameworks which limit a national officersquosability to identify and promote successful interventions on a wider scale Questions such as the following needto be asked Is there adequate staff with the right qualifications Is there an appropriate gender balance of staffIs an appropriate communication and accountability structure in place for ensuring innovations areimplemented effectively Are staff members mobile enough to do the job Are people with the necessary skillsin the right positions Are incentives in place to keep good quality staff for sufficient time in the field Is there a

mechanism in place to ensure staffing levels for long-term food security projects are not compromised during ashort-term crisis

World Vision investment in agricultureAlthough agriculture is clearly one of the key sectors contributing to child well-being and the survival andnutrition of most people in the areas where WV is working investment in the sector has not beenproportionately significant

Each of the regional reviews suggests that a relatively low priority is currently given to the design and fundingof integrated long-term agricultural projects The Asia review noted that agriculture is only briefly mentionedin the two core regional strategy documents and even then it is viewed primarily as a mode (or sub-sector) of economic development rather than a vital component of family health and child well-being The LACROreview stated that of the funding directed toward agriculture-related projects most goes toward maintaining

household consumption and compensating technical consultants WV does not devote significant funding toproductive infrastructure and relatively little attention is paid to the long-term improvement of agriculturalpractices among small-scale farmers

Short project timeframes of 2-3 years do not allow sufficient time for technical implementation and supportThe Africa review suggests that ldquoagricultural projects have often been of short duration and designed withshort-term thinking Limited funding has often led to projects not being designed comprehensively focusingonly on one segment where funding is limited to this activity or donor-drivenrdquo One example is the provisionof drip irrigation kits with little consideration for accompanying agricultural extension services or follow-upfunding

Strategic collaborationIn some reg ions strategic government frameworks intersect and complement WV objectives For example inAfrica common foci of WV and government include

Support to productivity-increasing activities among smallholder farmers to increase food security Extending the area under sustainable land management and reliable water control systems and

Page 21 of 41




Improving rural infrastructure and trade related capacities to improve market access

In the Latin America and Caribbean region microfinance institutions share common objectives with WV andwhile they are capable of supplying financial resources for agricultural development currently they run parallelto agricultural activities and do not provide sufficient support

While WV has collaborated with the local government all four participating regions agree that in most casesdialogue and collaboration with local and regional governments and other stakeholders is limited localised andwithout strategic intent Advocacy efforts in support of agricultural policies that support poor ruralagricultural communities have also been limited

On the other end of the scale farmers themselves who are key actors in their own development are notalways appreciated by project staff for their role as partners They are not considered able to offer ideas inselecting and adapting innovations to local conditions or to disseminate and share these innovations withothers

World Vision has had limited connection with wider research institutions (eg Consultative Group onInternational Agricultural Research (CGIAR) universities) For example while the Africa Region developed andsigned MOUs with some of the CGIAR centers these agreements have stayed inactive or have had littleoperational impetus Any such relationship has been formed in an ad hoc manner at a local level rather than asa strategic partnership Considerable synergy between WV and such institutions is clearly possible but has notbeen advanced

Gender The conclusion of the review carried out by the MEER sub-working group corroborated by those for theother three regions was that WV agricultural programmes often tend to reflect an incomplete understandingof gender roles in agricultural production and create inadequate opportunities for gender-specific communityinputs in the design and implementation of agricultural activities On the other hand in the promotion of gender equity there is a sometimes a concern that while women could be expected by external stakeholdersto be involved in every activity related to agriculture they may not have a choice in this

Risk managementWorld Vision is currently not paying enough attention to the cause-and-effect relationships between ruralpoverty food insecurity and child malnutrition and the role of small-scale agriculture to alleviate these

conditions Rain-fed agriculture is often an inherently high-risk enterprise impacted by social economic andpolitical factors in addition to agro-climatic ones For example many current programmes do not haveappropriate information systems for market prices and climateweather conditions to help farmers managerisk In addition through promotion of biodiversity on-farm and in adjacent landscapes and throughappropriate production practices such as multiple cropping integrated pest management conservation tillageetc risk in farming operations can be significantly reduced Efforts to reverse soil degradation and improve soiland water conservation through the adoption of improved Natural Resource Management (NRM) practiceshold much promise for reducing the risks posed by climate variability and change Many countries particularlythrough grant-funded projects are making advances in this area and there are opportunities for collecting anddisseminating lessons learned

Value chain urban rural linkagesLack of adeq uate attention to market mechanisms has limited the effectiveness of some WV agricultural

programmes While farmersrsquo associations and agricultural marketing groups are supported financially andtechnically by WV the support has been limited and opportunities for value chain development linking farmergroups to input suppliers and output market traders and companies have not been adequately exploredLessons need to be shared where local initiatives have proven successful including those achieved in WorldVision supported projects in Malawi Mozambique and Angola

Limited documentation of good practicesWorld Vision is not taking enough advantage of learning from experiences Frequently good practices are notdocumented Inadequate or lack of monitoring and evaluation has caused some extension approaches to bescaled up and replicated based on assumption alone For example it is assumed that lead farmers participatingin the farmer-to-farmer approach will share information However the Africa AWG states that this has notalways been the case in practice information sharing among farmers is often limited

Peer-to-peer learningFollowing on from above while WV does include and support peer-to-peer learning in some projects themethod needs to be incorporated as an essential component of all projects as discussed in the AWG-Asia

Page 22 of 41




meeting In many instances the best person to extend new knowledge and convince fellow farmers of improved practices and technologies is the lead farmer who understood ldquothe why what and howrdquo of the newtechnology and adopted it in the first place

Limited communication and use of dataRegional programmes struggle with adequate communication and use of data and feel that networking andcommunication of lessons learned among WV offices is limited Additionally communication outreach to

participating communities is not as strong as it could be While WV offices in the Latin America and Caribbeanregion have updated information technologies systems the technology has not yet been used as a tool tosupport agriculture or farmers

Fiscal sustainability for free inputs and servicesPresently some of WVrsquos ADPs function as charitable establishments providing transfer of agricultural inputsand services for free While input transfers play a legitimate role in social protection the fiscal sustainability of ongoing free provision of inputs and services is difficult to achieve and additionally runs the risk of creatingheavy dependence In addition if services or inputs do not address farmersrsquo needs or are ineffective in theirlocal context farmers will not pay for them Programmes need to be sensitive to the fact that at manyoccasions demand and consumer-driven services canshould replace free provision of inputs and services Atthe very least care should be taken to ensure that an a priori assessment of the intervention includes anevaluation of the economic viability of the practice from the perspective of the farmer ndashregardless of the

manner of provision of the initial input

32 Staff Capacity for Impact

Perhaps as a result of the lack of priority given to agriculture there are relatively few agricultural specialistswho are actually involved in developing sectoral programmes A number of qualified agriculturalists within WVare involved in general programme management work or in another field not related to agriculture At thesame time generalists are often charged with helping to design and implement agriculture-related interventionsleading to programmes that are not particularly innovative or effective over the long-term

33 Programme Interventions

The following list provides a summary of agriculture-related interventions promoted by WV in each of the fourregions

Natural resource management (NRM)World Vision has undertaken NRM interventions including water conservation soil management organicagriculture agro-forestry aforestation reforestation sloping agriculture land technology (SALT) constructionof fish ponds and small weirs in locations prone to soil erosion etc generally with variable success Someprojects have shown promising practices in NRM interventions but there have been insufficient opportunitiesfor internal and external collaboration to enable scaling up or building organisational competenceAlternatively the AWG review found that a number of previous WV interventions have in fact contributed toenvironmental degradation eg cutting trees for brick-making and fencing This highlights the need to identifyand promote income-generating activities and sources of energy with less impact on the environment as wellas the need to promote NRM activities that provide these opportunities

IrrigationWorld Vis ion has engaged in both micro and large scale irrigation projects Unfortunately these activities areoften comparatively expensive and can typically benefit relatively few individuals Experience has also shownthat in irrigation projects mdashregardless of scalemdashit is extremely important to promote appropriate technologyand community-based management structures to ensure sustainability of investments in infrastructure and thelongevity of the infrastructure itself 41

Crop husbandry weeding pest and disease controlAlthough efforts have been made reviews acknowledge that to date WV has not been particularly effective inthe areas of crop husbandry weeding pest and disease control Part of this weakness is attributed to a

41 It is also important to consider the larger spatial and temporal context of the intervention as there are examples (notnecessarily WV) of situations where conversion of low-lying grasslands to irrigated agricultural production has eliminated criticaldry season grazing areas and made pastoralist livelihoods less viable

Page 23 of 41




reluctance of WV regional leadership to acknowledge the economic and humanitarian importance of agriculture to livelihoods Another reason that agriculture has not be as successful as it could be is because theregions and NOs have not been able to attract sufficient experienced agronomists and field technicians whoare willing to work in the communities there is also a general reluctance of agricultural communities to adoptpractices promoted by young inexperienced extension agents Another issue is that government extensionagentsrsquo training and recommendations are at times inappropriate andor out-of-date A further concern is thelimited understanding of WV of the circumstances when the promotion of the use of inorganic chemical

products is appropriate in some instances it may be appropriate to promote inorganic inputs eg where theyare readily available and where the value of increased production will pay for the initial investment as well asgive a profit and where it is not detrimental to human or environmental health Intentional capacity building onthe appropriate use and consequences of abuse of inorganic inputs must be made clear

Crop diversification and improved crop varietiesSmall scale farmers are often driven to produce the food crop most likely to contribute towards meeting thebasic food needs of their households This essential priority of many farmers often results in the adoption of alargely mono-crop system even when many farmers recognise that a mixed rotation of crops is beneficial egcereal-legume rotation Sometimes this mono-cropping has been encouraged by extension agents as beingmore ldquoproductiverdquo On the other hand there are many areas in east Africa Kenya in particular where amaize-bean intercrop is the norm

World Vision offices in Africa and Asia have had some success promoting the collective multiplication of seedbut it is not currently viewed as a sustainable practice This is according the WV Africa report in part becausethe agency has supported an lsquoartificial marketrsquo where WV is the only customer for these chosen growers of improved seed Farmers do select and keep their own seed They also exchangebarter it with theirneighbours However many do not feel that they can afford to purchase improved seed from commercialsuppliers (which do exist in parts of Africa) This is particularly true where the emphasis is on production forhousehold needs since the output is not sold to generate cash to pay for inputs However there is room forfurther efforts to link seed multiplication to the private sector WV has also made attempts to introduceadapted but previously untried crops but success has been limited in the short-term

Distribution of seeds tools and livestock Like many other NGOs WV has at times engaged in distribution of seeds and tools particularly as part of relief interventions This approach has had limited success due to a variety of factors including the

appropriateness of seeds (eg the inability of farmers to purchase expensive hybrid seeds after initialdistribution) adverse weather conditions etc WV has also engaged in livestock distributiontransfers withlimited success One key reason is that these stocking schemes are often initiated and managed by WV staff and not the targeted communities In especially food insecure areas households often do not have sufficientcrop surplus for animal feed or access to grazing lands

Post harvest storage and processingIn Africa WV has undertaken interventions in cereal banks with improved granary designs vegetable and tuberdrying and other low cost methods of preservation that can be adopted by poor farmers However theseinterventions have generally met with limited success as they have been restricted to project demonstrationsand rarely implemented for an extended duration Another reason for the lack of success is that thetechnologies promoted have often not taken into account socio-economic factors Approaches that focus on ahousehold storage model have shown better outcomes in some localities in Africa including in some WV

supported projects42

As with many other interventions there is a need to improve sustainability and promotethe scale-up of effective activities

AquacultureWorld Vision has had considerable success in this area where conditions are appropriate It has proven to be asimple affordable means of supporting both household food security and income generation requiring littletechnical capacity and relatively minimal investment However as with other moderately successful practicesfish farming has not been effectively promoted as an agricultural intervention throughout the widerorganisation

Home communal and school gardensThe popularity of home communal and school gardens to enhance food production is gathering pace in partdue to recently-arrived urban dwellers that have farming experience The relatively limited support by WV for

42 Eg Malawi smallholder food security project Chiradzulu 2001-2006 and Tete input supply and crop storage projectMozambique 1999-2002

Page 24 of 41




home gardening in the past is due in part to concentration on field cropping programmes and possibly a lack of appreciation of the contribution that home gardens can make to household food supplies throughout theyear School gardens have enjoyed mixed success Communal gardens have an important role to play in anurban setting as the percentage of people in urban areas has surpassed 50 percent globally 43

34 Targeting

Community households are not at all uniform Some are destitute other very poor others poor yet withsome potential Each of the regional reviews suggested that targeting of agricultural programmes must beappropriate for the local context and the specific type of activity being promoted Targeting only householdsthat are vulnerable to food insecurity could lead to ineffective use of limited resources Targeting also thosewith potential may mean a possible improvement in their agricultural production leading to a higher labourrequirement thereby becoming a source of employment for those who are landless and destitute Workinggroup reviews cited the following problems relevant to targeting

The impoverished consume or sell distributed seeds The most vulnerable cannot afford to take risks adopt innovative approaches or invest in new

technologies Poor urban residents are not pursuing agriculture as a principal livelihood activity

Working groups also cited the importance of considering different farmer types and the varied opportunitiesand constraints that need to be considered when determining the most appropriate agricultural activity Someof the following differences were noted

Many subsistence farmers are older less well educated and not as interested in trying newapproaches

Entrepreneurial farmers are few but have the vision and the capacity to expand production Pre-existing commercial farmers can be more profit-oriented but in some cases need assistance

43 UNDP 2008

Page 25 of 41




4 STRATEGIC CONTEXT - STRENGTHS WEAKNESSESOPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS (SWOR)SWOR analysis is undertaken in order to transform data on Landscape and Performance into information thatenables strategic decision-making A thorough SWOR analysis ensures WV makes accurate decisions whendeveloping the goals objectives and targets for a specific programme This exercise was undertaken at theNational office level and subsequently at the Regional office level the following points were collated from thevarious regional analyses

41 Strengths

Community-based grass roots approacho Good community structures provide good entry pointso Proven capacity in community mobilisation facilitation

Long-term engagement with communitieso Demonstrated commitment to issues involving social justice child protection and community

empowermento Emphasis on a Transformational Development Approacho

Good relations with farming communities Global reachscale of organisation allows WV to respond decisively

o Currently positioned in areas of needo Already targeting small holderso Highly resourced organisation with flexibility in sponsorship fundingo Ability to access non-cash resources

Strong potential for cross-sectoral integration and co-ordination in place at various levels (global regionaland national)

Good relations with governments and international partners Existence of staff with capacity Experience and expertise in

o agricultural livelihoods programmingo vocational education and youth developmento HIV and AIDS programmingo microfinance that can be directed toward improved access to credit among small-scale farmers

Some recorded best practices from previous agricultural programmes

42 Weaknesses

Lack of common approach to agricultural interventions no mainstreaming strategies Sometimes national regional and ADP level agricultural activities not synchronised or working at cross

purposes to each othero Technical focus vs institutional focus focus on inputs vs practices

Limited youth focus in agriculture An incomplete understanding of gender roles in agricultural production Inadequacy of budget for agriculture interventions

o Insufficient investmento Funding cycle is not matched to agriculture seasons and often is of relatively short-term durationo Requirement to spend budgets within the financial year is not matched to risk prone agricultural

realities (flood drought insect attack may set back projects but budgets still have to be spent) Limited co-ordination with government-sponsored agricultural initiatives other WV sectors (sector silos

WASH nutrition economic development etc) international and national agricultural researchinstitutions universities and private sector

Low prioritisation of agriculture as an advocacy issueo Weak WV agriculture-related advocacy as a result of lack of priority support

Page 26 of 41




o National advocacy tends to focus on international trade rather than local national and regionaltrade (a case of lsquorunning before one can walkrsquo)

Lack of agricultural specialists on staff lack of trained staff in some countries Knowledge management

o Failure to document and learn fully and widely from previously successful agricultural activitieso Lack of effective monitoring and evaluation on a formal or informal level

o Lack of evidence-based results Lack of national level strategy to scale up (within WV operational area) and scale out (to government and

other NGOs) successful activities that have been documented Inappropriate delivery models

o Inaccurate targeting of agricultural interventionso Minimal use of local expertiseo Limited provision of technical guidanceo Unfounded expansion of successful interventions cookie-cutter approach for scaling up

Limited experience ino promoting the technologies upon which many small-farmers dependo strengthening access to agricultural markets among the rural pooro assessing the needs of small-farmerso understanding the root causes (rather than symptoms) of food insecurity and low agricultural

productivityo assessing the impact of unfavourable agricultural policy on smallholder farmers and child well-

beingo developing market-oriented projects that are economically socially and environmentally

sustainable Not enough peer-to-peer farmer led development Poor understanding of the function that RPOs (Regional Producer Organisations) play in agriculture

development

43 Opportunities Partnership with government private sector research organisations NGOs National and local government appreciative of the support in agriculture Developing relationships with national agricultural policy makers and policy development working groups Focusing on key issues which can have impact (sustainable agriculture environmental protection basic

right to food for all proper regional and land use planning land tenure implementation of EnvironmentImpact Assessment (EIA) marketing

Developing organisational standards to build capacity in sustainable agriculture interventions Linkages with other sectors (health economic development MFI nutrition) Programming in different ecological and emergency contexts

State of the art research and technology available to incorporate into programming (water harvestingbiofuels etc) Improved and increased access to information and communication technology (ICT) and technical

databases on specific agricultural subjects New funding opportunities (eg grants) availability of funds for agroforestry Environment is ripe for agricultural focus - increasing attention paid to agriculture as a result of food price

increases and climate change Farmers ready to improve practices and additionally engage in ecologically appropriate practices that

address climate change issues Small-holder farmers are becoming better organised Emerging market opportunities for small holder farmers and potential for value added approaches growth

of urban market for diverse range of farm products Strengthening general capacity in marketing and advocacylobbying related to agriculture marketing (local

+ global)

Page 27 of 41




Large numbers of young people capable of pursuing agricultural livelihoods collaboration with others toinvolve youth in agriculture

Leverage the role of women in agriculture to advocate for more equitable participation of women inpolitical processes

Local advocacy to improve RPO leadership and management Improved peer-to-peer farmer support

World Visionrsquos comparative advantage in strengthening the livelihood security of young peopleWVrsquos key focus on the well-being of children combined with the burgeoning youth populations that exist inWVrsquos areas of implementation provide the agency with a comparative advantage for strengthening the futurefood and livelihood security of young people The proviso is that if WV maximises on its strong experience invocational education and youth development by developing an intentional strategy for collaboration with otherplayers to involve youth in agriculture and its derivatives and to support inter-generational knowledge transferyouth populations could become large economically productive populations By educating and developingspecialised work with children adolescents and youth today WV can contribute to the creation of future

jobs which will in turn transform families and communities

World Visionrsquos comparative advantage in Natural Resource ManagementWV has a comparative advantage for tackling long-term Natural Resource Management (NRM) While project

cycles are often short WV enters long-term engagements with communities through the ADP modelproviding the ministry with the opportunity to design and implement project interventions that will establishenvironmentally sustainable productive systems

Strategic partnershipsCommon ground among partners provides fertile opportunity to initiate actions that allow the sustainablemanagement of resources avoid degradation and improve current conditions For example there are highlevels of public awareness of natural resource degradation in LACR and governments are committed toaddressing this issue One strategic partnership opportunity is for WV to work with governments and otherstakeholders to establish norms of proper extraction (harvesting and replenishment) to prevent theunsustainable exploitation of natural resourcesOther strategic partnerships may combine efforts to provide credit leading to the development of credit linesthat are adapted to the needs of farmers For example in LACR microfinance institutions share commonobjectives with WV NOs and are capable of supplying financial resources for development

44 Risks

Limited government investment in agriculture bias towards large scale commercialised agriculture andtrans-national investment in agriculture

Land tenure systems not supportive of production maximisation government land use policies vs smallholder access

Lack of participation of the private sector Failure of WV leadership to understand the nature of agriculture as a sector Impact of trade agreements transnational agricultural interests manipulate national agricultural policy to

the exclusion of the rural poor Short-term memory of food crisis price fluctuations always affects agriculture production Climate change and not taking climate change sufficiently seriously Limited knowledge of the effects of climatic phenomena eg El Nintildeo and La Nintildea Inter-Tropical

Convergence Front in eastern amp southern Africa Increased frequency scale and severity of natural disasters Environmental refugees Loss of bio-diversity due to environmental degradation Urbanisation encroaching on agricultural land Inappropriate agricultural interventions increasing vulnerability in the long term Continuing modernisation of commercial agriculture further diminishes the competitiveness of smallholder

farmers Reliance on a limited range of proven practices to the detriment of crop system diversity Biofuel interventions competing for land for food crop production

Page 28 of 41




High dependence on rain-fed agriculture combined with growing a narrow range of vulnerable crops egover-reliance on maize in arid and semi-arid regions

Population growth Food aid dependency Reduction in agricultural labour due to urban migration and HIV and AIDS Inequitable access to and low quality of agricultural extension services

Exclusion of women ethnic minorities and other groups from development processes Reduced focus on child well-being outcomes Corruption lack of transparency among rural producer organisations

Page 29 of 41




5 GLOBAL AGRICULTURAL STRATEGYBy understanding our strategic context the response of other actors and World Visionrsquos strengths andweaknesses we have identified a broad goal for World Visionrsquos Agricultural sector as well as six specificobjectives to support this goal The overall goal is

To promote ecologically-sound socially and economically viableand just smallholder agriculture and Natural Resource

Management (NRM) practices that contribute to the well-beingof children

Objective 1 Promote more productive and sustainable agricultural systems

Given that gains in agricultural productivity have barely exceeded population growth rates since the latterhalf of the twentieth century and that in some cases such as the Africa region population growth is fasterthan agricultural production growth it is essential that productivity be a key focus of WVrsquos agriculturestrategy 44 Equally essential is the assurance that increased production not only generates plentiful high

quality food and economic growth but also balances this growth with considerations for the environmentand for social acceptability and justice

Objective 2 Protect andor restore healthy agro-ecosystems and adjacent landscapes throughappropriate natural resource management

All geographic regions are experiencing increasing rates of soil depletion deforestation and thedeterioration of biodiversity Continued decline of both natural areas and agro-ecological systems is likelyto further compromise resilience to natural disasters like floods and drought and lead to more severe andfrequent pest and disease outbreaks Further complicating this situation is the impact of climate changeAccess to food in all regions may be severely compromised by climate variability and change due toreductions in the land area suitable for agriculture the length of growing seasons and potential yieldsespecially in semi-arid and arid regionsProductive agricultural systems rely on functioning ecosystems hence it is essential that WV protect andrestore agro-ecological systems and adjacent landscapes Appropriate soil and water conservationpractices will additionally facilitate adaptation to climate change and reduce vulnerability to climateextremes

Objective 3 Support viable markets and smallholder agricultural enterprises

Smallholder farmers can greatly benefit by organising themselves into groups associations cooperativesetc (as is locally appropriate) allowing them to bulk their production benefit from economies of scale andincrease their negotiating power in both input and output markets This can lead to significant increases insales and profitability Better organised and trained smallholders can increase household income andreduce the weather risks that impact farming through improved access to viable markets and throughsmall value-adding enterprises all along the value chain (bulking processing packaging quality controltrading transporting etc) to make agriculture more profitable and sustainable This will enable farmers todiversify cropping activities improve returns and reduce risk in the long run Collective bargaining throughfarmer organisations strengthens individual farmerrsquos purchasing and selling power contributing toimproved returns

Objective 4 Build smallholder household resilience and capacity to manage risk in the face of shocks

In the face of poor soil conditions climate change and food price inflation managing risk will be a keyattribute of sustainable smallholder agriculture Therefore it is important to focus on building theresilience of the agricultural ecosystem and the adaptive capacity of the households and communities that

44 By the same token ADP interventions in the health sector need to seriously take into account the addressing of populationgrowth in the health strategy

Page 30 of 41




depend on it for all or part of their livelihood strategies This community-based adaption approach isparticularly important in the highly variable (and therefore risky) contexts or environments where manypoor live (ie the ecological 45 economic and social environmentscontexts)

Objective 5 Advocate at all levels for policies and legal regulatory environments supportive of smallholder agricultural development

World Vision needs to be a strong advocate for smallholders at all levels of the political spectrum 46World Vision must ensure that its own policies and budget allocation provide for adequate investment inagriculture in order to create an enabling environment for attaining food security WV will be on a morecredible footing when promoting policy change and appropriate legislation at government and internationallevels There should also be active advocacy to counteract past policies that promoted models of agriculture that were biased toward large-scale enterprises and dependent upon very high levels of external inputs and promotion of technologies in inappropriate contexts (eg hybrid seeds in countriesnot likely to be currently able to create and sustain a viable hybrid seed industry) This type of advocacyreinforces the Models of Ministry focus on just systems and structures

Objective 6 Promote understanding by youth that agriculture and related activities arepotentially profitable honourable and exciting career options

The future of agriculture is intimately linked to the youth Given World Visionrsquos strategic child focusorientation must be given at senior middle management and field levels so that WV staff can convincerural youth of the advantages of making an honourable living from agriculture This can be done throughproviding appropriate agricultural syllabi to schools forming young farmers clubs facilitating parent andyouth dialogue and assistance with succession planning

51 Alignment with existing World Vision models strategies and partners

A foundational building block of WVrsquos focus is integration Table 1 shows the primary areas of alignment andcontribution to the Models of Ministry (MoM) Table 2 highlights how the Global Agricultural Strategy alignswith the strategies and policies of the partnership other WV sectors host governments and communities

Table 1 Alignment with and contributions to World Visionrsquos Models of Ministry

MoMAlignment

Global Agriculture Strategy

Alignment Contribution

Integrated focus

Community-based Promotes ownership by communitymembers

Creates transparent and mutuallyaccountable relationships

A bottom-up participatory approachndash effectively involving communitymembers in the process of analysisdesign and action

Gender equity Local inputs and products

Child-focused Promotes productive and sustainableagricultural systems capable of improving thenutrition and well-being of children

The strategy focuses on linkingagriculture productivity nutrition andfood security to child well-being

Christian Curriculum -Bible-related examples andbusiness ethics are included in training

A transformational environment thatempowers farmerscommunities

MinistryObjectives

45 This includes aspects of climatology ndash ie both climate variability and change46 For example WV needs to be ready to advocate for the rights of smallholders against the economic and political forces thatmay tend to render them increasingly landless as pressure for access to agricultural land increases and for adoption of a modelof agriculture that tends to the large scale and a dependence on purchased inputs

Page 31 of 41




Childrenrsquos Well-being Promotes productive and sustainableagricultural systems that will contribute toimproved nutrition food security health andoverall well-being of children and theirfamilies

Child well-being is enhanced by returnsto labour opportunities createdappropriate know-how applied andincreased capacity of farmers to sustainproductive systems

Community Resilience

Community-based social protection andsafety nets

Smallholder household resilience andcapacity to manage risk is increased

Child Participation Promotes an understanding by youth thatagriculture is a viable vocation feedingpeople is honourable fulfilling and it can begood business

Youth may become active participants infamily business as they become old enoughto contribute to the work force

Future generations know how toappropriately produce food

Agricultural production is a good meansto achieve sustained livelihoods

Caring Relationships Promotes family participation and collectiveownership of the benefits of small-scaleagriculture

Focus on gender equity may enablechildren to better realise their potential

Changed Values and Lifestyles

Reinforces the significance of agricultureamong young generations

Sensitises and educates communities aboutthe necessity of protecting and restoringhealthy agro-ecosystems

Children parents and communitiesknow how to keep themselves foodsecure and healthy and how to keeptheir environments healthy

ldquoDo No Harmrdquo ethics

Access to conservation information

Just Systems and Structures

Advocates for policies supportive of smallholder agriculture development

Land tenure

No eviction or forced sale of land

No appropriation of land to engage inlarge scale mono-cropping farming thatreduces food security of households

Principle LevelChoices

Causes of Poverty Constraints to the four ecosystem processesare assessed and means of enhancing themare factored into programme activities

Response carefully aligns with theunderlying causes of food insecurity

Empowerment Advocacy through both practices andpolicies

Responses engage in policy change andinfluence as well as communityeducation and mobilisation

Multiple Ministry Linkages to strategies of other WV sectorsEconomic Development Health WASHHEA Gender Education TD Advocacy

Local regional and national agriculturaldepartments are involved and informedof progress

Page 32 of 41




Table 2 Alignment with WV (and Partner) strategies and policies

Strategies and policies Requirements for alignment

Food Security Strategy Analyse programme framework agreed from the DADDprinciples and develop guideline for project models

Economic Development Strategy Analyse cross reference and link to enterprise developmentand market access strategy

Health Strategy Link to increased agricultural production for better healthand nutrition as well as improved livelihood for children

Education Strategy SectorMinistry Policy (TD HEA Advocacy)

Childrenrsquos role as a change agent on natural resourceconservation and life skills

Agriculture recognised as a contributing factor through theentire line ministry

Gender Policy Link gender equity issue in agriculture

WASH strategy Linkages on irrigation soil and watershed management and

water harvesting storage and utilisation and other aspectsof WASH

RegionalNO strategy Analyse the regionalnational strategy to identify whereagriculture is a priority issue

Respect and align with regionalnational programme strategy

Host Government Agriculture Strategy Alignment and respect of host government agriculturestrategy for operationalisation and where necessaryadvocacy for the interests of smallholder farmers (externalto WV) (ie what if government strategy is not pro smallfarmer)

Communities of Practice Analyse and separate communities of practice on agriculturewith linkage to relevant community of practice (external toWV)

52 Smallholder Agriculture 47 DADDs (Do-Assure-Donrsquot Do)

The DADDs serves to state WVrsquos core focus within the agriculture sector and includes direction within fivecategories Do Assure Additions Exceptions and Donrsquot Do

DO

Promote productive and sustainable agricultural systems and supportive social networks

Empower farmers and communities through a transformational environment Build capacity of farmers and communities in appropriate technologies and practices Include a bottom-up participatory approach involving community members in the process of analysis

design and action Include a focus on the facilitation and capacity building of community members in agricultural methods

leadership problem solving and working together Work towards agricultural systems which are adapted and resilient to climate variability and change Create farmers clubs (for women men and youth) which facilitate learning exchange of information

experimentation pooling andor sharing of resources and labour Build into project structure formal and informal information feedback systems for trouble-shooting and

47 Agriculture includes crop and livestock production natural resource management practices agro-forestry and forestrysystems and artisanal fisheries (FAO definition)

Page 33 of 41




for early response to inevitable changes in conditions or farmer response Promote and demonstrate

o efficienteffective production technologies and systems (returns to labourinvestment)o best practiceso creative traditional and new storage and conservation technologieso home gardens

Protect andor restore healthy agro-ecosystems by

Sensitisation Internal NRM education Promoting indigenous species and varieties Promoting Integrated Pest Management practices ldquoDo No Harmrdquo assessments Organic (non-chemical) farming where feasible and practical

Facilitation of access to carbon credit opportunities

Support viable markets and smallholder agricultural enterprises

Market assessments Value chain analysis Smallholder access to equipment inputs and assets information Value added products niche markets Market linkages Collective bargaining power Development of MFI products appropriate and strategic for farmers Basic marketing and financialbusiness training Supporting RPO capacity

Build smallholder household resilience and capacity to manage risk

Risk assessment Risk management capacity building Mainstreaming of DRM Disaster sensitisation Drought cycle management Farm diversification Preparedness planning


Evidence-based advocacy Advocate for marginalised groups in order to restore their ability to plant and produce

Look at behavioural chang e to engage structures and systems that promote and perpetuate smallholderfarmer

Fair trade advocacy ldquoDo No Harmrdquo ethics

Promote an understanding by youth that agriculture is a viable vocation

Youth promotion and capacity building

Build Partnerships At various levels with relevant stakeholders

Evaluate the sustainability of agricultural activities An ex ante (prior) assessment of economic viability social acceptability and ecological sustainability

Build organisational and community understanding of the link between smallholder agriculture resilience and child well-being

Page 34 of 41




ASSURE

A bottom-up participatory approach effectively involving community members in the process of analysis design and action

Create labour opportunities Gender equity Availability of local inputs and products Linkage of agriculture productivity nutrition and food security with child well being Appropriate inclusion of Bible-related examples and business ethics in training Stakeholder involvement and networking in the agricultural development process Appropriate research Appropriate interventions in conflict displacement landless labourers Access to information about conservation agriculture Just regulatory frameworks Environmental impact studies per national and internationally accepted guidelines

A material base and soft base when introducing agriculture products


Food for assets ndash are appropriate when they are targeted at helping to overcome labour constraints toadoption of improved agricultural practices at the household or community level

Biofuels ndash consider pilot projects related to smallholder (at the household level) agroforestry systemsfor food and fuel production leading to alternative energy use independence and security

Crop insurance schemes

Community-based social protection and safety nets Early warning systems





Food-for-Work


Cash transfers

Loss due to disaster Minor roads bridges where these

improve economic and social accessto isolated communities

DONrsquoT DO

Provide direct remunerations to farmers Use paternal approaches that foster dependence

Page 35 of 41




Promote child labour

Free provision of goods Free donations

Utilisation of banned chemicals or of toxic chemicals (especially Category I and II pesticides) withoutappropriate health and environmental safeguards

ADPs do not to provide loans or revolving funds

Create dependency through poorly programmed activities and or service delivery

53 Programming Principles

When identifying appropriate responses to the current global food situation it is important to keep in mindthe underlying issues as well as both the immediate and longer term needs of affected populations Often it isthe case that an appropriate action in the present can have positive (or negative) impact on longer termoutcomes To this end lessons learned across the Partnership in relation to agriculture programming havebeen translated into a series of guiding principles of good programming practice Agriculture programmesaimed at improving child well-being and household food security should include the key programmingprinciples listed below

1) Rigorous ex ante assessment of the programmersquos potential to address the Global AgricultureStrategyrsquos goal of ecological soundness economical viability and social acceptability For the smallholdersector this assessment must include a realistic evaluation of available household labour particularlyadditional labour that may be required by women who are often already over-taxed It also needs toinclude institutional analysis of the socio-cultural context which may facilitate or constrain behaviouralchange and the adoption of improved agricultural practices at either the household or community level

2) Addressing the root causes of vulnerability and food insecurity WVrsquos agricultural response needsto carefully align with the underlying causes of vulnerability and food insecurity Constraints affecting thefour ecosystem processes (energy flows nutrient and water cycles and population dynamics) need to beassessed and means of enhancing them must be factored into programme activities Therefore it isimportant to focus on building the resilience of the agricultural ecosystem and the adaptive capacity of households and communities that depend on it for all or part of their livelihood strategies Thiscommunity-based adaptive approach is particularly important in the highly variable (and therefore risky)contexts or environments in which many poor live (ie the ecological 48 economic and socialenvironmentscontexts)

3) Organisational framework According to local social norms appropriate measures are established forsocial structures for community participation or involvement in the design and management of agriculturalprogrammes Priority will be given to community-led institutions and norms that facilitate community-leveldecision making around agriculture an example of this approach is community initiatives to widentraditional activities to include savings and credit groups Build regular structured communityWorldVision sessions into the programme structure for feedback new and mutual learning opportunitiesadjustments to plans etc

4) Flexibility and acknowledgement of agriculturersquos long-term nature The SO and NO realise thatagricultural programmes are long term by nature and because of adverse climatic or other events aremore likely to not follow logframe time lines and targets Flexibility and long-term commitment arerequired and need to be reflected in expenditure deadlines

5) Multi-sectoral integration While there is no guaranteed method of integration when promotingsustainable agriculture experience within WV has shown that if a programme deals with only a singlesector or issue or if a programme does not take into account the different dimensions of poverty in anarea outcomes are unlikely to affect root causes of poverty and therefore development impacts areunlikely to be sustainable However if multi-component or multi-sector programmes become verycomplex there is the danger that these could be difficult to implement thus a sensible balance isnecessary Interventions in this strategy framework and accompanying matrix should almost never beconsidered stand-alone or mutually exclusive

6) Aligning advocacy and programme responses WV needs to respond through both activities and

policies All components of its strategy need to include both technologypractice and policy advocacy

48 This includes aspects of climatology ndash ie both climate variability and change

Page 36 of 41




aspects Advocacy responses should lead to policy change and influence as well as community educationand mobilisation WV policies and organisational structures should facilitate the promotion monitoringevaluation and spread of promising practices in its ADPs and to the wider NGO government and privatesector communities

7) Targeting the most vulnerable Effective programming requires appropriate targeting of beneficiarieswhile being mindful that some activities such as watershed management and forest and grazingmanagement on common land require targeting the whole community Additionally the most vulnerablesegments of society are with good reason usually the most risk averse and least likely to adopt changeProgramming will need to reflect this through for example indicator-based targeting community-basedtargeting and self-targeting

8) Gender sensitivity and inclusiveness Programmes should be inclusive of both women and menpromoting equal access decision-making power and control over allocation of services Given historicaland on-going inequities and the importance of the disproportionate contribution of women tosmallholder agriculture in many parts of the developing world it is important when responding to theneeds of the smallholder sector to make women a key focus group 49 To the extent possible and asappropriate programmes should aim to have at least 50 percent female staff

9) Special focus on youth Projects and programmes should recognise the importance of makingagriculture an attractive and profitable occupation for future generations This can be communicated

through education packages in schools 4-H50

and other young farmersrsquo organisations apprenticeships andother modes of knowledge transfer and peer group reinforcing Dialogue of parents with children on theimportance of agriculture should be encouraged along with practical opportunities for the young toimplement what they have learned

10) Partnerships The scale of the food insecurity crisis is such that no one country institution ororganisation can solve it in isolation Every component of WVrsquos response needs to include detailedpartnering plans to increase the impact of activities Sustainability is more likely when local regional andeven national agricultural departments are involved and informed of progress

11) Balance of food security and cash income needs Where relevant projects should strike a balancebetween meeting direct household nutritional needs and producing income that may not necessarily leaddirectly to better household nutrition levels The balance can include home gardens effective storage andpreservation of crops preparation of nutritious meals and the particular nutritional needs of children and

of pregnant and lactating women Projects promoting crop and livestock enterprises specifically for incomegeneration should include both a well-researched marketing component and thorough assessment andorfacilitation of market opportunities as well as an economic analysis of the smallholder enterprise itself

12) Empowerment and capacity-building Unconditional provision of assistance can foster dependenceand reduce the incentive to innovate and become self-reliant Conditional assistance on the other handcan be leveraged to address some of the underlying reasons for vulnerability WV programmes must placefocus on facilitation and capacity building of community members as well as on leadership testing newinnovations problem solving and working together

13) Evidence-based interventions Programmes should clearly articulate what agricultural options areavailable to mitigate root causes their pros and cons why particular options are chosen over others andexpected impact This will require project designers to study previous relevant agricultural interventionsby WV and others in-country and from similar contexts outside the country and to articulate the

argument for the interventionrsquos likely impact14) Community participation and ownership Community ownership as indicated by commitment of

time resources and funds is established at the outset of the intervention Community involvement must

49 IFPRI 2008 lsquoHelping Women Respond to the Global Food Crisisrsquo

50 4H is a youth orga nisation with the mission of engaging youth to reach their fullest potential while advancing the field ofyouth development [1] The name represents four personal development areas of focus for the organisation head heart handsand health The 4-H motto is To make the best better while its slogan is Learn by doing (often also written as Learn to doby doing) This is taken from a c ompilation of early correspondence and publications related to Bo ys and Girls Club Workproduced by the United States Department of Agriculture

Page 37 of 41




15) Activities promoted are adequate incentive for community involvement Gaining communityacceptance and implementation without the use of incentives is a primary goal Considerations for initialactivities include the ability to give quick and early results which has the potential of further encouragingparticipation The number of new innovations introduced should be initially limited to two or three Toomany activities all at once may confuse and overwork communities and can result in little to nothing beingadopted Incentive programmes such as Food For Work (FFW) Food For Peace (FFP) Cash for Assets(CFA) and Cash for Work (CFW) will be avoided as much as is possible in most non-emergency times andcontexts An exception is when certain activities such as soil and water conservation are context-specificIn these instances labour may be a binding constraint to adoption

16) Clear sustainability and phase-outtransition plans If proposed interventions cannot be continuedby farmers once a project ends they must be modified to better meet the farmersrsquo needs and abilities tocontinue independently Free distribution of inputs or even sale of inputs to community members shouldbe avoided where there is little to no likelihood that those inputs will be available through normal marketor government channels Where possible ex ante analysis of the sustainability of proposed interventionsshould be undertaken with stakeholders

17) Strategic use of emergency relief Emergency relief when required is used to enhance pre-existing

agricultural programmes and efforts This approach ensures that relief does not undermine existingprogrammes Projects are prepared to gear up to use food or cash aid during famine through targetedFFW CFW or FFA programmes

18) Managing by results through strong monitoring and evaluation systems Apart from the normalDME process outlined by LEAP a project goes through there have been few documented impacts foragricultural interventions A baseline should always be established before project interventions andregular measurements toward progress must be made during the projectrsquos life and following phase-outMeasurements need to be done with the community and as soon as feasible should become theresponsibility of the community

19) Replication plan in place WV and the community have a plan for documenting lessons learned keyfeatures of the programme and its impact with a view to hosting andor participating in local and nationalforums to promote and replicate the work in and beyond WV

20) Staffing Agricultural projects have staff with a clear mandate to meet the set targets and who arefacilitated with adequate support (transport communications authority salary recognition prospects foradvancement within the sector etc) to do so through the project or ADP budget To the greatest extentpossible agricultural staff will not be moved during the project lifespan except for short periods whennecessary to meet other pressing needs such as filling in for ADP manager sponsorship activities or relief activities

54 Targeted Groups

Objective(s) Activities Targeted Groups

1 Productive andsustainable systems (alsoobjectives 2 below plus4 Build resilience

Appropriate agriculturalpractices

Smallholder farmers Local leaders

1 2 amp 4 Build resilienceamp 6 Promote youth)

Household foodproduction andutilisation

Smallholder farmers Women and womenrsquos groupsYouth Local leaders Vulnerable groups

1 Productive andsustainable systems (alsoobjective 3)

Post harvestmanagement andprocessing practices


Page 38 of 41




2 Protect and restoreagro-systems (alsoobjective 1)

Soil and WaterConservation

Smallholder farmers Local leaders Local governmentofficials Ministry of Agriculture Youth men and women

3 Support viablemarkets

Market and community-based input access

Women and womenrsquos groupsSmallholder farmersYouthTraders


Efficient functioning of marketing andmarketing channels

Local tradersSmallholder farmersLocal leaders and local governmentCooperatives and farmersrsquo associations

5 Advocate for policies Tenure security andaccess to land

Local institutions - formal and informalLocal and national governmentCommunitiesLandless and other vulnerable groupsGlobal advocacy

55 Core Interventions Related to Objectives

The priority list of core interventions outlined in the following paragraphs is globally applicable though shouldbe adapted as necessary to local contexts The proposed interventions encompass technical social financialeconomic and political aspects of agricultural development Note that some interventions can fit under morethan one objective Microfinance for purchase of inputs for example could fit under Objective 3 as well asunder Objective 1 and diversification of farming systems could fit under Objective 1 as well as underObjective 2 and so on


The first objective is to be realised through the use of context-specific technologies practices and deliverymechanisms Examples follow

1 Support for agricultural inputs such as for example locally-adapted improved seed fertilizers toolsor livestock ndash either as in-kind (ie provision of the goods themselves) as cash through microfinance orthrough market channels through use of vouchers The intent is to rapidly increase access to productiveinputs and expand local food production However these inputs should not generally be introduced asstand-alone interventions since they are not likely to bring about a transition to a sustainable resilientagricultural system on their own Also provision of subsidies for inputs should be limited as much aspossible to cases where recapitalisation of assets is needed and markets are not functioning properly as inrelief or post-emergency settings In any event provisions or subsidies that distort markets or suppresstheir development should be avoided

2 Support non-chemical or integrated pest management - These are pest management approacheswhich build on a variety of complementary strategies including mechanical and physical devices (eg traps)biological cultural and only in exceptional cases chemical management These are ecological approachesthat aim to significantly reduce or eliminate the use of pesticides while at the same time managing pestinfestation

3 Support high-value crops where marketing links are favourable and with partner support forintensification of production and marketing (eg vegetables fruits spices herbs medicinal plants)

4 Support post-harvest handling storage and marketing ndash Improve post harvest handling storagepractices value-added processing and infrastructure Such interventions aim to make more food availablefor consumption andor for sale to generate income

5 Build capacity of farmers and promote best practices - Provide small and medium scale farmerswith technical training on context-specific technologies that increase their abilities to farm sustainablyPromote learning from experiencemdashof WV and othersmdashby documenting best practices

6 Establishing strategic links to help all stakeholders meet these objectives will increase the likelihood of sustainable solutions Collaboration will go beyond training to include aspects such as participation in andadoption of government agricultural plans at national and district levels creation of complementary budgetallocations for agricultural initiatives and linkages to research institutions and extension services

Page 39 of 41




Objective 2 Protect andor restore healthy agro-ecosystems and adjacent landscapes

This objective will be realized through appropriate natural resource management at the community andwatershed levels These are critical for reducing vulnerability and increasing resilience of agricultural systems atall scales Examples follow

1 Diversification of farming systems ndash Integration of crops livestock and trees in the farming systemIntegrated croplivestock systems are intended to maximise on-farm nutrient cycling Examples include

improved multiple or inter-cropping systems agroforestry and silvopastoral systems and variousintegrated crop-livestock systems They help provide households and communities with a more stablesupply of staple food crops as well as nutrient-dense animal foods Appropriate diversification of farmingsystems promotes adaptation to climate change and reduced vulnerability to climate extremes

2 Soil and water conservationmanagement ndash This groups two closely related areas for action Goodstewardship of soil and water resources contributes to reduced vulnerability to external shocks andincreased resilience of the agricultural ecosystem ndash especially but not exclusively in light of concernsabout adaptation to climate change and variability Soil and soil fertility management includes many practices that maintain andor improve the

quality or health of the soil resource such as enhanced rotations with leguminous cover cropsenhanced residue management mulching green manures return of manure and compost to the landcontour planting progressive terracing to increase water infiltration and reduce rainwater run-off

facilitating community selection of crops and crop varieties adapted to the expected range of climaticconditions timely crop husbandry including tillage and seedingplanting minimumno tillage and otherldquoconservation farmingrdquo practices

Water and watershed management includeso Improved surface water management for agriculture Emphasis is placed on improved affordable

water management and increased agricultural water use efficiency through the use of waterharvesting systems human-powered pumps drip irrigation and permaculture practicesincluding digging swalesfilter drains and use of mulch

o Improved groundwater recharge through management of surface water crop residues treesand ground cover as well as educational and protection efforts to maintain and restoreagriculturally important water soil and biodiversity resources

o Support of water user associations that manage water catchment areas regulate the fair

distribution of available water resources and organise management issues in a participativeand transparent manner


This objective will be realised through

1 Market assessments - Market assessments will help WV to better support high value crops thatincrease household income Monitoring of input and commodity price fluctuations will assess the potentialimpact of prices on the food security of the various groups at different economic levels

2 Value chain analysis and development - The potential for agro-processing and value adding formspart of the rationale for the design of agricultural support and cluster promotion These measures

encourage smallholders and the informal and formal private sectors to establish associated enterprises andthereby increase the number of jobs and household income Examples include washing of vegetables andputting them into packets and the production of packaged chili and paprika powders through theestablishment of drying and milling facilities Equally important will be increased technical assistance forfarmersrsquo associations and agricultural marketing groups to strengthen the bargaining positions of small-scale producers in the value chain Support will identify the potential for create andor build uponcompetitive advantage without creating dependencies on WV

3 Improved savings credit and market access - Marketing services are essential to the expansion of rural micro-enterprises The provision of savings and credit must be closely integrated with agriculturalservices

4 Strengthening urban rural linkages - The growing urban market provides considerable prospects fora diverse range of farm products Rural programming responses that assist market functioning throughimproving productivity establishing storage facilities and markettransportation infrastructure andadvocating for trade policy changes and food price volatility reduction measures will improve theavailability of food in urban contexts

Page 40 of 41




5 Rural Producer Organisations (RPOs) ndash an improved understanding of the role RPOs play inagricultural development

Objective 4 Build smallholder household resilience and capacity to manage risk in the faceof shocks

This objective will be realised through1 Improved information infrastructure This includes market prices and climate conditions which will

help farmers manage risk Training farmers on access and productive use of information andcommunication technologies that are already installed within their territory will strengthen these risk management efforts

2 Crop and livestock diversification Promote agricultural system diversity which is essential to makingsmallholder production systems more resilient and thus more sustainable as well as making ruralhouseholds more food secure over time However the number of different agriculture enterprises thatany one farm household adopts must be kept to manageable levels

3 Environmental restoration Ensure that communities have access to wild foods forages and forestresources and that soil fertility and water sources are maintained These measures also enhance resilienceto shocks

4 Food and grain banks Strengthen local food crop reserves to improve and ensure food security athousehold and community level 5 Crop and weather insurance - Promote development of insurance products against extreme weather

conditions that can severely depress yields or cause total crop failure eg drought hail cyclones etc 6 Improved MFI-for-agriculture linkages ndash Link agricultural interventions that require substantial initial

andor recurrent investment to microfinance interventions

Objective 5 Advocate at all levels (local national regional international and World Vision-internal) for policies and legal regulatory environments supportive of smallholder agricultural development

World Visionrsquos focus in advocacy will include the rights of youth women marginalvulnerable groups landtenure subsidies and tariffs conflict resolution and fair trade policies Also included will be the counteractionof policies that undervalue and undermine the small-scale farming sector (eg policies that promote a model of agriculture that favours large-scale commercial farming at the expense of smallholder farmers)

Encourage self-regulation of target groups by facilitating capacity building for stakeholder organisations

Collaborate with other relevant stakeholders to strengthen the peoplersquos voice and to coordinate theimplementation of new strategies

Support farmer organisations that play a key role in empowering farmers and in negotiating withgovernment on their membersrsquo behalf for services and support Farmer organisations are key partners with thegovernment in achieving national targets and ensuring that development activities fulfill local needs

Objective 6 Promote understanding by youth that agriculture and related activities are potentially profitable honourable and exciting career options

The opportunities for youth involvement in agriculture will be emphasised through education and capacitybuilding Examples include

Formal agricultural training in school 4-H or young farmers clubs Mass media campaigns Extension campaigns targeting youth Engaging youth in special and relevant hands-on Income Generating Activities (IGA) Engaging parents in discussions on the value of agriculture




Table of Contents

ACRONYMS 3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4

1 INTRODUCTION 9

11 The Global Agri-Food System and Its Sustainability 9 12 Agriculture Food Security and Child Well-being 10 13 A Truly Sustainable Agriculture 10 14 Ecological sustainability 11 15 Economic viability 11 16 Social justice and acceptability 11

2 AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE 13

21 Demographic Issues 13 22 Agricultural Productivity 15 23 Access to Infrastructure and Improved Technology 17 24 Markets - Information Linkages Value Chains 18 25 The Environment Policy 18 26 Conflict and Emergency Settings 19 27 Spiritual Context 20

3 WORLD VISION PERFORMANCE 21

31 Programming 21 32 Staff Capacity for Impact 23 33 Programme Interventions 23 34 Targeting 25

4 STRATEGIC CONTEXT - STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS(SWOR) 26

41 Strengths 26 42 Weaknesses 26 43 Opportunities 27 44 Risks 28

5 GLOBAL AGRICULTURAL STRATEGY 30

51 Alignment with existing World Vision models strategies and partners 31 52 Smallholder Agriculture DADDs (Do-Assure-Donrsquot Do) 33 53 Programming Principles 36 54 Targeted Groups 38 55 Core Interventions Related to Objectives 39

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ACRONYMS














HIV andAIDS










NO National Office





SO Support Office





WV World Vision

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justice






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SWOR Analysis












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DO Assure




















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Food-for-Work


Cash transfers




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41 Strengths










42 Weaknesses








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development









+ global)

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44 Risks







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MoMAlignment



Integrated focus









MinistryObjectives


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Land tenure










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DO







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ASSURE













Food-for-Work


Cash transfers



DONrsquoT DO


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54 Targeted Groups











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ACRONYMS














HIV andAIDS










NO National Office





SO Support Office





WV World Vision

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justice






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SWOR Analysis












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DO Assure




















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Food-for-Work


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44 Risks







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MoMAlignment



Integrated focus









MinistryObjectives


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Land tenure










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DO







Page 33 of 41






















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ASSURE













Food-for-Work


Cash transfers



DONrsquoT DO


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54 Targeted Groups











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justice






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Food-for-Work


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43 UNDP 2008

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development









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MoMAlignment



Integrated focus









MinistryObjectives


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ASSURE













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Integrated focus









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development









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MoMAlignment



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DO







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ASSURE













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development









+ global)

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44 Risks







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MoMAlignment



Integrated focus









MinistryObjectives


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Land tenure










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DO







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ASSURE













Food-for-Work


Cash transfers



DONrsquoT DO


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54 Targeted Groups











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34 Targeting







43 UNDP 2008

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41 Strengths










42 Weaknesses








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development









+ global)

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44 Risks







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MoMAlignment



Integrated focus









MinistryObjectives


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Land tenure










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DO







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ASSURE













Food-for-Work


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54 Targeted Groups











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34 Targeting







43 UNDP 2008

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41 Strengths










42 Weaknesses








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development









+ global)

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44 Risks







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MoMAlignment



Integrated focus









MinistryObjectives


Page 31 of 41























Land tenure










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DO







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ASSURE













Food-for-Work


Cash transfers



DONrsquoT DO


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54 Targeted Groups











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of 41
















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34 Targeting







43 UNDP 2008

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41 Strengths










42 Weaknesses








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development









+ global)

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44 Risks







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MoMAlignment



Integrated focus









MinistryObjectives


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Land tenure










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DO







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ASSURE













Food-for-Work


Cash transfers



DONrsquoT DO


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54 Targeted Groups











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34 Targeting







43 UNDP 2008

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41 Strengths










42 Weaknesses








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development









+ global)

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44 Risks







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Page 30 of 41












MoMAlignment



Integrated focus









MinistryObjectives


Page 31 of 41























Land tenure










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DO







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ASSURE













Food-for-Work


Cash transfers



DONrsquoT DO


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54 Targeted Groups











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of 41

















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34 Targeting







43 UNDP 2008

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41 Strengths










42 Weaknesses








Page 26 of 41














development









+ global)

Page 27 of 41












44 Risks







Page 28 of 41







Page 29 of 41

















Page 30 of 41












MoMAlignment



Integrated focus









MinistryObjectives


Page 31 of 41























Land tenure










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DO







Page 33 of 41






















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ASSURE













Food-for-Work


Cash transfers



DONrsquoT DO


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54 Targeted Groups











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of 41
















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34 Targeting







43 UNDP 2008

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41 Strengths










42 Weaknesses








Page 26 of 41














development









+ global)

Page 27 of 41












44 Risks







Page 28 of 41







Page 29 of 41

















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MoMAlignment



Integrated focus









MinistryObjectives


Page 31 of 41























Land tenure










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DO







Page 33 of 41






















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ASSURE













Food-for-Work


Cash transfers



DONrsquoT DO


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54 Targeted Groups











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of 41





34 Targeting







43 UNDP 2008

Page 25 of 41





41 Strengths










42 Weaknesses








Page 26 of 41














development









+ global)

Page 27 of 41












44 Risks







Page 28 of 41







Page 29 of 41

















Page 30 of 41












MoMAlignment



Integrated focus









MinistryObjectives


Page 31 of 41























Land tenure










Page 32 of 41





















DO







Page 33 of 41






















Page 34 of 41




ASSURE













Food-for-Work


Cash transfers



DONrsquoT DO


Page 35 of 41



















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Page 37 of 41











54 Targeted Groups











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34 Targeting







43 UNDP 2008

of 41





41 Strengths










42 Weaknesses








Page 26 of 41














development









+ global)

Page 27 of 41












44 Risks







Page 28 of 41







Page 29 of 41

















Page 30 of 41












MoMAlignment



Integrated focus









MinistryObjectives


Page 31 of 41























Land tenure










Page 32 of 41





















DO







Page 33 of 41






















Page 34 of 41




ASSURE













Food-for-Work


Cash transfers



DONrsquoT DO


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54 Targeted Groups











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41 Strengths










42 Weaknesses








of 41














development









+ global)

Page 27 of 41












44 Risks







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MoMAlignment



Integrated focus









MinistryObjectives


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Land tenure










Page 32 of 41





















DO







Page 33 of 41






















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ASSURE













Food-for-Work


Cash transfers



DONrsquoT DO


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54 Targeted Groups











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development









+ global)

of 41












44 Risks







Page 28 of 41







Page 29 of 41

















Page 30 of 41












MoMAlignment



Integrated focus









MinistryObjectives


Page 31 of 41























Land tenure










Page 32 of 41





















DO







Page 33 of 41






















Page 34 of 41




ASSURE













Food-for-Work


Cash transfers



DONrsquoT DO


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54 Targeted Groups











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44 Risks







of 41







Page 29 of 41

















Page 30 of 41












MoMAlignment



Integrated focus









MinistryObjectives


Page 31 of 41























Land tenure










Page 32 of 41





















DO







Page 33 of 41






















Page 34 of 41




ASSURE













Food-for-Work


Cash transfers



DONrsquoT DO


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54 Targeted Groups











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of 41

















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MoMAlignment



Integrated focus









MinistryObjectives


Page 31 of 41























Land tenure










Page 32 of 41





















DO







Page 33 of 41






















Page 34 of 41




ASSURE













Food-for-Work


Cash transfers



DONrsquoT DO


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54 Targeted Groups











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of 41












MoMAlignment



Integrated focus









MinistryObjectives


Page 31 of 41























Land tenure










Page 32 of 41





















DO







Page 33 of 41






















Page 34 of 41




ASSURE













Food-for-Work


Cash transfers



DONrsquoT DO


Page 35 of 41



















Page 36 of 41



















Page 37 of 41











54 Targeted Groups











Page 38 of 41

























Page 39 of 41























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MoMAlignment



Integrated focus









MinistryObjectives


of 41























Land tenure










Page 32 of 41





















DO







Page 33 of 41






















Page 34 of 41




ASSURE













Food-for-Work


Cash transfers



DONrsquoT DO


Page 35 of 41



















Page 36 of 41



















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54 Targeted Groups











Page 38 of 41

























Page 39 of 41























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Land tenure










of 41





















DO







Page 33 of 41






















Page 34 of 41




ASSURE













Food-for-Work


Cash transfers



DONrsquoT DO


Page 35 of 41



















Page 36 of 41



















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54 Targeted Groups











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DO







of 41






















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ASSURE













Food-for-Work


Cash transfers



DONrsquoT DO


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Page 36 of 41



















Page 37 of 41











54 Targeted Groups











Page 38 of 41

























Page 39 of 41























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of 41




ASSURE













Food-for-Work


Cash transfers



DONrsquoT DO


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54 Targeted Groups











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ASSURE













Food-for-Work


Cash transfers



DONrsquoT DO


of 41



















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54 Targeted Groups











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of 41



















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54 Targeted Groups











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WV Global Agricultural Strategy v2.4

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Transcript of WV Global Agricultural Strategy v2.4