West Middle East

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Globalization in the Middle East: The Politics of

Development and Dissent from Marrakech to Meccamore

by Sherry Lowrance

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Tables Table 1 Middle East: Basic Indicators

Country ornon-stateentitySizesq.km.Population GDP

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GDPper

capitaAdultLiteracy(%)AdultFemaleLiteracy(%)YouthLiteracy(%)YouthFemaleLiteracy(%)Morocco 446,550 29,8

23,706 43,813,302,2724,104.13 52.3 39.6 70.560.5Algeria 2,381,740

32,357,572 68,018,606,080 6,191.73 69.960.1 90.1 86.1Tunisia 1



63,610 9,932,400 24,99

9,534,592 7,199.24 74.3 65.4 94.3 92.2Libya1,759,540 5,740,148 23,465,078,784 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/AEgypt 1,

001,450 72,642,224 82,923,683,840 4,008.07 N/A N/A N/A N/AIsra

el 22,140 6,797,670 110,305,656,832 23,156.96 97.2 95.9 99.8 99.6W



est Bank and Gaza N/A

3,508,104 3,454,452,736 N/A 92.4 88.0 99.098.8Jordan 88,780 5,439,952 10,160,006,144 4,366.76 89.9 84.7 99.1

98.9Lebanon 10,400 3,540,290 19,894,528,000 5,471.44 N/A N/A N/

A N/ASyria 185,180 18,582,152 21,302,695,936 3,520.78 79.6 73.6 9



2.2 90.2Iran 1,648,200

67,005,952 139,559,141,376 7,005.45 77.0 70.4 N/A N/AIraq 438,320 N/A 12,602,492,928 N/

A 74.1 64.2 84.8 80.5K uwait 17,820 2,459,53441,748,320,256 18,663

.65 93.3 91.0 99.7 99.8Bahrain 710 7,15,820 9,699,460,096 19,429.94



86.6 83.6 97.0 97.3Om

an 309,500 2,533,843 21,592,717,312 14,589.05 81.4 73.52 97.3 96.7Qatar 11,000 776,936 20,426,098,688

N/A 89.0 88.6 95.9 97.5Saudi Arabia 2,149,690 23,950,032 214,572,7

93,856 13,209.47 79.469.3 95.9 93.7United Arab Emirates 83,600 4,



320,000 88,535,875,58

4 23,153.50 N/A N/A N/A N/AYemen 527,970 20,329,354 11,001,908,224 855.28 N/A N/A N/A N/ATurkey 783

,560 71,727,048 240,375,840,768 7,068.64 97.7 97.7 95.6 93.3

Notes: Data areavailable from

the World Bank



World Development

Indicators 2006 timeseries.All data are

2004 except GDPand GDP per capita.GDP in 2003 U.S.dollars; GDP per capita PPPin 2003

international dollars.Literacy figures area percent of the total



population; adult

literacyapplies for ages 15 and greater;

youth literacy for ages 15 to 24.Text

placementapproximately p. 5



Table2 Democracy by regionPercentDemocracies10 78.26 100 68.18 1

5.91 57.14 14.29 2560RegionMiddleEastandNorthAfrica(19)LatinAmericaand



theCaribbean(23)U.S

.,Canada,WesternEur ope(19)EasternEurop

e(22)Sub-SaharanAfrica(44)EastAsia(7)CentralAsia(7)South

Asia(12)Pacific(5)NumberDemocracies218 19 15 7 4 1 3 3Per



centDemocracies10

78.26 100 68.18 15.91 57.14 14.29 25 60P

olity IV 2003MontyG. Marshall andKeith JaggersThistable defineddemocracy as 7 or

above onthe democracy-autocracy



measure.Text

placement p. 171

For the purposes of this chapter, theMiddle East is

defined as the Arabcountries of SouthwestAsia and

North Africa fromIraq to Morocco,



plus the non-Arab

countries of Iran,Turkey andIsrael.2

Gavin Evans, “Crude Oil Surges Above

$78 as Middle EastViolence Escalates,” Bloomberg,http://www.bloomberg.com(ac

http://www.bloomberg.com/






cessed August 9,

2006).3

Ariel Cohen,“Reducing U.S.Dependence on

Middle Eastern Oil,” The HeritageFoundation,April 7,2006.4



For the most

comprehensiveworks on Middle

Easternglobalization, seeClement M. HenryandRobertSpringborg,

Globalization andthe Politicsof Development in



the Middle East

(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,

2001), andAlan Richards andJohn Waterbury,A PoliticalEconomyof the

Middle East, 2nd



edition (Boulder,

CO: Westview Press,1996).5

CIA Factbook, 2004.6

Henry andSpringborg, citingWorld Bank data.7

Henry andSpringborg.



8

The data from thissection on trade

come from Henry



and Springborg, who

cite World Bank data.9

The data from thissecton on finance

come from MehranKamrava, “Structural ImpedimentstoEconomicGlobalization in the



Middle East,”

Middle East Policy11, no. 4 (2004).10

See Ghassan Salamé,ed. Democracy

Without Democrats?The Renewal of Politicsin theMuslim World(London: I.B. Tauris,



1994) for a classic

work on democracyand liberalization

that(mostly) standsthe test of time. For amore recent, and lessoptimistic work, seeJason

Brownlee,Authoritarianism in an Age of Democracy



(Cambridge:

CambridgeUniversity Press,

forthcoming2007).11

The term “ruling

bargain” comes fromKamrava as doesmuch of the inspiration of thissection.

12



For an introduction

to “Islamism” (variously called

political Islam,Islamic movements,orIslamic“fundamentalism”) including its many

different trends,see Mir Zohair Husain,



GlobalIslamic

Politics, 2nd

edition (New York:Longman, 2003).13

For an excellentdiscussion of the concept of

“jihad” incontemporary Islam,

see John L.Esposito,



Unholy War: Terror

in the Name of Islam(Oxford:

Oxford UniversityPress, 2002).14

Simon W. Murden,Islam, the MiddleEast and the NewGlobal Hegemony(Boulder, CO:Lynne



Rienner, 2002)

is one of thefew researchers to

directly discussreligious aspectsof globalization. For a discussion of the emerging field of

Islamic economics,see Clement M.Henryand Rodney



Wilson, eds., The

Politics of IslamicFinance(Edinburgh:

EdinburghUniversityPress,2004).



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