What is a

Micro Brewery?

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A microbrewery or craft brewery is a brewery that produces small amounts of

beer, typically much smaller than large-scale corporate breweries, and is

independently owned. Such breweries are generally characterized by their

emphasis on quality, flavor and brewing technique.

The microbrewing movement began in the United Kingdom in the 1970s

although traditional artisanal brewing existed in Europe for centuries and

subsequently spread to other countries. As the movement grew and some

breweries expanded their production and distribution, the more encompassing

concept of craft brewing emerged. A brewpub is a pub that brews its own beer

for sale on the premises.

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Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

Contents1 Definitions

1.1 Microbrewery

1.2 Nanobrewery

1.3 Craft brewery

1.4 Brewpub

2 National distribution

2.1 Australia

2.2 Canada

2.3 Asia

2.4 France

2.5 Germany

2.6 Italy

2.7 Japan

2.8 Norway

2.9 Singapore

2.10 Spain

2.11 Sweden

2.12 Thailand

2.13 United Kingdom

2.14 United States

3 See also

4 References

5 Additional reading

6 External links

Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

Definitions

MicrobreweryAlthough the term "microbrewery" was originally used in relation to the size of

breweries, it gradually came to re ect an alternative attitude and approach to

brewing exibility, adaptability, experimentation and customer service. The term

and trend spread to the US in the 1980s and was eventually used as a

designation of breweries that produce fewer than 15,000 U.S. beer barrels

(1,800,000 liters; 460,000 U.S. gallons) annually.

Microbreweries have adopted a marketing strategy that differs from those of the

large, mass-market breweries, offering products that compete on the basis of

quality and diversity instead of low price and advertising. Their in uence has

been much greater than their market share, which amounts to only 2% in the UK,

indicated by the introduction by large commercial breweries of new brands for

the craft beer market. However, when the strategy failed, the corporate

breweries invested in microbreweries or, in many cases, acquired them

outright.

Microbreweries gradually appeared in other countries, such as New Zealand and

Australia.

Craft beer and microbreweries were cited as the reason for a 15 million L drop in

alcohol sales in New Zealand over 2012, with New Zealanders preferring higher-

priced premium beers over cheaper brands.

NanobreweryThe website The Food Section de nes a "nanobrewery" as "a scaled-down

microbrewery, often run by a solo entrepreneur, that produces beer in small

batches." The US Department of the Treasury de nes nanobreweries as "very

small brewery operations" that produce beer for sale.

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Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

A nanobrewery robot that brews beer was launched in 2015 by Brewbot from

Northern Ireland. The brewing system is controlled using a smartphone.

Craft brewery

A craft brewery

"Craft brewing" is a more encompassing term for developments in the industry

succeeding the microbrewing movement of the late 20th century. The de nition

is not entirely consistent but typically applies to relatively small, independently-

owned commercial breweries that employ traditional brewing methods and

emphasize avor and quality. The term is usually reserved for breweries

established since the 1970s but may be used for older breweries with a similar

focus. A United States trade group, the Brewers Association, interested in

brand transparency, offers a de nition of craft breweries as "small, independent

and traditional".

According to Russ Phillips, author of Canned!: Artwork of the Modern AmericanBeer Can (2014), the use of cans by craft brewers in the US has doubled since

2012, with over 500 companies using cans to package their beverages.

Previously associated with the major brewing corporations, cans are now favored

by craft brewers for numerous reasons: canned beer cools more quickly, beer-

degrading light does not affect canned beer, canned beer is more portable since

less room is required for storage or transportation, and cans have a greater

surface area for wraparound designs and decorations.

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Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

A representative of the Rhinegeist craft brewery, based in Cincinnati, Ohio,

explained in June 2014 that the perception that bottles lead to a taste that is

superior to canned beer is outdated, as most aluminum cans are lined with a

polymer coating that protects the beer from the problematic metal. However,

since drinking directly from a can may still result in a metallic taste, most craft

brewers recommend pouring beer into a glass prior to consumption. In June

2014, the BA estimated 3% of craft beer is sold in cans, 60% is sold in bottles,

and kegs represent the remainder of the market.

BrewpubBrewpub is an abbreviated term combining the ideas of a brewery and a pub or

public-house. A brewpub can be a pub or restaurant that brews beer on the

premises.

National distribution

AustraliaMain article: Beer in Australia

Beer arrived in Australia at the beginning of British colonisation. In 2004,

Australia was ranked fourth internationally in per capita beer consumption, at

around 110 litres per year, though considerably lower in terms of total per capita

alcohol consumption. The most popular beer style in modern-day Australia is

lager. The oldest brewery still in operation is the Cascade Brewery, established in

Tasmania in 1824. The largest Australian-owned brewery is the family-owned

Coopers, as the other two major breweries, Foster's and Lion Nathan are owned

by the British-South African SABMiller and the Japanese Kirin Brewing

Company respectively. Foster's Lager is made mostly for export or under licence

in other countries, particularly the UK.

Canada

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Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

Main article: Beer in Canada

In Canada, microbreweries ourished mostly on the West Coast, in Québec and

Ontario, where a large domestic market was dominated by a few large companies.

Many of Ontario's microbreweries subsequently formed the Ontario Craft

Brewers association.

In 1984, changes to outdated liquor control laws allowed Paul Had eld, a former

architect, to open the Spinnakers Gastro Brewpub and Guesthouse in Victoria,

British Columbia. Hadfield then expanded into "brew-inspired" jellies, chocolates,

baked goods and vinegars.

AsiaMicrobreweries have also increased in number in Asia. China, the world's largest

beer consumer as of July 2013, is home to a growing craft beer market, with

brands such as Slowboat Brewery, Shanghai Brewery, and Boxing Cat

Brewery. Cambodia's rst microbrewery, Kingdom Breweries, opened in

2009 and brews dark, pilsener, and lager beers. In Sri Lanka, over strict laws

made it almost impossible for any craft beer to be brewed. On the remote East

Coast, however, "Arugam Bay Surfer's Beer" managed to maintain a small, but

popular brew pub. Established back in 1977 the Siam View Hotel escaped

regulations due to the long civil war and its remoteness. For two years running,

the Daily Telegraph "Best of British" awarded the SVH the "Best Pub in Sri

Lanka" medal.

By July 2013, the number of brewpubs in Shanghai, China had doubled since

2010.

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Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

General beer consumption reached 50 million liters in early 2013 and an

increasing interest in craft beers developed accordingly. The Great Leap Brewing

Company is one example of numerous microbreweries that have been recently

established, with a localization strategy leading to the use of traditional Chinese

ingredients and spices in the Beijing brand's beer production process. China's

largest brewpub is located in Suzhou and is managed by the Taiwanese brewing

company Le Ble D'or, while craft beer consumers are both ex-pats and native

Chinese.

FranceMain article: Beer in France

In France, a chain of American-style brewpubs operate under the name Les 3

Brasseurs. There is also a chain of about 7 brewpubs called Frog and Rosbif,

which blend British and French traditions. ('Frog' is the English nickname for the

French, and 'Rosbif' or roast beef the French nickname for the English). The

pubs are decorated in a broadly British style, and serve a selection of ales, stouts

and wheat beer. Around 600 microbreweries are now present in France.

GermanyMain article: Beer in Germany

Welsh Dragon motif of Felinfoel Village Micro-Brewery canned beer pioneers

Some, such as those in Germany, have been brewing traditionally for hundreds of

years.In Germany, there were 901 small breweries in 2010. The Federal

Statistical Of ce de nes a small brewery as a brewery with a production of less

than 5,000 hectoliters beer p.a. Small breweries pay a reduced beer tax.

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Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

A brewpub in Brussels

The total market share of the small breweries is less than 1%. 638 of them

have a production even less than 1,000 hl p.a. and can be considered as

microbreweries in a narrow sense. The gures apply to commercial breweries

only and do not include hobby brewing.

About one third of the small breweries have tradition going back up to 500 years,

most of them in Franconia. About two thirds were founded in the last 25 years.

The vast majority of small breweries operate in combination with a brewpub.

Former brewpub in Aufseß (Franconia, Germany)

Whereas in other countries, microbreweries and brewpubs have risen in reaction

to the mass production and marketing of beer, in Germany, the traditional

brewpub or Brauhaus remains a major source of beer. This is mainly true for the

South of Germany, especially the state of Bavaria. Upper Franconia, a district in

the Region Franconia in the north of Bavaria, has the highest density of breweries

in the world. Upper Franconia has about one Million inhabitants and ca. 200

breweries. Many of them are microbreweries or brewpubs.

Italy

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Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

Main article: Beer in Italy

In recent years, many microbreweries have opened in Italy, due to increasing beer

popularity among young people. According to Coldiretti, microbreweries have

grown in ten years by 1900%. There are more than 600 microbreweries active in

Italy.

JapanMain article: Beer in Japan

An early boom in small regional microbreweries followed Japan's 1994 revision

of tax laws allowing the establishment of smaller breweries producing 60,000

litres (13,000 imp gal; 16,000 US gal) per year. Before this change, breweries

could not get a license without producing at least 2,000,000 liters

(440,000 imp gal; 530,000 U.S. gal) per year. Beer produced by

microbreweries in the early 1990s was commonly referred to as Ji Bīru (����), or

"local beer." In the late 2000s more established microbreweries in Japan have

chosen to emphasize the term Craft Beer (������) to mark a break with the

short-lived Ji Bīru boom and to emphasize the traditional brewing skills and

reverence for ingredients that characterize their products.

NorwayMain article: Beer in Norway

After Oslo Microbrewery was established in 1989, the number of

microbreweries in Norway has expanded rapidly and sharply. Interest and

expertise among Norwegians about craft brewed beer has risen sharply in a short

time, and the old brewery traditions of this country are revived. Local

microbreweries are scattered across Norway, from the very south to the

northernmost microbrewery in the world at Svalbard.

SingaporeMain article: Beer in Singapore

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Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

History of beer in Singapore dates back to the mid-19th century.

SpainIn Spain in 2011, the newspaper El País reported a "revolution is occurring in

craft beer" (cervezas artesanales) and more recently that by 2013 the trend

had extended to the autonomous communities of Catalonia, Valencia, Basque

Country and Madrid.

SwedenIn Sweden, microbreweries have existed since around 1995. Today, the market is

ourishing with many of the nation's regions and cities having their own

breweries, such as Gotlands Bryggeri, Jämtlands Bryggeri and Helsingborgs

Bryggeri. Stefan Persson, the CEO of Swedish clothing chain H&M, has his own

microbrewery on his estate in England.

ThailandFollowing the introduction of American microbrews in 2012, the popularity of

craft beer bars in Thailand—primarily Bangkok—increased fairly rapidly and in

January 2014, the fourth global location of Danish microbrewery Mikkeller was

launched in Bangkok. The brand partnered with an already established beer

distribution company and seeks to capitalise on the higher earning capacity of

Thai people in the second decade of the 21st century, as well as tourists. At the

opening, one of the owners explained: "... and we thought it was about time to

elevate the level of craft beer available in Thailand and, hopefully, expand

throughout Southeast Asia." A total of 30 beers are served at the venue,

including two microbrews exclusive to Thailand.

United KingdomMain articles: Beer in England, Beer in Wales, Beer in Scotland, and Beer in

Northern Ireland

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Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

The term "Microbrewery" originated in the UK in the late 1970s to describe the

new generation of small breweries that focused on producing traditional cask ale

independently of major brewers or pub chains. The rst successful example of

this approach was the Litchborough Brewery founded by Bill Urquhart in 1974 in

the Northamptonshire village of the same name. Urquhart had been the nal

head brewer at the large Phipps Northampton brewery, when it was closed by

owners Watney Mann in May 1974 to make way for Carlsberg Group's new UK

lager brewery on the site. Alongside commercial beer brewing, training courses

and apprenticeships were offered with many of the UK movement's early

pioneers passing through Litchborough's courses prior to setting up their own

breweries.

The father of British micro brewing, Bill Urquhart at Litchborough Brewery

The UK also has a large number of small commercial breweries making cask ale,

the smallest of which are known as microbreweries, and they can be found in

small spaces such as domestic garages. In the UK, a lesser divide exists between

the microbreweries and the large companies, as breweries of all sizes exist to ll

the gap.

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Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

Before the development of large commercial breweries in the UK, beer would

have been brewed on the premises from which it was sold. Alewives would put

out a sign — a hop pole or ale-wand — to show when their beer was ready. The

medieval authorities were more interested in ensuring adequate quality and

strength of the beer than discouraging drinking. Gradually men became involved

in brewing and organised themselves into guilds such as the Brewers Guild in

London of 1342 and the Edinburgh Society of Brewers in 1598; as brewing

became more organised and reliable many inns and taverns ceased brewing for

themselves and bought beer from these early commercial breweries.

However, there were some brewpubs which continued to brew their own beer,

such as the Blue Anchor in Helston, Cornwall, which was established in 1400 and

is regarded as the oldest brewpub in the UK. In the UK during the 20th

century, most of the traditional pubs which brewed their own beer in the

brewhouse round the back of the pub, were bought out by larger breweries and

ceased brewing on the premises. By the mid-1970s, only four remained: All

Nations, The Old Swan, the Three Tuns and the Blue Anchor.

The trend toward larger brewing companies started to change during the 1970s,

when the popularity of the Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA)'s campaign for

traditional brewing methods, and the success of Michael Jackson's World Guideto Beer encouraged brewers in the UK, such as Peter Austin, to form their own

small breweries or brewpubs. In 1979, a chain of UK brewpubs, known as the

"Firkin" pubs, started, running to over one hundred at the chain's peak;

however, the chain was sold and eventually its pubs ceased brewing their own

beer.

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Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

Some British brewpubs specialise in ale, while others brew continental lagers and

wheatbeers. The Ministry of Ales, Burnley; The Masons Arms in Headington,

Oxford; The Brunswick Inn, Derby (in 2010, half of the beers sold by the

establishment were brewed on-site); The Watermill pub, Ings Cumbria;

and the Old Cannon Brewery, Bury St Edmunds are some examples of small

independent brewpubs in the UK.

The city of Bristol was identi ed by The Guardian in May 2014 as an area where

the microbrewery industry had ourished. Ten brewpubs, such as The Tobacco

Factory, Copper Jacks Crafthouse and The Urban Standard, were identi ed as

thriving Bristol craft beer establishments.

The East End of London has also been a place for speciality craft beers and

unique independent pubs and breweries. Again The Guardian has an interesting

list of Craft Beer pubs in East London with local East End tour companies also

showing the distinct food and craft beer pubs to London visitors with Craft Beer

Tours

With craft beer becoming more popular each year a number of craft beer

subscription clubs are available in the UK. This trend, which originated from the

US, allows people from the UK to discover new craft beers much like their

counterparts over the pond in the USA.

United StatesMain article: Beer in the United States

In the USA, award-winning homebrewer K. Florian Klemp wrote in 2008 that the

craft beer movement was revived in 1965—subsequent to an earlier American

era—when Fritz Maytag acquired the Anchor Brewing Company in San Francisco,

United States (U.S.), thereby saving it from closure.

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Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

In a June 2014 interview, the owner of an Oregon, U.S.-based microbrewery

explained: "You've got to do more than just make great beer. It's really about

innovation, creativity—stepping outside the box of traditional beer marketing",

while an employee explained that "heart and soul" is the essence of the

operation.

Microbreweries, regional breweries, and brew pubs per capita

The turnaround of the Anchor Brewing Company in 1965, after it was acquired

by Maytag, is considered a turning point for American beer, due to the revival of

craft beer in the U.S., where microbrewing boomed after then-president Jimmy

Carter de-regulated the beer market in 1979. During the same period,

others turned to homebrewing and eventually a few of these brewers started to

produce on a slightly larger scale. For inspiration, they turned to the centuries-old

tradition of artisan beer and cask ale production that was continuing in the UK,

Germany and Belgium.

T h e New Albion Brewing Company was founded in 1976 and served as a

blueprint for American brewers to build small-scale commercial breweries.

The popularity of these products was such that the trend quickly spread and a

large number of small breweries were founded, often attached to a bar (known as

a "brewpub") where the product could be sold directly. As microbreweries

proliferated, some became more than microbreweries, necessitating the creation

of the broader category of craft beer.

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Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

American microbreweries typically distribute through a wholesaler in a

traditional three-tier system, others act as their own distributor (wholesaler) and

sell to retailers or directly to the consumer through a tap room, attached

restaurant, or off-premises sales. Because alcohol control is left up to the states,

there are many state-to-state differences in the laws. Following the federal

U.S. government shutdown on October 1, 2013, craft beer producers were

forced into an activity lull due to the closure of the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and

Trade Bureau (TTB), an arm of the Treasury Department. The TTB is responsible

for granting approval for new breweries, recipes, and labels. Interest spread

to the U.S., and in 1982, Grant's Brewery Pub in Yakima, Washington was

opened, reviving the U.S. "brewery taverns" of well-known early Americans as

William Penn, Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry. Growth was initially slow—the

fth U.S. brewpub opened in 1986, but the growth since then has been

considerable: the Brewers Association reports that in 2012 there were 2,075

regional craft breweries, microbreweries and brewpubs in the U.S.

Craft brewing is most established in the U.S., where changes to U.S. law laid the

foundations for the expansion of craft brewing. The 1978 Carter homebrewing

law allowed for small amounts of beer and wine, and, in 1979, Carter signed a bill

to deregulate the brewing industry, making it easier to start new breweries.;

although, states could still enact local restrictions. As a result of deregulation,

homebrewing became a popular hobby in the 1980s and 1990s, and, in the mid-

1990s, homebrewers launched business ventures based on home-based hobby

brewing.

Cervezería de MateVeza in San Francisco brews in a 20-U.S.-gallon (76-liter;

0.65-U.S.-beer-barrel) system.

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Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

In 1979, 89 breweries existed in the U.S.—the Brewers Association reports that

in March 2013 a total of 2,416 U.S. breweries were in operation, with 2,360

considered craft breweries (98 percent—1,124 brewpubs, 1,139

microbreweries, and 97 regional craft breweries). Additionally, craft

brewers sold more than 15,600,000 US beer barrels (1.83×10 L;

480,000,000 US gal) of beer, which represented approximately 7.8% of the U.S.

market by volume. In 2007 the largest American craft brewery was the

Boston Beer Company, makers of Samuel Adams.

The Brewers Association de nes American craft brewers as "small, independent

and traditional": "small" is de ned as an "annual production of 6 million barrels

of beer or less"; "independent" is de ned as at least 75% owned or controlled by

a craft brewer; and "traditional" is de ned as brewing in which at least 50% of

the beer's volume consists of "traditional or innovative" ingredients. This

de nition includes older microbreweries, which traditionally produce small

quantities of beer, as well as other breweries of various sizes and specialties.

The Brewers Association de nes four markets within American craft brewing:

microbreweries, with an annual production less than 15,000 US beer barrels

(1,800,000 L; 460,000 US gal); brewpubs, which sell 25% or more of their beer

on site; regional craft breweries, which make between 15,000 US beer barrels

(1,800,000 L; 460,000 US gal) and 6,000,000 US beer barrels (700,000,000 L;

190,000,000 US gal), of which at least 50% is all malt or contains adjuncts that

are used only to enhance avor; and contract brewing companies, which hire

other breweries to make their beer.

In March 2014, the Brewer's Association (B.A.) updated the de nition of craft

beer to remove any references to the use of adjuncts in the brewing process. The

change allows long-established breweries, such as Yuengling, to be de ned as

craft beer. The B.A. statement read:

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Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

The idea that brewers who had been in business for generations didn’t

qualify as "traditional" simply did not cohere for many members. Brewers

have long brewed with what has been available to them. (Since the Brewers

Association doesn’t de ne craft beer — that idea remains up to the beer

drinker — the de nition doesn’t differentiate on what type of beer craft

brewers brew, as long as the majority of what they make is beer.) The revised

de nition also provides room for the innovative capabilities of craft brewers

to develop new beer styles and be creative within existing beer styles. The

revised de nition removes the subjective assessment by Brewers

Association staff of whether adjuncts "enhance" or "lighten" avor in a

particular beer.

The B.A. decision also included an updated mission statement and market share

goals for the industry. Association members committed to strive for a goal of 20

percent market share by the year 2020 and Gary Fish, owner of Deschutes

Brewery and 2014 chair of the BA Board, explained:

The 20-by-‘20 objective is an aspirational goal for our craft community, with

an inspiring symmetry. I’m convinced this goal is within our reach if we, as an

industry, continue to focus on our strengths and passions—making and

deliverin g high-quality, innovative, full- avored beer to craft beer

enthusiasts ... Additionally, by noting a commitment to quality and clarifying

the place of homebrewers and brewing enthusiasts, we further acknowledge

the critical role each plays in the health and growth of the craft brewing

industry.

See alsoBeer portal

Drink portal

Companies portal

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Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

List of microbreweries

Microdistillery

References

Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

1. ^ Alison Boteler (2009). The Gourmet's Guide to Cooking with Beer. QuarryBooks. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-59253-486-9. Retrieved 21 July 2011.

2. ^ Oliver, Garrett (2011). "Craft brewing". In Oliver, Garrett. The OxfordCompanion to Beer. Oxford University Press. pp. 270–271, 585.ISBN 0195367138.

3. ^ Oliver, Garrett (2011). "Craft brewing". In Oliver, Garrett. The OxfordCompanion to Beer. Oxford University Press. pp. 270–271.ISBN 0195367138.

4. ^ "Welcome to the Brewers Association". Brewersassociation.org. Retrieved2012-03-16.

5. ^ Jonathan Duffy (November 28, 2001). "The plight of the micro-brewers". BBCNews.

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Inc. 28 May 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014. 13. ^ Lewis Wallace (10 June 2014). "Brewers Have Been All Bottled Up, But

Now They're Canning It". NPR. NPR. Retrieved 14 June 2014. 14. ^ "Spinnakers Artisan Crafted Vinegar". Eat Magazine. Eat Magazine. 13

December 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2014.

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Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

15. ^ Justin McDonnell (24 July 2013). "Forget Portland: China Might Just Bethe New Epicenter of Craft Beer". The Atlantic. Retrieved 25 July 2013.

16. ^ "Telegraph.co.uk Expat Directory". Expatdirectory.telegraph.co.uk. 2009-09-16. Retrieved 2013-09-18.

17. ^ "Arugam Bay Surfer's Beer". Facebook.com. 2013-09-14. Retrieved 2013-09-18.

18. ^ "3 BRASSEURS". Les3brasseurs.com. Retrieved 2012-03-16. 19. ^ "Frog Pubs". Frog Pubs. Retrieved 2012-03-16. 20. ^ "Destatis Fachserie 14 Reihe 9.2.2" (PDF) (in German). Destatis.de. 21. ^ "Brauereien in Oberfranken" [Breweries in Upper Franconia] (in German).

Bierland Oberfranken. 22. ^ "Accanto al colosso SabMiller, +1900% birre Made in Italy artigianali" .

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23. ^ "Japan Craft Beer Association". www.craftbeerassociation.jp. JCBA. Retrieved2 June 2014.

24. ^ "www.drikkeglede.no Bryggerier i Norge" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 9 July2016.

25. ^ "Llega la revolución de las cervezas artesanales" (in Spanish).Cultura.elpais.com. Retrieved 2013-09-18.

26. ^ "Cerveza de pequeña marca". Ccaa.elpais.com. 2013-07-27. Retrieved 2013-09-18.

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Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

29. ^ Kristian Lauritzen (30 January 2014). "Danish Beer Bar Mikkeller grandopening in Bangkok". Scandasia. Scandasia. Retrieved 13 March 2014.

30. ^ Cole Pennington (10 March 2014). "Mikkeller oats Bangkok's stature as abeer berg". Coconuts Bangkok. Coconuts Media. Retrieved 13 March 2014.

31. ^ "Brewed In Northants" by Mike Brown with Brian Willmott. Brewery

History Society (2010) ISBN 1-873966-03-2

32. ^ Martyn Cornell. Beer: the Story of the Pint33. ^ "Blue Anchor". Spingoales.com. Retrieved 2012-03-16. 34. ^ www.quaffale.org.uk (2012-02-23). "Blue Anchor". Quaffale.org.uk. Retrieved

2012-03-16. 35. ^ Neil Hanson (ed), Good Beer Guide 1985, CAMRA, 1984. ISBN 0-

9509584-0-9.

36. ^ Firkin Brewery

37. ^ "LFW Travel Guides - Burnley, Turf Moor" . Loft For Words . FansNetwork.October 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2014.

38. ^ Thomas Burrows (27 September 2013). "Ale campaigners fear Headingtonpub site will be turned into housing". Oxford Mail. Retrieved 13 March 2014.

39. ^ Adrian Tierney-Jones (26 February 2010). "Derbyshire pub guide: TheBrunswick Inn, Derby". The Telegraph. Retrieved 13 March 2014.

40. ^ "The Watermill Inn, Ings, Cumbria". The Guardian. September 2013. Retrieved13 March 2014.

41. ^ "Beer festival launches tomorrow evening at Old Cannon brewery in Bury StEdmunds". Bury Free Press. 22 August 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2014.

42. ^ Bristol Monday Night Club (26 May 2014). "Top 10 craft beer pubs in Bristol".The Guardian. Retrieved 29 May 2014.

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Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

43. ^ "Top 10 craft beer pubs in East London". 44. ^ "London Craft Beer Tours". 45. ^ Klemp, K. Florian (1 January 2008). "Barley Wine". All About Beer.

Stylistically Speaking. 28 (6). Retrieved 29 April 2014. 46. ^ "Silver Moon: A Beer Apart" (Video upload). Inc.com. Monsueto Ventures. 19

June 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2014. 47. ^ "Craft Brewing Industry Statistics". Brewersassociation.org. Retrieved 2012-

03-16. 48. ^ "How Jimmy Carter Saved Craft Beer - Max Fisher". The Atlantic Wire.

2010-08-05. Retrieved 2013-09-18. 49. ^ Stack, Martin H. (July 2003). "A Concise History of America's Brewing

Industry". Economic History (EH.net) Encyclopedia. 50. ^ Acitelli, Tom (2011). "New York's Beer Debt to California". New York

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<http://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0388-alcohol-laws-state>.

53. ^ Carrie Antl nger; Todd Richmond (9 October 2013). "Shutdown means nonew beer from craft brewers". Associated Press. Retrieved 12 October 2013.

54. ^ "1st Five Brewpubs". Triplerock.com. Retrieved 2013-09-18. 55. ^ "Brewers Association". brewersassociation.org. Retrieved 2013-05-19. 56. ^ Lucchesi, Paolo (1 October 2014). "Oakland's Woods Bar & Brewery goes

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Microbrewery - Wikipedia, the freeencyclopedia

57. ^ "Brewers Association | Number of Breweries". brewersassociation.org. 2011.Retrieved 28 January 2013.

58. ^ Association, Brewers. "Number of Breweries". Retrieved 10 May 2014. 59. ^ "Beer Madness: 32 beers compete for the top seat". The Washington Post.

2007. 60. ^ Oliver, Garrett (2011). "Craft brewing". In Oliver, Garrett. The Oxford

Companion to Beer. Oxford University Press. p. 271. ISBN 0195367138. 61. ^ "Brewers Association | Market Segments". brewersassociation.org. 2011.

Retrieved 21 July 2011. 62. ^ Chris Crowell (10 March 2014). "Brewers Association updates 'craft beer'

de nition; focus on ownership, adjunct acceptance". Craft Brewing Business.CBB Media LLC. Retrieved 14 June 2014.

Additional readingSmall Is Bountiful (January 2015), The New Yorker . "American craft

breweries collectively now sell more than 16.1 million barrels of beer

annually, outpacing, for the first time, Budweiser."

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