World War I The Great War Starts: August, 1914 Ends: November, 1918 25 million people lost their...
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Transcript of World War I The Great War Starts: August, 1914 Ends: November, 1918 25 million people lost their...
World War IWorld War IThe Great WarThe Great War
StartsStarts: August, 1914: August, 1914EndsEnds: November, 1918: November, 1918
25 million people lost 25 million people lost their livestheir lives
WWI quotes...WWI quotes...
““The war to end all wars”The war to end all wars”- Woodrow Wilson- Woodrow Wilson
–““The war fought to make the The war fought to make the world safe for democracy”world safe for democracy”-- Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson
Important dates for Important dates for WW I.WW I.
June, 1914June, 1914 --The Archduke Franz The Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinatedFerdinand is assassinated
August, 1914August, 1914 - World War I starts - World War I startsMarch, 1917- March, 1917- Russian RevolutionRussian RevolutionApril, 1917April, 1917 - - U.S. enters the warU.S. enters the warNov, 1918Nov, 1918 - The armistice - The armistice
(Cease-fire)(Cease-fire)
Essential Questions:Essential Questions: 1. What were the causes of WWI?1. What were the causes of WWI? 2. How did the US respond?2. How did the US respond? 3. Why did the US eventually declare 3. Why did the US eventually declare
war?war? 4. How did the US mobilize for the war?4. How did the US mobilize for the war? 5. What was Wilson’s vision for a post 5. What was Wilson’s vision for a post
war world? Which ideas were included in war world? Which ideas were included in the Treaty of Versailles?the Treaty of Versailles?
6. What effects did US involvement have 6. What effects did US involvement have at home?at home?
7.What repressive actions by the gov. 7.What repressive actions by the gov. were taken during the war?were taken during the war?
The The M.A.I.N.M.A.I.N. causes of causes of WWIWWI......
MMilitarism…Weaponsilitarism…Weapons
AAlliances…Secretlliances…Secret
IImperialism…Economicmperialism…EconomicNNationalism…Prideationalism…Pride
June, 1914 -June, 1914 - “The torch that set “The torch that set the world afire with war”...the world afire with war”...
Archduke Franz Archduke Franz FerdinandFerdinand heir to heir to the Austro-the Austro-Hungarian Hungarian Empire is Empire is assassinated in assassinated in Sarajevo, BosniaSarajevo, Bosnia
The assassin…The assassin…
Gavrilo PrincipGavrilo PrincipA Serbian A Serbian
nationalist nationalist trained in Serbiatrained in Serbia
The “Black The “Black Hand”…Hand”…
The chain of eventsThe chain of events……AFF assassinated in BosniaAFF assassinated in BosniaAH blames SerbiaAH blames SerbiaAH makes harsh demands of AH makes harsh demands of
SerbiaSerbiaAH asks Germany for AH asks Germany for
supportsupportcontinued >>>continued >>>
The chain of events...The chain of events...
Germany responds with Germany responds with the the “blank check”“blank check” … …
Russia is allied with SerbiaRussia is allied with Serbia and mobilizesand mobilizes
Fearing a two front war Fearing a two front war Germany launches a planGermany launches a plan
The Von Schlieffen PlanThe Von Schlieffen PlanGermany’s plan was to Germany’s plan was to hold the line against hold the line against Russia (Dec. of War)Russia (Dec. of War)
Germany was then to Germany was then to attack Franceattack France
Germany marches through Germany marches through Belgium which brings Belgium which brings Great Britain into the warGreat Britain into the war
Central Powers v. Central Powers v. Allied Powers Allied Powers
Austro-Austro-Hungarian Hungarian EmpireEmpire
GermanyGermanyOttoman Ottoman
EmpireEmpire
RussiaRussiaSerbiaSerbiaBelgiumBelgiumFranceFranceGreat BritainGreat BritainItalyItalyJapanJapanUnited StatesUnited States
America’s responseAmerica’s response……
President Wilson’s message…President Wilson’s message…Preparedness Movement-Preparedness Movement- US should US should
be ready for anything (Civilian be ready for anything (Civilian Training)Training)
Factors encouraging American Factors encouraging American sympathy for the Allies – sympathy for the Allies – Trade, Trade, Money in Loans, and Cultural TiesMoney in Loans, and Cultural TiesEx. Great BritainEx. Great Britain
Why did some Americans support Why did some Americans support Germany?…Germany?…
America’s response…America’s response… The factors encouraging The factors encouraging
contempt for Germany…contempt for Germany…
–Allied PropagandaAllied Propaganda
–Cutting of the Trans- Atlantic Cutting of the Trans- Atlantic Cable by Great BritainCable by Great Britain
–They were an Autocracy under They were an Autocracy under Kaiser Wilhelm IIKaiser Wilhelm II
Violation of Violation of “freedom of the seas”“freedom of the seas”
Germany’s violation of Germany’s violation of “freedom of the seas” “freedom of the seas”
U-Boat blockade of GBU-Boat blockade of GB Great Britain’s violation of Great Britain’s violation of
“freedom of seas”“freedom of seas”GB blockade of GermanyGB blockade of Germany
““Unrestricted Unrestricted Submarine Warfare”...Submarine Warfare”...
• The sinking of the Lusitania The sinking of the Lusitania May, 1915…May, 1915…
• The Uncivilized U-BoatsThe Uncivilized U-Boats
Wilson’s diplomatic Wilson’s diplomatic response…Harsh Wordsresponse…Harsh Words
The election of 1916The election of 1916 Woodrow Wilson (D) vs Woodrow Wilson (D) vs
Charles Evan Hughes (R)Charles Evan Hughes (R)Wilson has pushed for US Wilson has pushed for US
neutrality, but were we neutral?neutrality, but were we neutral?
“ “He kept us out of war”He kept us out of war”Wilson Wins!Wilson Wins!
Reasons for American Reasons for American entry into WW Ientry into WW I … …
Germany Resumes Germany Resumes Unrestricted Submarine Unrestricted Submarine Warfare...Warfare...
The Zimmerman NoteThe Zimmerman Note (March,1917) German Letter to (March,1917) German Letter to MexicoMexico
The Russian RevolutionThe Russian Revolution (1917)(1917)
The Russian government The Russian government under Tsar Nicholas…under Tsar Nicholas…
Bolshevik Revolution (March, Bolshevik Revolution (March, 1917)... Reds1917)... Reds
Alexander Kerensky...WhitesAlexander Kerensky...WhitesLenin, Stalin and Trotsky Lenin, Stalin and Trotsky
(Nov, 1917)...(Nov, 1917)...
President Wilson delivers his War President Wilson delivers his War Message to Congress April 2, 1917Message to Congress April 2, 1917
The U.S. Declares WarThe U.S. Declares WarApril 6, 1917April 6, 1917
President Wilson requests a President Wilson requests a declaration of wardeclaration of war–Senate approves 82 - 6 to Senate approves 82 - 6 to
declare wardeclare war–The House votes 373 - 50 to The House votes 373 - 50 to
declare wardeclare war
Raising the ManpowerRaising the Manpower““Woefully unprepared”… Woefully unprepared”… The Selective Service Act- DraftThe Selective Service Act- DraftAmerican Expeditionary Force American Expeditionary Force
(AEF)(AEF) “ “Doughboys”- US Troops Doughboys”- US Troops
nicknamenickname General John Pershing led the General John Pershing led the
AEFAEF
WWI: WWI: African AmericansAfrican Americans
Many were forced to work Many were forced to work behind the lines jobsbehind the lines jobs
The 369The 369thth Harlem Hellfighters Harlem Hellfighters fought with the Frenchfought with the French
US Troops were segregated US Troops were segregated black and whiteblack and white
Alvin YorkAlvin York Conscientious Conscientious
ObjectorObjectorMeuse-Meuse-
ArgonneArgonneKilled 25 Killed 25
GermansGermansWith help With help
captured 32 captured 32 moremore
Fighting on the western front Fighting on the western front 1914 to 1917...1914 to 1917...
““the most gigantic, the most gigantic, tenacious, grim, tenacious, grim, futile and bloody futile and bloody fight ever waged in fight ever waged in the history of war.”…the history of war.”… David Lloyd GeorgeDavid Lloyd George
The Western Front The Western Front FranceFrance
Trench- WarfareTrench- WarfareNo man’s landNo man’s landStalemateStalemateNew and more New and more powerful weaponspowerful weapons
Significant battles… Significant battles… US InvolvementUS Involvement
Chateau ThierryChateau ThierryBelleau WoodBelleau WoodMueuse-ArgonneMueuse-ArgonneVerdunVerdun
Fighting the war on the Fighting the war on the eastern front (Russia)eastern front (Russia)
What were the results of What were the results of fighting on the eastern front fighting on the eastern front between 1914 and 1917?…between 1914 and 1917?…
Russia exits under Lenin Russia exits under Lenin when the USSR is establishedwhen the USSR is established
Allied Powers: Mobilization, Allied Powers: Mobilization, Dead, Wounded & CasualtiesDead, Wounded & Casualties
CountryCountry DeadDead Tot. Casual./ % ofTot. Casual./ % of
MobilizedMobilized WoundedWounded
RussiaRussia 12m 1.7m 5.0m 9.2m/ 76% 12m 1.7m 5.0m 9.2m/ 76%
FranceFrance 8.4m 1.4m 4.3m 6.2m/ 73% 8.4m 1.4m 4.3m 6.2m/ 73%
BritainBritain 8.9m 900k 2.1m 3.2m/ 36% 8.9m 900k 2.1m 3.2m/ 36%
ItalyItaly 5.6m 650k 947k 2.2m/ 39% 5.6m 650k 947k 2.2m/ 39%
USAUSA 4.4m 126k 234k 350k/ 8% 4.4m 126k 234k 350k/ 8%
Central Powers Mobilization, Central Powers Mobilization, Dead, Wounded & CasualtiesDead, Wounded & Casualties
CountryCountry DeadDead Tot. Casual./ % Tot. Casual./ %
MobilizedMobilized WoundedWounded
Germany Germany 12M 1.7m 4.2m12M 1.7m 4.2m
Aust-HAust-H 7.8m 1.2m 3.6m 7m/ 90% 7.8m 1.2m 3.6m 7m/ 90%
TurkeyTurkey 2.8m 325k 400k 1m/ 34% 2.8m 325k 400k 1m/ 34%
BulgariaBulgaria 1.2m 87.5k 152k 267k/ 1.2m 87.5k 152k 267k/ 22%22%
Mobilizing hearts and Mobilizing hearts and minds with propaganda…minds with propaganda…
George CreelGeorge Creel head of the CPI head of the CPI
Committee for Public Information Committee for Public Information (CPI)…(CPI)…US Gov. PropagandaUS Gov. Propaganda
Various “Creel Committee” Various “Creel Committee” techniques…techniques…
Anti –German hysteria…Anti –German hysteria…No German in schoolsNo German in schoolsIncreased alien hostilityIncreased alien hostilityGerman books & music are German books & music are
bannedbannedName changes…Name changes…
–Sauerkraut…Sauerkraut…
–Dauschund…Dauschund…
–Hamburger…Hamburger…
–Frankfurter…Frankfurter…
WW I:WW I:Raising the MoneyRaising the Money
WWI will cost $35 billionWWI will cost $35 billionMoney was raised two Money was raised two ways:1.)Increase in ways:1.)Increase in Taxes and…Taxes and…
Support for Liberty BondsSupport for Liberty BondsSec. of the Treasury William Sec. of the Treasury William
McAdooMcAdoo raised millions selling raised millions selling Liberty BondsLiberty Bonds
Liberty Bond Booths were set up Liberty Bond Booths were set up by the Boy/Girl Scoutsby the Boy/Girl Scouts
““Four Minute Men” Gave Four Minute Men” Gave presentations in theaters to sell presentations in theaters to sell bondsbonds
Hollywood stars helped outHollywood stars helped out– EX. D. Fairbanks, C. ChaplinEX. D. Fairbanks, C. Chaplin
Suppressing dissent…Suppressing dissent…Espionage Act 1917-Espionage Act 1917- No aiding No aiding
the enemy ($10,000) 20yrsthe enemy ($10,000) 20yrsSedition Act 1918Sedition Act 1918 – No Anti-US – No Anti-US
Language ($10,000) 20yrs.Language ($10,000) 20yrs.Government actions designed to Government actions designed to
suppress dissent…suppress dissent…Eugene Debs jailed (1,500)Eugene Debs jailed (1,500)Schenck v. U.S.Schenck v. U.S. – – Free Speech Free Speech
can be limited if it posed a “clear can be limited if it posed a “clear and present danger” to the USand present danger” to the US
Essential Essential Questions IIQuestions II
How did American labor How did American labor mobilizes for World War I?mobilizes for World War I?
What were the consequences of What were the consequences of WW I for WW I for laborlabor, , womenwomen and and African Americans?African Americans?
What was the US’s Economic and What was the US’s Economic and military role?military role?
WW I: MobilizationWW I: Mobilization ““unprecedented control of unprecedented control of
civilian life and the economy”civilian life and the economy” National War Labor BoardNational War Labor Board – –
(NWLB) - Improved Wages and (NWLB) - Improved Wages and HoursHours
War Industries BoardWar Industries Board –WIB, –WIB, Headed by Bernard M. Baruch Headed by Bernard M. Baruch – Conversion and Raw – Conversion and Raw MaterialsMaterials
WW I: WW I: Organized LaborOrganized Labor
*The *The AFLAFL boomed and boomed and increased membershipincreased membership
*The *The International Workers of International Workers of the World (IWW)the World (IWW) was a target was a target
WW I: WW I: The Women’s Movement…The Women’s Movement…
National American Women National American Women Suffrage Association Suffrage Association (NAWSA(NAWSA) ) Carrie Chapman Carrie Chapman CattCatt
National Women’s Party –National Women’s Party –Alice PaulAlice Paul
WW I: WW I: American SocietyAmerican Society
The economy…Gov. and The economy…Gov. and Business in partnershipBusiness in partnership
Demographics…Great MigrationDemographics…Great Migration of Blacks from South to the of Blacks from South to the Northern US (Race Riots 1917-19)Northern US (Race Riots 1917-19)
Social behavior…Moral ChangesSocial behavior…Moral ChangesMoral reforms…Prohibition (18Moral reforms…Prohibition (18thth))Civilian life changes.. War effortCivilian life changes.. War effort
The The Food Food AdministrationAdministration ran by ran by
Herbert HooverHerbert Hoover
Increasing and Increasing and conserving conserving American American agriculture agriculture output…output…
Government AgenciesGovernment AgenciesFuel Administration-Fuel Administration- Regulated fuel supplies Regulated fuel supplies gas, and heating oilgas, and heating oil
RR Administration-RR Administration- Regulated the RR Regulated the RR system during the warsystem during the war
Influenza EpidemicInfluenza EpidemicFall of 1918, ¼ of the US Fall of 1918, ¼ of the US Population was effectedPopulation was effected
Offices, Factories, Mines Offices, Factories, Mines were shut downwere shut down
Many AEF troops and Many AEF troops and Germans diedGermans died
30 million people died 30 million people died worldwideworldwide
Wilson’s 14 PointsWilson’s 14 PointsHow did Wilson’s attempt to How did Wilson’s attempt to
forge a peace based on the forge a peace based on the Fourteen Points?Fourteen Points?
Freedom of the seas, Self-Freedom of the seas, Self-Determination, A League of Determination, A League of Nations, Free Trade, Low Nations, Free Trade, Low Tariffs, No Secret AlliancesTariffs, No Secret Alliances
Wilson’s forced compromiseWilson’s forced compromise
Making peace…Making peace…
Three phases…Three phases…The armistice…11/11/18The armistice…11/11/18The Paris Peace Conference…The Paris Peace Conference…The Treaty of VersaillesThe Treaty of Versailles……
Wilson’s political mistake prior to Wilson’s political mistake prior to the Paris Peace Conference…the Paris Peace Conference…
The Big Four…The Big Four…Great Britain- David Lloyd Great Britain- David Lloyd
GeorgeGeorge
France- Georges France- Georges ClemenceauClemenceau
Italy – Vittorio OrlandoItaly – Vittorio Orlando
United States -WilsonUnited States -Wilson
• Imperialism v. Imperialism v. self determination self determination……
The Germans feel betrayed: The Germans feel betrayed: Loss of Colonies, Land, Armed Loss of Colonies, Land, Armed Forces, and $33 billion in Forces, and $33 billion in ReparationsReparations
Punishment not PeacePunishment not Peace
The positive accomplishments The positive accomplishments of the Treaty of Versailles…Alliesof the Treaty of Versailles…Allies
Essential Ques. IIIEssential Ques. IIIWhat were the reasons for What were the reasons for
Senator Lodge and others Senator Lodge and others objecting to the League of objecting to the League of Nations? Nations?
How Wilson’s refusal to How Wilson’s refusal to compromise doomed the compromise doomed the Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles??
Opposition to the TreatyOpposition to the TreatyIsolationist Senators Isolationist Senators refused to accept the refused to accept the Treaty in any form “The Treaty in any form “The Irreconcilables”Irreconcilables”
Senator Henry Cabot Senator Henry Cabot Lodge rejected the Lodge rejected the Treaty for Article X or Treaty for Article X or The League of NationsThe League of Nations
Wilson’s DemiseWilson’s DemiseWilson refuses to compromise on Wilson refuses to compromise on
the Treaty and the League of the Treaty and the League of Nations issue (Article X)Nations issue (Article X)
He travels the nation looking for He travels the nation looking for supportsupport
Suffers a stroke and becomes Suffers a stroke and becomes bitterbitter
Edith Wilson takes overEdith Wilson takes overThe US never ratifies the TreatyThe US never ratifies the Treaty