Fragmented Worlds: The Fragmented Worlds: The Middle Ages in East and Middle Ages in East and

WestWest

The Byzantine Empire

I. Maintaining Romanness in a multicultural I. Maintaining Romanness in a multicultural worldworld

II.II. The Reign of Justinian (527-565)The Reign of Justinian (527-565)

Nika Revolts 532Nika Revolts 532Church: Hagia Sophia (537)Church: Hagia Sophia (537)Law: uniform law for empire Law: uniform law for empire

Corpus Juris CivilisCorpus Juris CivilisIII. Expansion and Decline of EmpireIII. Expansion and Decline of Empire

Maintaining Romanness in a multicultural worldThe Reign of Justinian (527-565)

532: Nika RevoltsChurch

Eastern Church and orthodoxy Hagia Sophia (537)

Society and PoliticsBribery and limits on women’s statusPowerful bureaucracyTaxes, expansion, and building projects

Codification of lawUniform law for Empire based on precedent

Corpus Juris Civilis

Mosiac of Emperor Justinian (527-564)

Hagia SophiaA.D. 537

I. Maintaining Romanness in a multicultural worldII. The Reign of Justinian (527-565)

532: Nika RevoltsChurch

Eastern Church and orthodoxy Hagia Sophia (537)

Society and PoliticsBribery and limits on women’s statusPowerful bureaucracyTaxes, expansion, and building projects

Codification of lawUniform law for Empire based on

precedentCorpus Juris Civilis

Theodora (d. 548), Wife of Emperor Justinian

III. Byzantine Empire: Gradual III. Byzantine Empire: Gradual DeclineDecline

•Persian invasions: Jerusalem (614) and Egypt (619)

•Siege of Constantinople by the Avars (626)

•Defeat of Byzantine army by the Bulgars (670)

•The decline of urban life

Europe at the death of Justinian, 565

IV. The Rise and Development IV. The Rise and Development of the Islamic Worldof the Islamic World

Background

Muhammad as Prophet

Islamic Beliefs

Spread of Islam

Islamic Scholarship

Koran in the majestic Kufic script (7th or 8th century)

The Rise of Islam•Bedouins before the 7th century•Muhammed (c. 570-632) and the Qur’an•Monotheism:

•“no divinity but God and Muhammed is the Messenger”

•Hegira the journey from Mecca to Yathrib (Medina)•and back (622)

•The five pillars of Islam: Faith, prayer 5 times daily, zakat (alms), fast of Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca Ummah = community of believers

The five pillars of Islam:

Faith (shahadah)Prayer (salah)Charity (Zakat)Fast of Ramadan (9th month of Islamic calendar)Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) (629)

Ka’ba

Black meteorite inMecca

624: Badr629: Mecca

Islamic ConquestsIslamic Conquests

Battle of Badr 624 (control of Mecca)Battle of Badr 624 (control of Mecca) Conquest of Palestine and Persia by Conquest of Palestine and Persia by

637637 Seige of Constantinople 674Seige of Constantinople 674 Conquest of Visigothic kingdom by Conquest of Visigothic kingdom by

711711 Battle of Poitiers/Tours 734Battle of Poitiers/Tours 734

Growth of Islam by Eighth CenturyMartel turns back Muslims at Poitiers by 732

•Scientific and cultural contributions to the West

•Inquiry and Islam

Philosophy

Ibn Sina 980-1037

Mathematics

Al-Khwarizmi book on “Al-jabr”

Science

Navigation

Astrolabe

Family of Al-Asturlabi

Measures altitude of sun to calculate time and latitutde

Illustration of constellation, Andromeda C, in Al-Sufi, Book of Images of the Fixed Stars (964)