World War I – 1914-1918
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Transcript of World War I – 1914-1918
World War I – 1914-1918
• Also known as the Great War or The War to End All Wars
• Causes• 1. Nationalism• 2. Imperialism• 3. Militarism• 4. Entangling Alliances – balance of power
Opposing Sides
• Triple Alliance/Central Powers
• Germany• Austria-Hungary• Italy – switches sides in
1915• Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
joins in 1914• Bulgaria joins in 1915
• Triple Entente/Allied Powers
• England• France • Russia• Italy – in 1915• Japan joins in 1914• United States joins in
1917
Event that started the War
• June 28, 1914 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and his wife are assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia by Serbian Nationalists – Pan-Slavic movement – The Black Hand
• Mobilization – preparing your military for war
1914-1916• First Modern War• New weapons – Machine guns, poison gas, airplanes,
submarines, giant artillery, flamethrowers, (tanks – in 1917)
• Early Battles – First Battle of the Marne - 1914 Trench Warfare – war was stagnant for this period
with the battleline moving very little – stalemate No Man’s Land – area between the trenches German U-boats – tried to cut off Europe from
supplies Battle of Verdun – 1916 – 1.25 million casualties• Battle of the Somme – 1916 – 1 million casualties
U.S. Neutrality
• Isolationism – President Woodrow Wilson• Events that caused U.S. to go to war• 1. German submarine warfare – Lusitania –
Germans were attacking U.S. shipping• U.S. loaned Allies large amounts of money• 2. Sussex Pledge• 3. Zimmerman Telegram• United States declares war on Central Powers on
April 6, 1917
Preparing For War• Committee on Public Information – raised public
support for war• Selective Service Act – drafted over 3 million men• African-Americans – 370,000 served – still
segregated – fought with the French army• Women – 25,000 served – interpreters, nurses, clerks,
“Hello Girls” (telephone operators) – 1 million women joined the work force in America
• Liberty Bonds - $20 Billion• War Industries Board
• American Expeditionary Force – AEF – John J. Pershing
• 1917 – Bolshevik Revolution in Russia – Communists take over, Russia surrenders
• Famous battles for Americans • 1. Chateau-Thierry• 2. Belleau Wood• 3. Second Battle of the Marne – turning point
of war, Germans last attack• 4. Saint-Mihiel• November 11, 1918 – Armistice (truce) ends
the fighting
• 30 million deaths – 112,000 American• $330 billion• Fourteen Points – Woodrow Wilson’s plan• League of Nations• Self-determination – people decide their own
political status• Treaty of Versailles – set stage for World War
II by punishing Germany excessively• Germans had to pay reparations – payments
for damages - $33 billion• Germans had to give up territory• Germans had to give up their military
Women’s Rights
• 19th Amendment is passed in August of 1920 – gave women the right to vote
• Flappers – women who challenged traditional dress and behavior
Red Scare
• Labor unrest, strikes and violence led many people to worry about Communist/Anarchist influence in the US.
• Xenophobia – fear and hatred of foreigners• Nicola Sacco/Bartolomeo Vanzetti –
executed in 1927• American Civil Liberties Union - ACLU
Great Migration
• During the 1920’s, hundreds of thousands of black southerners began moving to the North to escape racial prejudice
• Faced opposition from whites concerned about job losses
• 25 urban race riots during the 1920’s in the North
1920’s politics• Warren Harding elected President in 1920• Ohio Gang• Teapot Dome Scandal• Harding dies in 1923 – Calvin Coolidge takes over• Disarmament – limiting military weapons• Kellogg-Briand Pact – 1928 – outlawed war• Herbert Hoover elected President in 1928• Republican policies were pro-business – believed
that it was not the government’s job to solve social problems
• Country became isolationist again
Prohibition
• January 16, 1920 – 18th amendment is passed – banned the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcoholic beverages
• Speakeasies – illegal clubs that sold alcohol• Bootleggers – alcohol smugglers• Led to the rise of major criminal
organizations – Al Capone• December 5th, 1933 – 21st amendment ends
Prohibition
Culture Wars
• Fundamentalism – teaches that the Bible is literally true and free of error
• 1925 – Scopes Monkey Trial• Nativism – anti-immigrant feelings• Emergency Quota Act – 1921 – limited
immigration to 375,000 a year• National Origins Act – 1924 – favored
European immigrants over other races
Boom Times
• 1920’s – economic growth and business doubled• Henry Ford – used assembly line techniques to
manufacture large numbers of cars – Model T - $290 in 1927
• Mass production methods led to tremendous business growth and new job opportunities
• Installment plans – customers made down payments and had a monthly payment after that
Jazz Age
• Fads – Flappers, Marathon Dancing, Flagpole Sitting
• 1920 – radio programs are aired regularly for the first time
• Movies were invented in the late 1800’s – Nickelodeons – early theaters
• 1927 – first movie with sound is released – “The Jazz Singer”
Famous People of the 1920’s• Movies – Charlie Chaplin, Rudolph Valentino,
Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, Greta Garbo• Sports – Jim Thorpe – Football/Olympics• Helen Wills – Tennis• Red Grange – Football• George Herman Ruth “Babe” – Baseball• Leroy (Satchel) Paige, James (Cool Papa) Bell –
Negro Leagues Baseball• Charles Lindbergh – Pilot – first to fly across the
Atlantic – 1927• Amelia Earhart – Female pilot – disappeared in
1937
Blues and Jazz• Ragtime, Blues, and Jazz were popular music
styles during the 1920’s• Ragtime – Scott Joplin• Blues – W.C. Handy, Bessie Smith• Jazz – Louie Armstrong, Duke Ellington• Harlem Renaissance – period of African-American
artistic growth – Langston Hughes• Lost Generation – writers disgusted by the
destruction of World War I – Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald
• Expatriate – person who leaves their native country to live elsewhere
The Stock Market Crash• Agricultural problems in the mid-1920’s• Bull Market – stock market prices rise• Bear Market – stock market prices drop• Buying on Margin – buying stocks on credit
with a loan• Speculation – putting money into high-risk
investments to earn a profit• October 29, 1929 – Black Tuesday – stock
market collapses – Speculators lost everything
• Banks had been big investors – could not repay their customers after losing their money – 2300 banks shut down by 1931
• Investors could not repay their loans• Bank deposits were not insured – millions lost
their life savings• Businesses could not get loans and lost money
from their accounts – by 1930, 26,000 companies closed
• Unemployment climbs to almost 25% - Part-time another 25%
• Causes of the Depression – Speculation, Over-production, Global trade problems
• Bonus Army - 1932• President Hoover believed that people and
companies should fix their own problems, so the government does little
The New Deal• Franklin D. Roosevelt elected President in 1932 –
promised a government program to end the Depression – The New Deal
• Fireside Chats• The Hundred Days - 1933• Important Programs – 1933• 1. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation – FDIC
- insured bank deposits – up to $5000• 2. Tennessee Valley Authority – TVA -provided
electricity to rural families• 3. Civilian Conservation Corps – CCC - put
young men to work improving national parks
Many critics of the New Deal – Huey Long Agricultural Adjustment Act – AAA -
farmers cut production and raised prices Securities and Exchange Commission –
SEC - regulated stock market Second New Deal - 1934• Works Progress Administration – WPA -
1935 – put people to work building roads, schools, hospitals, and parks
• Social Security Act – 1935 – retirement benefits, unemployment, disabilities
• Rural Electrification Administration – REA - provided electricity for rural areas
• Supreme Court ruled that several New Deal programs were unconstitutional
• Court Packing• World War II finally ends the Great Depression• Dust Bowl – mid-1930’s – severe drought in the
mid-west US – many farmers lose their farms• “The Grapes of Wrath” – John Steinbeck• “Gone with the Wind” and “The Wizard of Oz” –
first movies in color• Swing Music – Glenn Miller, Tommy Dorsey,
Artie Shaw, Frank Sinatra