Water and Sanitation Sector Performance Report of Ghana, 2009 Edition

Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing

Water and Sanitation Sector Performance Report

2009

MWRWH

Ghana Water and Sanitation Sector Performance Report 2009

Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing

Water and Sanitation Sector Performance Report

2009


Production Team Emmanuel Addai (WSMP) - Coordination, Collation, Analyses, Editing

Ben Yaw Ampomah (WRC) - Water Resources Management

George Boakye Yiadom (CWSA) - Rural/Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation

Michael Agyemang (GWCL) - Urban Water Supply

Enoch Ofosu (MWRWH) - Member

Rudolf Amenga Etego (Grassroots Africa) - Member


Foreword

Hon. Alban Bagbin (MP)

Minister for Water Resources,

Works and Housing

The Government of Ghana is determined to work towards a Ghana that is

continuously better to live in. Through this commitment, the Government

is developing systems and structures that would enable Ghanaians to

experience progressively better living conditions in all sectors including

the provision of clean and safe water for all by 2025.

Over the years, lack of accurate data and information has hampered

effective policy making as well as the taking of effective decisions in the

area of water and sanitation. It has been a challenge to develop accurate

statistics on water and sanitation in the country. This challenge has

stemmed from not having standard definitions and indicators when

dealing with our water and sanitation programs.

This maiden edition of the water and sanitation performance report is

designed to lead the way in setting standards for better collection of

data, analysis of the data and the proper implementation of programs in

the sector. Data quality and availability will lay the foundation for

creating a common monitoring system that would help resolve the

existing problems.

The report makes it clear how the sector has underperformed due to lack

of sufficient funding resulting, partly, from the fact that approved

budgets have usually not been released to the relevant agencies for

implementation. This fact would be well noted by the government and

will inform our implementation of the “Better Ghana Agenda.”

It is my conviction that future editions of this report will deliver

comprehensive information that would include parameters such as

functionality, gender and vulnerability, hygiene and sanitation as well as

NGO participation in the delivery of water and sanitation facilities to the

people of Ghana.

I extend my sincere appreciation to the Water Directorate, our

Development Partners, NGOs, the Media and partners from the Private

Sector and individuals who have made this issue a success, for their

support and I hope that we can continue to count on their support to

realize universal access to potable water by the year 2025.

Hon. Alban Bagbin (MP)

Minister for Water Resources,

Works and Housing


Introduction

Minta Aboagye

Director (Water) - MWRWH

This WASH sector report aims to assemble all sector information in

one document and make it available to government, development

partners, the media, the public, and all key decision-makers in the

sector. The intention is to publish the status of the sector annually

to help track achievements against set targets and support

effective decision-making and policy formulation.

The Water and Sanitation sector of Ghana has come a long way in terms of institutional arrangement and policy environment especially since the early 1990s.

The development of the National Community Water and

Sanitation Programme and the subsequent creation of the

Community Water and Sanitation Agency, the establishment of the

Water Resources Commission, the creation of a Water Directorate

and an Environmental Health and Sanitation Directorate, as well as

the formation of the Coalition of NGOs in Water and Sanitation,

have all tremendously promoted and facilitated coordination in

the sector.

In addition to all these wonderful institutional arrangements,

coupled with the need for better aid as directed by the Paris

Declaration and Accra Agenda for Action, the Government of

Ghana has collaborated effectively with her development partners

to work towards a sectorwide approach, where there will be a

move away from the current project-driven and less coordinated

approach to working within a more coherent national plan to

minimize the incidences of improper allocation of scarce

resources.

One major obstacle to effective sector coordination, policy-making

and resource allocation is the difficulty in accessing sector

information and reliable data. This has come as a result of lack of a

central monitoring framework and system. As a result, various

sector agencies have devised their own internal monitoring

mechanisms to generate information that will best serve their

respective operational needs. Their monitoring indicators,

definitions and methodologies differ significantly from each other.


As, for instance, it is not very difficult to obtain sub-sector information on service levels or coverage

data, it has always been difficult or even impossible to obtain a harmonized set of data or information

for a national level decision-making. Stakeholders in the WASH sector have therefore, in recent years,

been calling for harmonized systems and definitions for effective central monitoring. The drive toward a

SWAp provides a perfect answer to this important call. But for SWAp to work effectively in Ghana, there

is need for a tool such as this common sector report that will provide an at-a-glance overview of the

status of the sector in terms of targets and achievements, funding, resource distribution, gender and

vulnerability considerations, policy and strategy development among others.

Being the first edition against the background that the sector is yet to meet and agree on standardized

central indicators and M&E framework, the Editorial Committee decided to put together what already

exists from the various agencies to form the information base for this particular report. As expected,

some of the core indicators whose status many stakeholders would love to know had virtually no

records on them simply because it has not been the tradition to keep such records. For instance it was

difficult for the team to assemble data on functionality of systems, gender and vulnerability, NGO

contribution in terms of facility delivery, advocacy and sector funding. Information on District

Assemblies’ direct investment in the WASH sector is also missing as various attempts by some

institutions to research into sector investments have mostly suffered from scarcity of records at the

district level.

The production of this report, nonetheless, offers some hope; as subsequent editions are published and

information gaps exposed, all appropriate institutions will be challenged to improve on and

documentation. At the ministry level, the first major action is to fast track the development of the

national level M&E Framework in order to facilitate the production of this report and sector monitoring

as a whole.

As an overview, this report has been grouped under five main chapters. Chapter one provides some

sector background information and its history; chapter two provides information on institutional

arrangements and sector coordination updates. Chapter three provides information about sector

performance trends and performance in 2009. This chapter has been sub-divided into Water Resources

Management updates, Rural and Small Town Water Supply, Sanitation and hygiene updates and Urban

Water Supply updates. In chapter four, brief information on some key sector innovations that need

attention are provided, while chapter five provides conclusions and a few suggestions for improvement.

This first edition may not provide the harmonized information needs as expected, but is hoped that it

will open the way for a faster drive towards harmonization in the sector.

Minta. A. Aboagye

Director – Water Directorate

MWRWH


Acknowledgements The Ministry of water Resources, Works and Housing, on behalf of the Government of Ghana, wishes to

acknowledge the contribution of some institutions and individuals to the production of this first ever

Ghana Water and Sanitation Sector Report. But for their effort, the dream of a sector report may still

not have been realized.

The government acknowledges the role of the EU Water facility and UNICEF through the provision of

funds, both directly and indirectly for this project. Special mention also goes to the WASH Sector Group

for mooting the idea of a sector report as a requirement under the march towards a Sectorwide

Approach (SWAp). Again, the government wishes to commend the Community Water and Sanitation

Agency, Ghana Water Company Limited, and the Water Resources Commission for volunteering most of

the information that form the core of this report, as well as the Water and Sanitation Monitoring

Platform, for coordinating the compilation of information and the production of this report.

The following individuals also deserve special mention for their special contribution to this work: Alban

S. Bagbin, (Minister for Water Resources, Works and Housing), Minta A. Aboagye, (Director, Water

Directorate), Yaw Asante Sarkodie, (Team Leader, WSMP), Emmanuel Addai, (Communication Specialist,

WSMP), Richard Adjei, (Data Analyst, WSMP), Lovia Adu-Agyeman, (Office Manager, WSMP), Enoch

Ofosu, (Water Resources Specialist, Water Directorate), Attah Arhin, (Project Manager, IWSPMF-WD),

Michael Agyeman, (Director of Public Relations, GWCL), Ben Ampomah, (Executive Secretary, WRC),

George Boakye Yiadom, (Investment Planner, CWSA), Rudolf Amenga Etego, (Grassroots Africa),

Kwabena Sarpong Manu, (MIME Consults), and Adjoa Munkua Dako, (PRO, WRC), Benedict Kubabom

(Director of Planning and Investments – CWSA), Asumaning Nyarko (GWCL) and Camynta Baezie

(Consultant, MWRWH).


Table of Contents Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... 4

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 5

Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 7

Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 8

List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................... 10

List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. 11

List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................... 12

Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 14

1 Historical overview ................................................................................. 18

1.1 Decline in Operational Efficiency of GWSC ................................................................................. 19

1.2 Interventions by to Improve Efficiency ....................................................................................... 20

1.3 The Water Sector Restructuring Project ..................................................................................... 20

2 Institutional and policy framework ........................................................ 22

2.2 Sector Ministries ......................................................................................................................... 23

2.3 Sector Agencies and Departments .............................................................................................. 24

2.4 Sector coordination updates....................................................................................................... 25

2.5 On-going sector learning and other projects .............................................................................. 27

2.6 Annual reviews and conferences ................................................................................................ 31

3 Sector Performance ............................................................................... 33

3.1 Sector performance against the MDG targets ............................................................................ 34

3.2 Summary of performance against national targets .................................................................... 35

3.3 Water Resources Management .................................................................................................. 37


3.4 Rural Water Supply and Sanitation ............................................................................................. 45

3.5 Urban water supply ..................................................................................................................... 58

4 Recent major WASH Sector innovations................................................. 64

4.2 The Ghana Water Forum ............................................................................................................ 65

4.3 Ghana Watsan Journalists Network (GWJN) .............................................................................. 66

4.4 RCN Learning Alliances Platform ................................................................................................. 66

4.5 GWCL/AVRL Customer Services Call Centre ............................................................................... 66

5 Conclusions and recommendations ....................................................... 67

Annexes ....................................................................................................... 72


List of Tables Table 1: Ghana’s MDG status 1990 and 2008 ............................................................................................. 34

Table 3: Investment requirements from Strategic Investment Plans ......................................................... 37

Table 4: Water Quality Classification ......................................................................................................... 39

Table 5: Results of Water Quality Monitoring and Classification of Water Bodies from 2005- 2008 ........ 39

Table 6: Investment requirement for the SIP 2008 – 2015 (Ghana Cedis) ................................................ 48

Table 7: CWSA facility delivery status as at 2009 ....................................................................................... 49

Table 8: CWSA capacity building status as at 2009 ..................................................................................... 49

Table 9: Regional coverage trends 2006 to 2009 ....................................................................................... 51

Table 10: GWCL/AVRL performance 2003-2009 ......................................................................................... 61


List of Figures Figure 1: Performance against 2015 targets ............................................................................................... 36

Figure 2: Total WASH budget against GDP ................................................................................................. 36

Figure 3: Licensed water users .................................................................................................................... 40

Figure 4: WRC Financing Trends ................................................................................................................. 44

Figure 5: WRC Internally Generated Funds................................................................................................. 44

Figure 6: Rural water supply performance ................................................................................................. 46

Figure 7: Rural water coverage trends ........................................................................................................ 47

Figure 8: Projected rural and small town water coverage by 2015 ............................................................ 47

Figure 9: Expected vs. projected coverage for rural water supply ............................................................. 48

Figure 10: Regional coverage - rural ........................................................................................................... 50

Figure 11: GoG financing trends - rural ....................................................................................................... 52

Figure 12: urban water supply performance .............................................................................................. 59

Figure 13: Urban water coverage trends .................................................................................................... 60

Figure 14: Regional coverage - urban ......................................................................................................... 60

Figure 15: GoG allocations and releases to GWCL ...................................................................................... 63


List of Abbreviations AfDB - African Development Bank

AVRL - Aqua Vitens Rand Limited

CEOs - Chief Executive Officers

CIDA - Canadian International Development Agency

CLTS - Community-led Total Sanitation

CONIWAS Coalition of NGOs in Water and Sanitation

CSO - Civil Society Organization

CWSA - Community Water and Sanitation Agency

DA - District Assembly

DANIDA- Danish International Development Agency

DfID - (UK) Department for International Development

DPs - Development Partners

EHSD - Environmental Health and Sanitation Directorate

EPA - Environmental Protection Agency

ESA - External Support Agency

EU - European Union

GDP - Gross Domestic Product

GH¢ - Ghana Cedi

GoG - Government of Ghana

GSS - Ghana Statistical Service

GTZ - German Technical Cooperation

GWCL - Ghana Water Company Limited

GWF - Ghana Water Forum

GWJN - Ghana Watsan Journalists Network

GWSC - Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation

HSD - Hydrological Services Department

IWSPMF- Improvement of Water Sector Performance management Framework (Project)

JMP - WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme

JTC /IWRM Joint Technical Committee for Integrated Water Resources Management

LA - Learning Alliance

LI - legislative Instrument


M&E - Monitoring and Evaluation

MDG - Millennium Development Goal

MLGRD - Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development

MMDA - Metropolitan/Municipal/District Assembly

MWRWH Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing

NCWSP - National Community Water and Sanitation Programme

NEPAD - New Partnership for Africa’s Development

NESSAP - National Environmental Sanitation Strategy and Action Plan

NGO - Non Governmental Organization

NLLAP - National Level Learning Alliance Platform

PURC - Public Utility Regulatory Commission

RCN - Resource Centre Network

RWSP - Rural Water and Sanitation Project

SHEP - School Hygiene Education Programme

SIP - Sector Investment Plan

SWAp - Sectorwide Approach

TPP - Tripartite Partnership

UNICEF - United Nations Children’s Fund

VBA - Volta Basin Authority

VIP - Ventilated Improved Pit (latrine)

WASH - Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

WATSAN Water and Sanitation

WHO - World Health Organization

WQI - Water Quality Index

WRC - Water Resources Commission

WSDBs - Water and Sanitation Development Boards

WSMP - Water and Sanitation Monitoring Platform

WSRP - Water Sector Restructuring Programme

WVI - World Vision International


Executive Summary This is the first attempt in Ghana to produce a comprehensive Water and Sanitation Sector Performance

Report. The production of this first edition, as is common with many a first attempt in many endeavours,

has been quite challenging, while at the same time, it has helped to identify a couple of gaps that need

to be filled as a sector to help speed up the drive toward sectorwide monitoring and subsequent

reporting. As there are no harmonized sector indicators yet, this report is basically a compilation of

reports from the three main sector agencies: Water Resources Commission, Community Water and

Sanitation Agency and Ghana Water Company Limited. It must also be noted that the focus of this

report is on local targets as set by the WRC, CWSA and GWCL and not the UN MDG targets. It is hoped

that stakeholders will quickly come out with more ideas that will help shape subsequent Sector

Performance Reports that will satisfy Ghana’s information needs on WASH.

Performance against national targets by 2015 (Drinking water supply)

The Ghana Water Company Limited, the main national utility in charge of supply of potable water to

urban dwellers in Ghana, has set a target of achieving 85% coverage by 2015. As at the end of 2009, the

company had achieved 59% coverage. The Community Water and Sanitation Agency has also set a target

of 76% drinking water coverage for rural and small town dwellers by 2015. The Agency had achieved

58.97% as at the end of 2009. Based on this information, the overall national coverage as far as the two

main sector agencies in charge of drinking water supply are concerned is estimated at 58.98% as at the

end of 2009 as against a national target of 79.8%.

Performance in Water Resources Management

The main activities under water resources management in 2009 included:

Water quality monitoring: this has been carried out in 19 locations since 2005. Most of the river

systems analyzed maintained their quality status while a few recorded some decline;

Water resources use and regulation: As at the end of 2009, 154 major water users had been licensed

and issued permits, majority of which were for domestic water supplies;

Regulation of Dams: The WRC initiated a process of developing another regulation aimed at

coordinating all relevant activities related to dam design, construction, operations, maintenance,

and decommissioning to ensure uniform and adequate level of safety for all dams throughout

Ghana;

Compliance monitoring and enforcement: A register of permit holders (major water users) was

regularly updated and annually made public in the print media;

River basin management: Main activities included ensuring the functionality of River Basin Boards,

development of national IWRM plans, IWRM promotion and public education and transboundary

water resources management and development, as well as undertaking specific climate change


adaptation projects.

Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

Rural and small town drinking water supply coverage has consistently improved from 40% in 2000 to

58.97% in 2009. However, with a sub-sector target of 76% by 2015, coverage should have been 60% as

at 2009, meaning that the sub-sector is not yet fully on track. If the current coverage trend continues,

the sub-sector will achieve about 74% by 2015.

Urban water supply

The national target set for urban drinking water supply under the GPRS is 85% coverage by 2015. Available data however shows that Ghana is far from meeting this target. The installed capacity of all the urban water supply systems in the country is about 949,000 cubic metres per day but current water demand in urban areas is estimated at about 1,101,032 cubic metres per day. Effective urban water supply coverage is about 59%. This coverage is quite low when compared with the targets.

Urban water coverage experienced a downward trend from 2003 to 2006. The trend however changed and since 2006 there has been a steady upward movement from 55% to 59% in 2009.

Since 2003, water production by GWCL has increased steadily from 205.2mm3 to 231.77mm3 in 2009. Revenue generation by the Company has also improved from GH¢41.5 million to GH¢106.6 million in 2009. However, cost of production has also increased from GH¢0.096/m3 to GH¢0.39/m3. Cost of chemicals per m3 for instance has doubled from GH¢0.02 in 2003 to GH¢0.04 in 2009. Non-revenue water as at the end of 2009 was 51.5%, having reduced from 57.1% in 2003.

GoG Budget performance

Since 2007, government allocations to the Water Resources Commission have consistently reduced from

GH¢94,500 to GH¢60,845. It is also evident that actual releases from these allocations have been very

low; 6.3% in 2007, 11.7% in 2008 and 3.2% in 2009. WRC spending from the GoG releases have always

been 100%. Government releases to WRC over the three year period have been about 3% of WRC’s

internally generated funds.

GoG allocations for rural and small town water supply has shown an upward trend from GH¢2,179,419

in 2006 to GH¢35,026,106 in 2009. However, the gap between allocations and actual releases is rather

widening; from about 25% in 2006 to about 90% in 2009.

Since 2007, GoG has not been able to fully release its approved budget to GWCL. In 2007 for instance GoG released only 4.6% of the GH¢25.7 million approved, while in 2009, GoG released about 23% of the approved GH¢11.8 million.

Conclusions and recommendations

Monitoring and Evaluation

There is currently no sectorwide Monitoring and Evaluation framework. Information in this report has

been based on fragmented sub-sector definitions and standards. Developing a sectorwide M&E


framework is therefore critical to the value of this report. For instance this report has no information on

functionality and sustainability since an indicator on functionality or sustainability is not yet defined.

There are no known sectorwide indicators on hygiene, gender and vulnerability issues among others.

Lack of information on such critical components of WASH service delivery leaves a major gap in sector

information and decision-making.

The Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) however generates substantial amount of data on WASH, including

data on sanitation, hygiene and gender. However, stakeholders in the WASH sector have yet to make

effective use of this survey data since they are yet to fully accept the methodologies and the definitions

used. Experts have recommended a special WASH survey to be conducted (by the GSS) with common

sector definitions and indicators in order to make more effective a common M&E framework.

Rural and small town water supply

Provision should be made for the investment component of CWSA to be rolled over every financial year

to enable smooth implementation of programmes as happens with the funds provided by donors since it

is not always possible for funds to be disbursed in one financial year.

Procurement

Though the Procurement Act has introduced a lot of transparency in the system it must be reviewed to

introduce a higher degree of flexibility to properly align it to the development exigencies of current

times to avoid unnecessary delays in implementation of projects.

Sanitation and hygiene indicators and data

To date, no WASH sector agency collates sectorwide data on sanitation and hygiene. Therefore this

report has almost no data on sanitation and hygiene. The only type of data on sanitation is generated by

the Ghana Statistical Service through representative household surveys and censuses. This report could

not use that data for this report since the methodologies applied in generating such survey data are

different from what the agencies applied to generate data on water.

NGO Contribution

In spite of their much appreciated contribution to policy formulation, decision-making, funding and

facility delivery, it was extremely difficult to obtain a documented evidence of NGO contribution to the

WASH sector in Ghana from the umbrella body (CONIWAS). It is strongly recommended that CONIWAS

compiles an annual report on the total contribution its members make to the sector in the form of

funding, facility delivery, advocacy and policy formulation, strategy development, sector learning among

others.

Sustaining existing investments

More water and Sanitation investments are needed in both rural/small towns and urban areas


particularly in fast growing peri-urban areas. However, it is absolutely necessary to properly operate and

maintain the systems and assure the sustainability of the investments. Unfortunately, however, it was

hard to come by data on functionality for this report and it is strongly recommended that data

generation by all the agencies should ensure that this all important indicator is not ignored.

GoG budget allocation and releases

Coverage for water and sanitation has been generally slow given the demand for improved drinking

water and sanitation. A major contributory factor is government’s inability to release all approved funds

to the sector over the years. There is a similar complaint from the GWCL and the WRC, and it is strongly

recommended that the GoG should reverse the trend and ensure that adequate funds are released to

help achieve the targets.

Water and Sanitation Development and other Boards

There have been major complaints from sector agencies and civil society of political interference in

water management issues especially the dissolution of well established and trained water boards,

agency Boards, CEOs and Managing Directors etc whenever there is a change in government. Long

delays in replacing and training such Boards and Directors affect the overall performance of the WASH

sector as they affect major decision-making such as release of funds and disbursement, recruitment of

staff, award of contracts and collapse of installed systems.

Population estimates

Put together, estimates from the Ghana Water Company and the CWSA portrays Ghana’s population as

at 2009 to be more than 27 million, while other reports such as those from the UN estimate it at about

23 million as at 2008. Population estimates alone can distort all statistical data and give a very wrong

picture of what is supposed to be the actual situation. It will be in the interest of the WASH sector to

work with a common population base.

Definition of urban and rural

Data disaggregation should base on common definitions of urban and rural. What happens at the

moment is that some communities that are purely urban (according to the GSS definition of urban as a

community with 5,000 or more inhabitants) are actually reported under rural or small town by CWSA

because they fall under the CWSA operational areas as small towns. Therefore, while household user-

based survey data on WASH disaggregate rural and urban according to the GSS definition, the agencies

define the term according to the areas they operate (the GWCL for instance define urban as the

communities served by the 82 systems they operate). It is therefore not possible to compare

rural/urban disaggregated data from the agencies with those from the user survey reports from the

GSS/JMP.


1 Historical overview


1.0 Introduction

The first public water supply system in Ghana, then Gold Coast, was established in Accra just before

World War I. Extensions were made exclusively to other urban areas among them the colonial capital of

Cape Coast, Winneba and Kumasi in the1920s.

During this period, the water supply systems were managed by the Hydraulic Division of Public Works

Department. With time the responsibilities of the Hydraulic Division were widened to include the

planning and development of water supply systems in other parts of the country.

In 1948, the Department of Rural Water Development was established to engage in the development

and management of rural water supply through the drilling of bore holes and construction of wells for

rural communities.

After Ghana’s independence in 1957, a Water Supply Division, with headquarters in Kumasi, was set up

under the Ministry of Works and Housing with responsibilities for both urban and rural water supplies.

During the dry season of 1959, there was severe water shortage in the country. Following this crisis, an

agreement was signed between the Government of Ghana and the World Health Organization (WHO)

for a study to be conducted into the water sector development of the country.

The study focused not only on technical engineering but also on the organization of a national water and

sewerage authority and the methods of financing. The study recommended the preparation of a 20-year

(1960 to 1980) Master Plan for water supply and sewerage services in Accra-Tema.

In line with the recommendations of WHO, the Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation (GWSC), was

established in 1965 under an Act of Parliament (Act 310) as a legal public utility entity. GWSC was

responsible for:

water supply and sanitation in rural as well as urban areas

the conduct of research on water and sewerage as well as the making of engineering surveys and plans

the construction and operation of water and sewerage works, and

the setting of standards and prices and collection of revenues

1.1 Decline in Operational Efficiency of GWSC

In 1957, there were 35 pipe-borne water supply systems in the country. The number of pipe-borne

systems rose to 69 in 1961 and then to 194 in 1979. At this time, there were 2,500 hand pumped

borehole systems in the country and by 1984, additional 3,000 boreholes had been drilled and fitted

with hand pumps. However by the late 1980s and early 1990s, 33% of the water supply systems had

deteriorated greatly or completely broken down due to inadequate funding to carry out maintenance


and rehabilitation. A World Bank report in 1998 states that: “The water supply systems in Ghana

deteriorated rapidly during the economic crises of the 1970s and early 1980s when Government’s ability

to adequately operate and maintain essential services was severely constrained.”

1.2 Interventions by to Improve Efficiency

To reverse the decline in water supply services, interventions in the area of sector reforms and project

implementation were made in 1970, 1981 and 1988. These included interventions by the World Bank,

IDA, donor countries and other external support agencies such as Austrian Government, Italian

Government, Nordic Development Fund, the African Development Bank, Canadian International

Development Agency, Department for International Development, KfW, GTZ, OECF, ECGD and CFD/ADF.

Though some gains were derived from these interventions, their general impact on service delivery was

very disappointing. Due to the failure of these interventions to achieve the needed results, several

efforts were made to improve efficiency within the water supply sector in Ghana especially during the

era of the Economic Recovery Programme from 1983 to 1993. During this period, loans and grants were

sought from the World Bank and other donors for the initiation of rehabilitation and expansion

programmes, to train personnel and to buy transport and maintenance equipment.

In addition, user fees for water supply were increased and subsidies on water tariffs were gradually

removed for GWSC to achieve self-financing. Although subvention for both operational and

developmental programmes was withdrawn in 1986, government funding for development programmes

continued. The government at that time approved a formula for annual tariff adjustments to enable the

corporation generate sufficient funds to cover all annual recurrent costs as well as attain some capacity

to undertake development projects.

1.3 The Water Sector Restructuring Project

In 1987, a “Five-Year Rehabilitation and Development Plan” for the sector was prepared which resulted

in the launching of the Water Sector Restructuring Project (WSRP). Multilateral and bilateral donors

contributed $140 million to support the implementation of the WSRP. The reforms were aimed at

reducing unaccounted for water, introducing rationalization through reduction of the workforce, hiring

of professionals and training of the remaining staff. A strong focus in the WSRP was also to improve

management and increase efficiency through organizational change in the water sector.

Accordingly, a number of organizational reforms within the Ghanaian water sector were initiated in the

early 1990s. As a first step, responsibilities for sanitation and small towns water supply were

decentralized from Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation to the District Assemblies in 1993.

The Water Resources Commission (WRC) was founded in 1996 to be in charge of overall regulation and

management of water resources utilization. In 1997, the Public Utilities Regulatory Commission (PURC)

came into being with the purpose of setting tariffs and quality standards for the operation of public


utilities.

With the passage of Act 564 of 1998, the Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA) was

established to be responsible for management of rural water supply systems, hygiene education and

provision of sanitary facilities. After the establishment of CWSA, 120 water supply systems serving small

towns and rural communities were transferred to the District Assemblies and Communities to manage

under the community-ownership and management scheme.

Finally, pursuant to the Statutory Corporations (Conversion to Companies) Act 461 of 1993 as amended

by LI 1648, on 1st July 1999, GWSC was converted into a 100% state owned limited liability, Ghana

Water Company Limited, with the responsibility for urban water supply only.

A Water Directorate was also created within the Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing in

2004 to oversee sector policy formulation and review, monitoring and evaluation of the activities of the

agencies, and co-ordination of the activities of donors.

The Environmental Health and Sanitation Department of the Ministry of Local Government and Rural

Department was also upgraded into a Directorate in 2008.


2 Institutional and policy framework


2.1 Introduction

Several institutions play various roles in Ghana’s Water and Sanitation Sector. These include Ministries,

Agencies, and Local Government institutions. This chapter presents brief information on institutional

arrangements and how they link with each other from policy and coordination to implementation and

regulation, as well as a bit on External Support Agencies and NGOs.

2.2 Sector Ministries

2.2.1 Ministry of Water Resources, Works and housing (MWRWH)

The Ministry is responsible for setting policies and strategies for the water sector in the country –

including water resources management and supply of drinking water to both urban and rural

communities. There are three key public sector institutions/agencies under the ministry; the Water

Resources Commission (WRC), Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) and the Community water and

Sanitation Agency (CWSA). They execute the Ministry’s programmes, policies, plans and strategies on

water resources management and drinking water supply in the country. The Ministry has established a

Water Directorate to oversee sector policy formulation and review, monitoring and evaluation of the

activities of the agencies, and co-ordination of the activities of donors.

2.2.2 The Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development

This is the Ministry responsible for the overall policy formulation and strategic guidelines, planning,

coordination, collaboration, monitoring and evaluation of programs for the environmental health and

sanitation sector - both liquid and solid waste. It is also responsible for the efficient administration of all

local government institutions including the Metropolitan, Municipal, and District Assemblies. It should

be noted that these MMDAs are also responsible for the management and coordination of water and

sanitation programmes within the communities under their jurisdiction. An Environmental Health and

Sanitation Division under the Ministry was upgraded into a Directorate in 2008. The EHSD is responsible

for coordinating the activities of all the key sector institutions including MMDAs involved the

environmental sanitation sector.

The EHSD provides sector coordination and facilitation of MMDAs in implementing national-level and

other ministries’ programmes on environmental sanitation

2.2.3 Ministry of Education

Through the School Health Education Programme (SHEP), the Ministry is tasked to implement the

hygiene promotion and the school health programme in water and sanitation in all educational

institutions particularly at the basic level.

2.2.4 Ministry of Health and the Ghana Health Service

The Ministry of Health and the Ghana Health Service are responsible for the management of health

services in the country and providing health data, supporting health education activities, and


contributing to regulation and standard-setting for health services. The health sector relies on

environmental sanitation data and information to contribute to disease prevention and control.

2.3 Sector Agencies and Departments

2.3.1 The Water Resources Commission (WRC)

Created in 1996 by Act 522, the WRC is responsible for the regulation and management of the utilization

of water resources and the coordination of policies related to its functions. Among its major tasks are

the granting of water rights and the allocation of water resources among competing users.

2.3.2 Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL)

Established by Act 310 of 1965 as the Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation (GWSC), and converted

to the Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) by Act 461 of 1993, it is a state-owned company

responsible for producing and distributing potable water to the urban population for domestic, public

and industrial purposes.

2.3.3 Community Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA)

Established by Act 564 of 1998, the CWSA is a facilitating agency under the Ministry of Water Resources,

Works and Housing. Its mandate is to facilitate the provision of safe drinking water and related

sanitation and hygiene services to rural communities and small towns in Ghana.

2.3.4 Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies (MMDAs)

Established under the Local Government Act, 462, MMDAs are responsible for the preparation of the

District Water and Sanitation Plans. This responsibility, however, does not include urban water supply.

MMDAs play a crucial role of ensuring that facilities provided to rural and small towns are adequately

managed and maintained. They are required to ensure that Water and Sanitation Committees and

Water and Sanitation Development Boards are formed and given recognition to manage rural and small

town water facilities provided. MMDAs are also expected to establish a budget line for water and

sanitation either through central government allocations or through internally generated funds.

2.3.5 Development partners

Development partners play a very important and indispensable role in Ghana’s water and sanitation

sector. These roles extend from financial assistance to technical assistance and, through participation in

(and sometimes championing) sector dialogues, contribute to development of sector policies and

strategies. There are many external development assistance partners working in the sector.

Development partners currently contribute about 80% of total WASH sector funding1. The partners

include: African Development Bank (AfDB), Agence Française de Dévéloppement (AFD), CIDA, DANIDA,

1 Recent arguments point to the fact that a considerable proportion of donor funds to the WASH sector are indeed loans

contracted by the government of Ghana. It will therefore be fair to the government if future analyses disaggregate loans from

grants and show the actual GoG contribution.


GTZ/KfW, DfiD, European Union, Japan International Co-operation Agency (JICA), Netherlands, UNICEF,

IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, and the World Bank.

2.3.6 NGOs

Though currently difficult to estimate the exact contribution of NGOs in Ghana’s Water in terms of

sector financing, there is a lot of field evidence to suggest that the significant presence of both

international and local NGOs and Faith-Based Organizations (FBO) in the WASH Sector in Ghana is

indeed helping to accelerate sector growth.

WaterAid, World Vision International (WVI), Church of Christ, the Catholic Church, Plan International

and Adventist Development and Relief Organization (ADRA), are among international NGOs sometimes

playing roles of donors and implementers. The formation of the Coalition of NGOs in Water and

Sanitation (CONIWAS) in 2003 has also contributed to a better sector coordination, having been

collaborating with the MWRWH and its agencies, particularly CWSA. In effect this has enabled CONIWAS

to bring its members to conform to sector’s procedures and guidelines, a situation which was previously

missing.

2.4 Sector coordination updates

2.4.1 Sector policy updates

The overall goal of the National Water Policy, which was approved in 2007 after years of consultations,

is to ‘achieve sustainable development, management and use of Ghana’s water resources to improve

health and livelihoods, reduce vulnerability while assuring good governance for present and future

generations.’ This goal is to be achieved by addressing relevant issues under water resources

management, urban water supply and community water and sanitation2.

Every action taken, from integrated water resources management, urban water supply and community

water and sanitation during the year 2009 were therefore broadly influenced and informed by this

broad policy objective. Some of the focus areas that received renewed attention were private sector

participation in water service delivery; for the first time there were high level discussions on how to take

this objective forward during the 1st Ghana Water Forum in October 2009, where sector stakeholders

and corporate institutions organized a Business Roundtable to find a way forward. A final draft of the

reviewed National Sanitation Policy was also submitted to Cabinet for approval and it will very likely be

launched by the end of 2010.

2.4.2 Sector-wide Approach (SWAp) updates3

Efforts to move towards a sectorwide approach for water and sanitation delivery is an on-going process

and dates back to 2002 when the Donor’s Conference of the Community Water and Sanitation Agency

2 National Water Policy 2007

3 Water Directorate: Deepening the understanding of the roles and responsibilities of the Ghana water Sector SWAp (March

2010)


(CWSA) deliberated on the theme: ‘Towards a Sectorwide Approach for Community Water and

Sanitation Delivery.’ The 2004 Donors Conference further built on this under the theme ‘Harmonizing

approaches in water and sanitation delivery.’ By the end of 2008, some important milestones had been

attained towards a more integrated national water and sanitation sector. These include the creation of a

Water Directorate in 2004 and the development of a National Water Policy in 2007. In 2009, a Water

and Sanitation Sector Group, led by the Water Directorate established a SWAp Task Force which

developed a SWAp Roadmap to build momentum towards getting the SWAp in motion. The roadmap

defined some critical next steps f including:

Strengthening of the Water Directorate;

Agreement on a Code of Conduct for all those working in the sector;

Development of a comprehensive sector development plan with a budget linked to

government’s annual budget processes;

Agreement on possible financing options for SWAp and

Development of a sustainable common sector M&E system.

Series of action oriented stakeholder workshops have subsequently been planned against 2010 to help

take major decisions on how to implement this roadmap.

2.4.3 Sector M&E updates

At the agency level, both the CWSA and GWCL have M&E systems that help them to track progress, plan

and make informed management decisions. A major challenge, however, has been with monitoring,

evaluation and decision-making at the national level. This is because of differences in definitions and

methodologies that the agencies employ in their monitoring processes. In the spirit of a drive toward a

sectorwide approach and effective sector coordination, there is need to harmonize some of the

definitions and monitoring approaches and develop sectorwide monitoring indicators and produce a

sectorwide report.

Monitoring and evaluation received a boost as a policy objective and as a major requirement in a sector-

wide approach when, at the national level, and with support from the EU Water Facility and UNICEF, a

Water and Sanitation Monitoring Platform (WSMP) was established to support the Water Directorate in

2008 to begin a process of actively disseminating available sector data and facilitating a process of

harmonizing sector definitions and monitoring methodologies. The WSMP has so far been able to

disseminate some of the existing and useful data and has promoted a better understanding of various

data available in the sector. The Platform has also raised a number of issues needing national level

attention. As a result of its achievements, the Water Directorate has decided to recognize and support

the WSMP to serve, in the interim, as a national mechanism for sectorwide monitoring and evaluation,

with mandate to, among other functions, facilitate the development of sectorwide monitoring

indicators, establishment of a sectorwide M&E system, data flow system and also disseminate

sectorwide data to inform national level decision-making.


2.5 On-going sector learning and other projects

There are a number of on-going projects that are intended to inform policy and strategies, particularly in

relation to WASH delivery to the poor, WASH data literacy and harmonization, life cycle costs of service

delivery, sustainable management of water resources and water safety and management etc. These

projects are being implemented by various institutions in partnership with the MWRWH and its

agencies, academic institutions, NGOs and international organizations. These are briefly discussed

below:

2.5.1 Improvement of Water Sector Performance Management Framework (IWSPMF)

The project aims at supporting the Water Directorate in policy formulation, planning and coordination of sector activities and programmes, while ensuring coherence in monitoring and evaluation. The Improvement of the Water Sector Performance Management Framework (IWSPMF) aims at developing the capacity of the Water Directorate in the Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing to implement the National Water Policy and improve the Water and Sanitation (W&S) Sector performance for achieving national and MDG targets. This is expected to be achieved by developing a consistent and objective framework for promoting increased, predictable and innovative funding for the Sector. The project is funded by the European Union with support from DFID and the Government of Ghana.

Outputs in 2009 include:

Capacity building of Water Directorate staff through appropriate short term training courses in Ghana and other countries, as well as the provision of various office equipment;

A Water and Sanitation Sector Website was developed and launched with links to other agencies;

A quarterly sector newsletter Water Focus was established with first edition already published;

A multi stakeholder dialogue on improving transparency and accountability in the WASH Sector was organized;

Supported the development and implementation of a roadmap for Sector Wide Approach (SWAp) and funded the organization of the 2nd SWAp workshop;

Provided funding and technical support for organization of the 1st Ghana Water Forum; and

Supported the organization of Water and Sanitation Sector Group meetings.

2.5.2 The Water and Sanitation Monitoring Platform (WSMP)

With funding from the EU Water Facility and technical/financial Support from UNICEF, the Water and

Sanitation Monitoring Platform was established in Ghana in 2008 by the Water Directorate of the

Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing.

WSMP was established as a three-year pilot project to support WASH sector monitoring through

assembling of available data, repackaging and disseminating information to relevant stakeholders. The

project also seeks to support and/or facilitate efforts towards harmonization of sector definitions and

methodologies for data collection in order to minimize disparities.

This Platform had become necessary due to wide disparities between data generated by sector Agencies

and those generated by the Ghana Statistical Service and the United Nations and the need for


government and stakeholders to understanding them to make informed decisions. There was also a lot

of data that was not disseminated and thus not made use of.

From 2008 to 2009, the WSMP contributed tremendously to sector activities by educating the WASH

sector on various types of data and why there were differences between them, when and where to use

which type of data etc. The Platform also raised the profile of a number of issues such as Ghana’s MDG

progress on water and sanitation and the issue of shared toilet facilities and its impact on Ghana’s MDG

progress on sanitation. Among other activities, the WSMP is currently supporting the Water Directorate

to establish a sectorwide monitoring and evaluation framework as part of the drive towards a sector-

wide approach (SWAp). The Platform is also coordinating the production of this WASH Sector

Performance Report. For more information, visit www.wsmp.org.

2.5.3 Resource Centre Network (RCN)

The Resource Centre Network (RCN) is an institutional partnership that seeks to promote Knowledge

Management (KM) services within the WASH sector in Ghana. The network is a group of organizations

and projects that generate and disseminate knowledge and act as the operational body for sector KM

activities. Though RCN partners have their own sector focus and target groups, the Members commit to

network their knowledge activities through the RCN Secretariat in order to avoid duplication and

optimize use of resources to ensure that the knowledge requirements of the entire sector is met.

A major achievement of RCN in 2009 was the introduction of the monthly National Level Learning

Alliance Platform (NLLAP) and the Sector Events Calendar (both in collaboration with the Water

Directorate). The platform provided regular interactive sessions with sector stakeholders to learn and

share lessons, experiences, best practices and innovations on various thematic areas within WASH. The

events calendar also served as a guide to setting dates of sector events, thus supporting sector

coordination with regards to sector engagements. For more information, visit www.ghana.watsan.net.

2.5.4 WASHCost Project Ghana

WASHCost is a five-year initiative focused on exploring and sharing an understanding of the true costs of

sustainable Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) services. It is led by the Kwame Nkrumah University

of Science and Technology (KNUST), Ghana in cooperation with IRC International Water and Sanitation

Centre, The Netherlands. Since 2008, WASHCost has developed new methodologies with sector

stakeholders to better understand and use the costs in providing WASH services to rural and peri-urban

communities in Ghana. Some of the partners include Water Directorate (WD) of the Ministry of Water

Resources, Works and Housing (MWRWH), Environmental Health and Sanitation Directorate (EHSD) of

the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (MLGRD) and Community Water and

Sanitation Agency (CWSA).

In 2009, WASHCost piloted new methodologies to collect life-cycle costs of sustainable WASH services in

Northern, Ashanti, Volta, and Greater Accra regions. Preliminary information was collected on Capital

Expenditure (CapEx), Operating and Minor Maintenance Expenditure (OpEx), Capital Maintenance


Expenditure (CapManEX), Expenditure on Direct Support (ExpDS) and Expenditure on Indirect Support

(ExpIDS). Service levels indicators were identified which reflect the standards of service in rural and peri-

urban communities against which life-cycle costs can be measured. Some of the preliminary results have

been presented on certain stakeholder platforms.

2.5.5 Tripartite Partnership Project (TPP)

The Tripartite Partnership Project (TPP) is a collaborative approach involving Ghanaian and Dutch

partners, with additional AWF/AfDB funds for infrastructure, that seeks to tackle the core problems of

weak sector capacity for planning and delivery of WASH services in poor urban areas. This is done

through the demonstration of new approaches to pro-poor WASH service delivery in three pilot areas

involving three-party partnerships of NGO, Public and Private sectors. The specific objectives are:

To analyze the problems and constraints to pro-poor services delivery and identify innovative

approaches;

To identify and test a range of different innovative management models for providing WASH

services to the urban poor;

To support the creation of the enabling environment (policy, regulation, etc.) necessary for these

innovative models to be widely scaled-up.

The main achievement for 2009 included the identification and documentation of innovative

management models for water supply in Ghana, support for the establishment of structures for sector

learning and networking, and the preparation of detailed field-based pilot projects with infrastructure

for service delivery alongside learning aspects. For more information, please visit

http://www.ghana.watsan.net/page/687

2.5.6 Sustainable Water management Improves Tomorrow’s Cities Health (SWITCH)

SWITCH is implemented by a consortium of 32 organizations from various countries under the

coordination of UNESCO-IHE. In Ghana it is being implemented by KNUST, the International Water

Management Institute and District Assemblies. The aim is to achieve a paradigm shift in urban water

management for a sustainable, healthy and safe urban water system. The principal objective of the

project is that Accra will strive to develop and safeguard its renewable water resources and to use them

to effectively and efficiently provide its citizen’s with appropriate drinking water and other water related

services in a manner that is integrated, equitable, sustainable and cost-effective.

SWITCH has for the past three years been contributing to the development of strategic directions in

Urban Water Management through training, research and demonstrations on Social Inclusion in Urban

Water Governance, Use of Natural Systems for storm water management and waste water treatment.

SWITCH also supported the training of various sector practitioners in planning for Integrated Urban

Water Management. SWITCH initiated a Learning Alliance (LA) Process for the Urban Water Sector

which is in its 3rd year. The SWITCH project is using the LAs to develop strategic plans for Integrated

Urban Water Management. The LA is currently in the strategy development phase and to provide

http://www.ghana.watsan.net/page/687


evidence for decisions regarding the strategic directions, an institutional map and a Resource

Infrastructure Demand Access Assessment (RIDA) have been developed. The RIDA document has been

instrumental in collating information regarding the status of water management in Accra. This

document has been widely circulated among key stakeholders in the Urban Water Management Sector.

2.5.7 UN-HABITAT Water for African Cities Project

This is a project sponsored by the UN Habitat and the Government of Ghana. The objective is to improve

health and productivity by increasing access to good drinking water and proper sanitation facilities on

sustainable basis and trigger investments in the sector to meet GPRS, NEPAD, and MDG targets. The

project area consists of core community of Sabon Zongo and other areas in the Accra metropolis

including Weija, Bortianor and Legon. Co-operating partners are WaterAid, GWCL, Ghana Education

Service, Accra Metropolitan Assembly and Water Resources Commission.

2.5.8 Pro-poor pilot projects for water interventions in low income communities

To achieve its pro-poor objectives the Public Utilities Regulatory Commission (PURC) is collaborating

with GWCL, AVRL, WaterAid, communities and other institutions to undertake pilot projects to serve the

poor in three low-income, water-deprived communities in Accra. These pilots are expected to provide

specific information for further refining of the commission’s social policies with a view to better

identification and targeting of the poor in its regulatory decisions. GWCL is also collaborating with AFD

through a study and infrastructural development to develop a national pre-urban policy for Ghana. The

study area is in three towns under the Berekum Water Supply system namely Kato, Jemdede and Nato

in the Brong Ahafo Region. Three models are going to be studied and also a learning study tour to

countries with similar successfully policies visited to learn from their challenges in its implementation.

Similar GWCL, AVRL and CHF are also working on a similar project which will feed into the finalization of

the national pre-urban policy.

2.5.9 Sustainable Services at Scale (Triple-S)

The Sustainable Services at Scale (Triple-S) is an IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre six-year

multi-country learning initiative aimed at supporting governments and stakeholders in the water sector

to improve rural water supply. Working collaboratively within existing structures, applying innovative

planning and best practice, Triple-S encourages the shift away from one-off, stand-alone infrastructure

projects towards integrated and lasting water services. In Ghana, the initiative will develop and test

innovative approaches for water service delivery for national level upscale; support learning in the

sector through documentation and dissemination of information on best practices of rural water service

delivery; support processes for harmonization and coordination at national and district levels; facilitate

processes for adoption of a service delivery approach and; support institutional strengthening and

reforms for sustained water service delivery. The main implementing partner and host is the Community

Water and Sanitation Agency (CWSA). Implementation of the initiative in Ghana began with the signing

of a hosting agreement with the Community Water and Sanitation Agency in October 2009. A multi

country study (including Ghana) into experiences with rural water service provision and aid effectiveness


was commissioned in 2009. Structures for implementation, including a technical committee under the

chairmanship of CWSA and a multi-stakeholder National Advisory Committee under the chairmanship of

the Ministry of Water Resources Works and Housing were established in 2009. Again, a consultative

process for the development of a strategic plan for implementation of the initiative was launched. These

primary activities set the stage for a full scale implementation of the initiative in 2010.

2.6 Annual reviews and conferences

There are a number of review processes in the WASH sector. Some of them examine policies,

implementation processes, procedures and specific project/programme achievements and challenges.

The MWRWH-led sector review for drinking water supply and sanitation, takes place around September

or October every year to ensure that its decisions and recommendations are captured in the

Government’s Annual Budget. In 2009, this review meeting (called GoG and Donors Conference) was

replaced by the Ghana Water Forum Series.

The Mole Conference Series: It is organized by the Coalition of NGOs in Water and Sanitation (CONIWAS), and is held mid-year. Led by NGOs, this has been held annually since 1989. The theme for the 2009 Mole Conference was “twenty years of multi-sector dialogue in Ghana, the state of water, sanitation and hygiene.” It was mainly to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the Mole Series and assess its contribution to WASH development in Ghana. Mole Series had contributed to sector dialogue, knowledge and the provision of water, sanitation and hygiene services to the people of Ghana. Among several others, Mole 2009 made the following pledges and calls in the conference communiqué:

A pledge to consolidate the gains made through improved sector coordination, and to collectively

work towards improving it through compliance with and respect for sector policies, regulations and

standards;

A pledge to support the development and implementation of appropriate policies and programmes

and the enactment of requisite legislation to promote water-saving devices and practices;

A call for intensified stakeholder education on the efficient selection and use of WASH sector data;

A call on government and its agencies to evaluate and draw lessons from laudable private initiatives

aimed at improving access to water and sanitation services to low income communities;

A call for the development of a comprehensive Hygiene Education strategy by the Environmental

Health and Sanitation Directorate.

CWSA Annual Review: This review focuses on rural and small town water and sanitation service delivery.

The theme for the 2009 Review was on Monitoring and Evaluation for Sustainable Delivery of Water,

Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion. There were discussions on new ideas to make monitoring and

evaluation more effective within the agency as it relates to the sustainability of the facilities that it

provides.

The Management and staff of CWSA acknowledged the critical role they have to play in achieving the

Government’s “Better Ghana Agenda” and pledged to work hard and endeavour to achieve set targets.

They also promised to continue to pursue a policy of transparency and strive to build consensus through

open engagement and constructive exchange of ideas.


Ghana Water Forum: This is an annual event dedicated to wider water security issues, which mimics the

African Water Week at the national level. The first of the GWF series was held in 2009. The Theme for

the forum was “Accelerating water security for socio-economic development.” Unlike the GoG/Donor

Conference, the Forum brought together a wider range of participants including the youth and children

and the business community to brainstorm and/or take decisions on achieving water security in the face

of climate change for Ghana.

The Environmental Health and Sanitation Directorate annual review: This review is held to assess

environmental sanitation in general. This is usually preceded by a Sanitation Week that highlights issues

and challenges in sanitation and creates awareness for improved sanitation. The EHSD plans to convert

this review to a National Environmental Sanitation Conference (NESCON) from 2010.


3 Sector Performance


3.0 Introduction

This chapter presents progress on implementation of WASH activities from the three main sector

agencies – the Water Resources Commission, the Community Water and Sanitation Agency and the

Ghana Water Company Limited. It should be noted that this maiden WASH Sector Performance Report

has been produced ahead of the sectorwide discussion and selection of common monitoring indicators.

Therefore it was impossible to use any form of common indicators from the agencies. Indicators and

definitions used to produce this report are those that are currently being used by the various agencies.

3.1 Sector performance against the MDG targets

The focus of this report is on national targets set by the three main agencies based on their respective

standard criteria, methodologies and definitions and not necessarily based on the methodologies for

assessing progress towards the United Nations (UN) Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). However,

for the sake of clarity and the avoidance of confusion over coverage data in circulation through current

UN reports and those that are contained in this report, we present a summary of Ghana’s performance

against the MDGs before we move on to report on national targets.

The MDG for water and sanitation is to “halve by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable

access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.” The base year for monitoring MDG progress is 1990

(with occasional variations when new data is discovered). The indicators used to measure progress on

this goal are:

The proportion of the population that uses an improved drinking water source, urban and rural;

The proportion of the population that uses and improved sanitation facility, urban and rural.

We therefore present in the table below, Ghana’s status as in 1990 and her current position (as in 2008).

Table 1: Ghana’s MDG status 1990 and 2008

Year % Water Coverage % Sanitation coverage

Rural Urban National Rural Urban National

1990 37 84 54 4 11 7

2000 58 88 71 5 15 9

2008 74 90 82 7 18 13

Source: WHO/UNCEF Joint Monitoring Programme; Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water 2010 update

As 46% of Ghanaians did not use an improved drinking water source (Detailed JMP definitions for

improved water source and improved sanitation facility have been provided in Annex 9) in 1990, and the

MDG was to reduce that figure by half by 2015, one could then conclude that Ghana’s MDG target for


drinking water is 77%. Therefore if as at 2008, when 82% of the population was drinking from an

improved source, Ghana could be said to be clearly on track to meet its MDG target by 2015. The same

could however not be said about sanitation. As Ghana should reach a target of 53.5% in 2015, only 13%

of the population was using an improved sanitation facility as at 2008. This indicates that the country is

off track to meeting its sanitation target by 2015.

Local agencies have largely applied their own indicators, definitions and criteria for monitoring and have

hardly applied the JMP4 criteria. They therefore set their own (local) MDG target of 76% for rural and

small towns water supply and 85% for urban water supply. Missing conspicuously are local targets (and

local data) for sanitation and hygiene.

There are however, local efforts, underway, being coordinated by the WSMP, to find a way of adapting

JMP coverage figures to suit local decision-making and planning. This includes refining JMP coverage

figures with the time that people spend to search for water and/or the distance that people cover from

their homes to the source of water. For now, this report will focus on local targets for water, sanitation

and hygiene until any major decisions are taken in future.

3.2 Performance against national targets - Summary

Coverage against national targets for drinking water as at 2009 Population Population Served % Coverage

Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban National

15,673,313 11,529,723 27,203,036 9,242,366 6,802,536 16,044,902 58.97 59 58.98 Source: CWSA and GWCL: 2009

The Ghana Water Company Limited, the main national utility in charge of supply of potable water to

urban dwellers in Ghana, has set a target of achieving 85% coverage by 2015. As at the end of 2009, the

company had achieved 59% coverage. The Community Water and Sanitation Agency has also set a target

of 76% drinking water coverage for rural and small town dwellers by 2015. The Agency had achieved

58.97% as at the end of 2009.

Based on this information, the overall national coverage as far as the two main water supply sector

agencies are concerned is estimated as 58.98% (total population served as a percentage of total

estimated population by CWSA and GWCL) as at the end of 2009.

Using the absolute figures of the 2015 targets by both agencies, an aggregated national target for 2015

will therefore be 80% (76% of total rural population plus 85% of total urban population expressed as a

percentage of total estimated national population).

4 The JMP is the UN mechanism mandated to monitor global progress on the MDG for drinking water and basic sanitation.


Figure 1: Performance against 2015 targets

Given the sub-national drinking water targets of 76% rural and 85% urban by 20155, and the total

estimated population of 27,203,0366, it can be deduced that the overall national target by 2015 is 79.8%

(representing 21,711,982 people out of 27,203,036 in absolute terms). The overall national performance

against the national target is therefore 58.98% as against a target of 79.8%.

Figure 2: Total WASH budget against GDP

Sources: Annual Budget Statements 2006 to 2010

5 Ref: Strategic Investment Plans from CWSA and GWCL

6 The figure is derived from the estimated population figures provided by the GWCL and CWSA in their 2009 reports


Allocations to the WASH Sector7 since 2006 have consistently fallen below 2% of annual Gross Domestic

Product (GDP). It has also shown a downward trend, having dropped from 1.52% in 2006 to 0.52% in

2010.

Table 3: Investment requirements from Strategic Investment Plans

Rural/Small Town WSS Requirement 2008 - 2015 GWCL (Urban) Water Supply Requirement 2008 -2015

Activity Total Water & Related

Sanitation ($m)

Software and Project Mgt

($m)

Total ($m) New Facilities

($m)

Rehabilitation ($m)

Expansion/ New ($bn)

Cost 469 36 505 921 452 1,373

Source: GWCL and CWSA SIPs 2008 - 2015

Sector Investment Plans from both CWSA and GWCL indicate that the drinking water supply and basic

sanitation sub-sector requires a total investment capital of US$1,878 billion from 2008 to 2015. This

translates into U$505 million and U$1,373 billion rural and urban respectively.

3.3 Water Resources Management

3.3.1 Introduction

A number of reviews were undertaken in the water sector during the late 1980s and early 1990s, but the

resultant reforms remained agency specific with each sector agency managing, controlling and

regulating its own activities. Subsequent reviews identified the institutional gap regarding the co-

ordination and integration of the various sector policies for water use in the country. A significant step

was taken by government to address the diffused state of functions and authority in water resources

management to an integrated form.

Accordingly, the Water Resources Commission (WRC) was established by an Act of Parliament (ACT 522

of 1996), as the national institution responsible for the management of the country’s water resources.

The mandate of WRC is specifically to regulate and manage the country’s water resources and to co-

ordinate government policies in relation to them.

The Commission represents a forum for integration, cooperation and collaboration of different interests

and is composed of the major stakeholders involved in the water sector. The main stakeholders

represented on the WRC are Hydrological Services, Water Supply – both urban and rural, Irrigation

Development, Water Research, Meteorological Services, Hydropower Generation, Environmental

Protection, Forestry, Minerals, Traditional Chiefs, NGOs and Women interests. A Secretariat - the

technical arm of WRC - is responsible for implementing the decisions of the WRC.

7 This excludes allocations to the Water Resources Commission and the Hydrological Services Department


3.3.2 Water Resources Assessment and Monitoring

The mechanism to enhance water resources data and information services was to review and establish service provision arrangements with the Water Research Institute (WRI/CSIR) and Hydrological Services Department (HSD). The focus is to improve hydrometric network, runoff monitoring and routine provision of stream flow data; monitoring groundwater including water quality, and assessment studies in selected basins. The collaborative arrangements were initiated with support from the European Union but could not be consummated before the end of 2009. The main practical water resources and information management activity was under the Hydro-

geological Assessment Project (HAP), supported by the Canadian International Development Agency

(CIDA), which entered into its 2nd phase in 2009. It is aimed at conducting a hydro-geological study in

the Northern, Upper East, and Upper West Regions of Ghana in order to build up a scientific information

and database on the groundwater potential.

Substantial data and information has so far been gathered and shared with relevant institutions.

Specifically, rainwater samples were successfully collected and chloride concentrations determined. Also

15 monitoring wells were successfully drilled and groundwater recording instruments successfully

installed. Initial yields from the boreholes indicate that the potential for groundwater in the Northern

Region is rather substantial.

3.3.3 Water quality monitoring updates

Water Quality Assessments of the South-Western and Coastal River Systems have been carried out in 19

locations (16 River Stations and three Reservoir Stations) since 2005. These rivers and Reservoirs were

sampled five times in a year. The water quality assessments for the Volta System will be included from

2010.

The Water Quality Index (WQI), which is the general water quality indices type in which various physical,

chemical and microbiological variables are aggregated to produce an overall index of water quality,

describes the state of water quality of the water bodies The WQI classification (presented in Table 4)

and the results for 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008 (shown in Table 5) are available with WRC. The results

for 2009 were not ready for this report.


Table 4: Water Quality Classification

Class Range Description

I >80 Good – Unpolluted and/or recovering from pollution

II 50 – 80 Fairly Good

III 25 – 50 Poor Quality

IV < 25 Grossly Polluted

Table 5: Results of Water Quality Monitoring and Classification of Water Bodies from 2005- 2008

Station 2005 Class 2006 Class 2007 Class 2008 Class

Weija Lake 59.30 II 64.00 II 57.8 II 55.7 II

Potroase- River Densu 68.90 II 82.80 I 81.0 I 63.9 II

Mangoase- River Densu 54.80 II 64.00 II 49.0 III 54.1 II

Nsawam- River Densu 32.50 III 45.00 III 43.6 III 42.3 III

Mankrong J – River Ayensu 60.80 II 51.80 II 57.8 II 51.0 II

Akim Oda-River Birim (Pra

Basin)

57.80 II 54.80 II 59.3 II 52.5 II

Akim Brenase-River Pra (mid) 60.80 II 57.80 II 59.3 II 57.3 II

Daboase – River Pra 60.80 II 50.40 II 62.4 II 55.7 II

Dunkwa- River Offin (Pra Basin) 56.30 II 53.30 II 56.3 II 48.0 III

Lake Barekese –River Offin 62.40 II 74.00 II 70.6 II 67.4 II

Akotsi-River Ochi-Nakwa 59.30 II 57.80 II 56.3 II 51.0 II

Mankesim-River Ochi-Amisa 59.30 II 62.40 II 60.8 II 51.0 II

Lake Brimso-River Kakum 57.80 II 56.30 II 57.8 II 55.7 II

Ewusijo-River Butre 59.30 II 67.30 II 68.9 II 63.9 II

Dominase- River Ankobra 67.20 II 57.80 II 59.3 II 52.5 II

Prestea –River Ankobra 64.00 II 60.80 II 60.8 II 51.0 II

Elubo- River Tano 59.30 II 60.80 II 64.0 II 65.6 II

Sefwi-Wiawso – River Tano 57.80 II 64.00 II 57.8 II 57.3 II

Dadieso-River Bia 56.30 II 43.60 III 64.0 II 57.3 II

Source: Water Resources Commission

Most of the river systems analyzed have maintained their quality status (class) since 2005. However,

some of them showed some margin of decline in quality. For example the Weija Lake, which supplies the

Western part of Accra with treated water, declined from 64 WQI in 2006 to 55.7 WQI in 2006. The


Densu River at Potrease also fell from 82.8 in 2006 to 63.9 in 2008 and slipped from Class I to class II.

Though the Densu River at Nsawam maintained its class III status, there was a remarkable improvement

in its quality when its WQI increased from 32.5 in 2005 to 42.3 in 2008. River Offin at Dunkwa also

suffered a slip from class II to class III between 2005 and 2008.

3.3.4 Water Resources Use and Regulation

3.3.4.1 Water allocation and permits administration The implementation of Water Use Regulations (L.I. 1692) and procedures for the issuance of rights to major water users by means of permits is well advanced. The water permit register at the end of 2009 shows that 154 major water users have been licensed and issued with permits. Majority of the permit holders are for domestic water supplies and mining, while only one permit has been issued for recreation, and two for power generation. Aquaculture and industry have only five and ten licensed users respectively. See figure 3:

Figure 3: Licensed water users

Source: Water Resources Commission 2010

A Drilling License and Groundwater Development Regulations, 2006 (LI 1827) is also being implemented

to ensure:


Appropriate coordination of water well drilling activities,

Proper data generation and collection on groundwater, and

Sustained development of groundwater resources.

The Commission in November 2009 initiated the process of developing another Regulation aimed at

coordinating all relevant activities related to dam design, construction, operations, maintenance, and

decommissioning, to ensure uniform and adequate level of safety for all dams throughout Ghana. The

Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE) is providing technical assistance for the

process, which would also lead to the development of a National Dam Safety Unit (NDSU).

3.3.4.2 Compliance monitoring and enforcement In addition to licensing and regulations, periodic water user identification exercises were undertaken to

ensure compliance of the regulations. Institutions such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),

River Basin Boards and District Assemblies assisted in compliance monitoring. Furthermore, a register of

permit holders (major water users) was regularly updated and made public in the print media.

3.3.5 River Basin Management and Planning

3.3.5.1 Functionality of River Basin Institutions/Boards Three River Basin Offices have been set up and are functioning as part of the decentralization process of

Water Resources Management at the local level while two others are in the pipeline.

The Densu River Basin undertook collaborative activities such as education, tree planting, relocation of waste disposal sites, etc. These activities have contributed to the improvement in the quality of the Densu River;

The White Volta River Basin Board focused on transboundary activities and collaboration with Burkina Faso under the Project for Improving Water Governance in the Volta Basin (PAGEV). During the year, a Climate Change Adaptation Project was also initiated in the three regions in northern Ghana with the view to developing and implementing adaptive and coping strategies for water resources use and management. The project also aims at raising awareness on climate change and information to reduce livelihood vulnerability;

The Ankobra River Basin were focused mainly on monitoring compliance by water use permit holders and inspected hotspot issues including pollution, spillage, etc.; and

Two new basin offices, Pra and Tano, are in the process of being established.

3.3.5.2 River basin and national IWRM plans River Basin Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Plans for the Densu, White Volta, and

Ankobra River Basins have been developed to serve as ‘blueprints’ for water resources management

activities in the basins. There are actions and measures to address the broad spectrum of prioritized

water resources management problems specific to each of the basins, such as water availability and

water quality. In 2009, preparation for similar IWRM plans for the Pra, Tano and Dayi River Basins was

initiated as well as that of a national IWRM. The main action was the completion of baseline data and


information for the development of the Dayi Basin IWRM Plan. Furthermore, actions such as education

and awareness creation were taken as part of routine programs/activities.

3.3.5.3 IWRM promotion and public education Nationwide workshops have been ongoing at the regional and district levels for promoting IWRM and

building the capacities of relevant staff at the District Assemblies. The focus is now on targeted

workshops for media/information personnel, queen mothers, opinion leaders and market

women/traders and traditional authorities in all the regions – the Eastern, Ashanti and Central Regions

were comprehensively covered in 2009.

3.3.6 Transboundary water resources management and development

a. A Ghana-Burkina Faso Joint Technical Committee on IWRM (JTC-IWRM) has been functioning since

2006, with the WRC as the focal institution for Ghana. The JTC-IWRM is to advise the Ministers in

charge of water in the two countries. The key activity undertaken by the Ghana-Burkina JTC-IWRM

was a workshop for selected media from the two countries on transboundary water management

particularly to support public awareness regarding flooding through the contribution of spilling from

the Bagre dam in Burkina Faso.

b. The Volta Basin Authority (VBA) has been established for the purposes of ensuring international

cooperation for the rational and sustainable management of the water resources of the Volta Basin,

and for the socio-economic integration among the six riparian countries. The Convention that

established the VBA formally came into force on 14th August, 2009 after five of the countries - Ghana,

Togo, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Benin - had ratified and deposited the ratification instruments as

legally required. The VBA Strategic Plan and Pre-Investment Plan were approved by the Council of

Ministers at its 5th meeting held in Accra in December 2009.

c. The PAGEV, the project for improving water governance in the Volta, is focusing on the White Volta

Basin. The project is in its second phase with the Bawku Municipality, Bawku West and Garu

Tempane districts benefiting.

One of the key strategic approaches adopted is to strengthen the national focal institution (WRC –

White Volta Basin Office), as well as engage two NGOs and two decentralized District Assembly

institutions as implementing partners in the delivery of interventions under the IWRM. The

interventions and accomplishments that came out during the year 2009 included the following:

Partners introduced the project to new communities selected for the implementation of IWRM

interventions. Committees were formed to lead communities in partnering the project

implementation;

HIV/AIDs education and awareness campaigns, seminars and group dynamics training were

carried out for the committees and some selected women groups in all communities;

Soil fertility management training for all communities were organized and nursery attendants in

the new communities were trained in nursery management;


Four new communities were provided with nursery materials and kits to establish nurseries

towards riverbanks restoration in 2009. The communities are Nafkolga, Bazua, Googo and Kobore;

and

Agricultural extension services were provided to all the communities.

3.3.7 Climate Change Adaptation projects

DANIDA through a small grant is supporting the Water Resources Commission to implement a 2-year

(2009-2010) ‘Climate Change Adaptation Project’ through IWRM with focus on the three Regions of

northern Ghana. The project was officially launched in July 2009 in Tamale bringing together local

government and civil society groups, the media, NGOs, etc. Progress made at the end of the year

includes the following:

i. Extensive scoping of communities and fields was completed for the physical implementation of water conservation and climate response activities.

ii. Sub catchments of the White Volta River Basin were mapped for the development of specific models on water abstraction and allocation. The outcomes would determine physical piloting of water storage infrastructure such as dams and reservoirs. Subsequently;

iii. Physical assessment of some flood control and water storage facilities was completed with the help of the Hydrological Services Dept (HSD) in selected districts (e.g. Bongo, Savulegu-Nanton, and West Mamprusi).

iv. Work in the Bongo District started in three selected communities. Activities included afforestation, construction of mechanized wells and dug-outs.

v. Two issues of the climate policy newsletter “Climate Adapt” were released and distributed to over 70 institutions, the basin offices, and second cycle schools in Accra.

vi. Extensive discussions were carried out on determining models for mainstreaming climate adaptation issues into local level IWRM network/committee on the PAGEV and transboundary projects.

vii. Guidelines on setting up community indicators of flood and drought and early warning systems have been outlined and pending validation.

3.3.8 Major challenges with water resources management

A major challenge in water resources management is with respect to the availability of professional

staff, both in numbers and in time, to execute planned activities especially for the basin offices. For

instance, the new Pra Basin Board would need at least three professional/technical staff. The

Commission has previously made submissions to the appropriate authorities for approval for more

technical/professional staff. Meanwhile, local contract personnel are utilized as an interim measure to

resolve necessary issues in lieu of permanent staff. The second key challenge is the lack of or late

release of funds from GoG sources for services and investment to support implementation of programs

and activities.


3.3.9 GoG Allocations, Releases and WRC Spending

Figure 4: WRC Financing Trends

Source: Water Resources Commission - 2010

Since 2007, government allocations to the Water Resources Commission have consistently reduced from

GH¢94,500 to GH¢60,845. It is also evident that actual releases from these allocations have been very

low; 6.3% in 2007, 11.7% in 2008 and 3.2% in 2009. WRC spending from the GoG releases have always

been 100%. Government releases to WRC over the three year period have been about 3% of WRC’s

internally generated funds.

Figure 5: WRC Internally Generated Funds

Source: Water Resources Commission - 2010

Total WRC Internally Generated Funds released and spent have always been more than 70% since 2007.


3.4 Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

3.4.1 Introduction

Until the early 1990s, the Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation (GWSC) had been responsible for

both urban and rural water supply since 1965. During this period, there was low coverage of rural water

supply. This led to the creation of Rural Water Department within the GWSC in 1986 to give more

attention to the provision of water and sanitation for rural people. Some facilities were provided but

these could not be sustained due to non-payment of tariffs by beneficiary communities with little or no

maintenance of the facilities. The United Nations General Assembly declared 1981 – 1990 as the

International Drinking Water and Sanitation Decade. The focus was to ensure that by the end of the

decade, nations would have given priority attention to the delivery of water and sanitation facilities.

The Ghana Government took advantage of the declaration and initiated a review of its policies on water

and sanitation provision to keep pace with the changing conditions in the country and on the

international scene. In 1987 therefore, a donor conference on water and sanitation was held in Accra, at

which pledges were invited from donors. In February 1991, about sixty participants from Sector

Institutions and External Support Agencies (ESAs) met at Kokrobite for a Workshop to prepare the

grounds for a Rural Water and Sanitation Sector Strategy. After four years of consultations, a National

Community Water and Sanitation Programme (NCWSP) was launched in 1994, in line with the

Government’s decentralization policy. Prior to the launch of the NCWSP in 1994, access to potable water

by the rural dwellers was nominally below 30%, while sanitation was about 10%.

This culminated into the establishment of the Community Water and Sanitation Division (CWSD), a semi

autonomous unit under the then Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation (GWSC) to manage rural

water supply. After about four years of operation, the unit was granted complete autonomy to give

greater impetus to its work. Subsequently, the Division was transformed into the Community Water and

Sanitation Agency (CWSA) by an Act of Parliament, Act 564 in December 1998, with the mandate to

facilitate the provision of safe drinking water and related sanitation services to rural communities and

small towns in Ghana. CWSA has since been facilitating the implementation of the National Community

Water and Sanitation Programme (NCWSP) using the decentralized structures at the district and

community levels as prescribed in the Act. The objectives of the NCWSP are to:

Ensure the sustainability of these facilities through community ownership and management, community decision-making in their design, active involvement of women at all stages in the project, private sector provision of goods and services and public sector promotion and support.

Maximize health benefits by integrating water, sanitation and hygiene promotion interventions, including the establishment of hygiene promotion, and latrine construction capabilities at the community level.

With the collaboration of all the stakeholders in the sector, policies and strategies have been formulated

to guide the implementation and management of the NCWSP. The key elements of the national strategy


are summarized as follows:

Demand Responsive approach, where communities decide to select preferred services and contribute towards capital cost and full operation and maintenance cost;

Decentralized planning, implementation and management of services by beneficiary communities and District Assemblies;

District Assemblies to play a central role in supporting community management;

Private sector provision of goods, works and services;

Integration of community development and training in potable water and improved sanitation delivery;

Active and full participation of women in decision making at all stages in the project implementation;

Adoption of basic technology and service level options in the delivery of water and sanitation facilities;

Integrated approach to hygiene promotion, water and sanitation delivery to maximize health benefits.

Sustainable supply chain of goods and services, especially spare parts at affordable prices to users.

Community Ownership and Management (COM)

Public sector promotion/facilitation and support 3.4.2 Summary of rural and small town water supply coverage Figure 6: Rural water supply performance

Source: CWSA 2009 Annual Report.

As at the end of 2009, rural and small town water coverage, based on CWSA standard measurement criteria and definitions, stood at 58.97%. This was a significant rise from 57.14% in 2008. But then it leaves 41.3% of rural and small town dwellers without access to potable water, while it falls short of CWSA’s expected coverage of 60% by end of 2009.


3.4.3 Rural water performance trends

Figure 7: Rural water coverage trends

Source: CWSA Annual reports 2008 and 2009

From 40% in 2000, the national coverage figure as at December, 2009 was 58.97%, representing about 48% increase within the nine-year period. There is an indication of a consistent rise in coverage, which is quite encouraging. 3.4.4 Projected rural and small towns’ water coverage by 2015 If the rural and small towns’ coverage trend should be maintained, Ghana can achieve about 74% of coverage by 2015 instead of the target of 76% (see figure 8).

Figure 8: Projected rural and small town water coverage by 2015

Source: WSMP Ghana 2010


3.4.5 Expected vs. projected coverage trends for rural water supply

CWSA formulated a Strategic Investment Plan (SIP) in 2008 that seeks to achieve a target of 76% coverage for rural and small town water supply by the end of 2015. With reference to the information in figure 9 below, Ghana should have achieved 60 percent coverage as at the end of 2009 but rather actually attained 58.97%8. There is thus a deficit of 1.03% percent and by the end of 2010 the sub sector needs to achieve 63.16% coverage. Given the current investment commitments by development partners and assuming no additional investments are made, CWSA will achieve only 53.19% by end of 2015 if the population growth trend is maintained. Counting from 2008, GoG and development partners therefore need to clear a deficit of 22.81% in order to achieve the 76% target for rural water supply.

Figure 9: Expected vs. projected coverage for rural water supply

Source: CWSA SIP 2008-2015

To meet the expected coverage target of 76%, the rural and small town subsector will require an average of US$63,166,785 annually from 2008 to 2015. This is further broken down as shown in Table 6: Table 6: Investment requirement for the SIP 2008 – 2015 (Ghana Cedis)

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total

81,980,511 77,705,213 71,007,913 63,846,229 55,119,232 51,532,065 53,207,753 50,935,360 505,334,275

Source: revised CWSA SIP, 2008 – 2015.

8 This is the figure reported in the CWSA Annual Report 2009


3.4.6 NCWSP Achievements in Facility Delivery

In terms of facility delivery, the NCWSP has improved significantly and this is reflected in the consistent rise in coverage statistics. Table 7 shows the facility delivery status as at 2009, compared to the status as at 1999.

Table 7: CWSA facility delivery status as at 2009

Type of Facility 1999 2009

Water

Boreholes 2,837 12,954

Hand-dug wells 379 1,484

Small Community piped schemes 88 279

Small Town Piped schemes 25 339

Total Water Facilities 3,329 15,056

Sanitation

Household latrines 7,666 61,384

Institutional Latrines (KVIP) 410 3,470

Total Sanitation Facilities 8,076 64,854

Source: CWSA Annual Report 2009

The total number of water facilities provided multiplied about three times between 1999 and 2009. The

number of Small Town piped systems witnessed the most significant rise, increasing from 25 in 1999 to

339 in 2009.

The total number of sanitation facilities also rose from 8,076 to 64,854 between 1999 and 2009. Most

significant was the rise in the number of household latrines from 7,666 to 61,384. The increase in the

number of institutional latrines was equally significant, rising from 410 in 1999 to 3,470 in 2009.

3.4.7 NCWSP Achievements in Capacity Development

Table 8 shows the capacity building status as at 2009, compared to the status as at 1999.


Table 8: CWSA capacity building status as at 2009

Stakeholders 1999 2008

Districts in Program 85 168

Communities in Program 6601 15,929

WATSANs 5170 18,042

Environmental Health Assistants Not available Not available

Water and Sanitation Development Boards 19 649

Hand Dug Well contractors 363 Not available

Area mechanics 415 1,810

Pump caretakers 6395 25,983

Latrine artisans 1017 5,098

Technical Assistance Firms Not available 475

3.4.8 Regional Comparative Coverage and Equity in Distribution– 2009

Figure 10: Regional coverage - rural

Source: CWSA 2009


The Upper-West and Ashanti Regions showed the highest coverage figures of 76.34% and 72.14% respectively as against 44.2% for the Western Region. About five regions: Volta, Northern, Greater Accra, Eastern and Upper East, did not deviate significantly from the National Average of 58.97%. The Central and Western Regions, however, fell widely below the national average at 45.1% and 44.2% respectively.

Table 9: Regional coverage trends 2006 to 2009

Region Percentage Coverage

2006 2007 2008 2009

Ashanti 63.06 62.82 72.95 72.14

Brong Ahafo 52.00 54.44 53.51 53.61

Central 46.36 48.87 44.35 45.10

Eastern 47.12 49.89 58.88 58.56

Greater Accra 50.96 57.23 59.03 59.20

Northern 58.13 59.53 57.97 60.11

Upper East 51.27 52.50 52.24 59.19

Upper West 67.20 78.24 76.76 76.34

Volta 50.99 50.81 54.26 62.63

Western 41.53 40.93 41.27 44.20

Total 52.86 54.86 57.14 58.97

Six out of the ten Regions in Ghana, namely Ashanti, Eastern, Greater Accra, Upper East, Upper West

and Volta Regions, recorded substantial increases in coverage for rural and small town water supply

between 2006 and 2009, while Brong Ahafo, Northern and Western Regions recorded very slight

increases. The Central Region recorded a decline from 48% in 2007 to 45.1 in 2009.

3.4.9 Hygiene promotion updates

At the time of producing this report it was not clear which indicators to use to measure progress in

hygiene, though hygiene promotion has always been mainstreamed in water and sanitation provision

activities in communities and schools. It is hoped that by the time the 2010 report is produced

stakeholders would have defined clear indicators for hygiene. There was however some scanty


information on some specific hygiene-related activities; the exact figures for School Health Committees

formed and Programme Teachers trained were not available (from CWSA) for this report. In 2008,

however, 208 School Health Committees were formed nationwide while 684 Programme Teachers were

trained. Most hygiene-related activities focus on water transport, storage safety and handwashing with

soap.

Major hygiene related events in 2009 included the observation of the Global Handwashing Day. A

remarkable activity during this event was where 750 food vendors from the Greater Accra Region were

given orientation on handwashing with soap. Other activities included street procession with banners

and placards, radio and television discussions transmitting handwashing messages to the public.

3.4.10 GoG Financing Trends in WASH Sector – Rural and Small Town

Figure 11: GoG financing trends - rural

Source: CWSA Finance Department

Government has not been able to release all the allocations to the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

sector since 2006. From figure 11 above, though allocations show an encouraging upward trend, the gap

between allocations and actual releases is widening. This was more pronounced in 2009 when only

about 10.3% of approved funds were actually released. All the excess spending was provided by External

Support Agencies (ESAs). This implies that ESAs contributed about 85% of CWSA’s actual spending in

2009.


3.4.11 On-Going Projects

CWSA is currently managing a number of projects funded by various Development Partners (DPs) and

Government of Ghana (GoG). These include the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA),

International Development Association of the World Bank (IDA), German Development Bank (KfW),

Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), African Development Bank (AfDB), Agence

Française Developpement (AFD), European Union (EU), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and

Department for International Development (DfID) and GoG itself among others. Highlights of the

projects in terms of the objectives, quantum of investments, the target regions, the project deliverables,

and the contribution to poverty alleviation are given below.

Northern Region Small Towns Water and Sanitation Project - NORST (CIDA)

This is a seven year (2008-2015) CIDA supported project that is aimed at providing increased access to

potable water and sanitation services for up to 30 selected small towns in the Northern Region. The

thirteen (13) participating Districts are: Bunkrugu Yunyoo, Chereponi, East Gonja, East Mamprusi,

Gushiegu, Karaga and Kpadai. The rest are Nanumba South, Nanumba North, Saboba, West Mamprusi,

Yendi and Zabzugu-Tatale. The project’s deliverables include the design and installation of water

facilities, capacity building support for the operation of the facilities and the provision of appropriate

sanitation facilities. The project will strengthen local capacity to manage and sustain access to potable

water and sanitation services in the beneficiary small towns. The forecast CIDA budget for support of the

NORST project is CDN$30million. Planning and designing for the construction of improved water supply

and sanitation facilities are on-going in the first five communities in four Districts; Bunkpurugu Town

(Bunkpurugu Yunyoo District), Karaga Town (Karaga District), Bincheratanga Town (Nanumba North

District), Bungbong and Gbungbalga Towns (both in Yendi District).

CWSA Performance Contract for 2010

Construction of 740 boreholes fitted with hand pumps • Rehabilitation of 60 boreholes fitted with hand pumps

• Construction of 15 new hand dug wells with hand pumps

• Construction of a total of 49 new Small Communities piped systems

• Construction of 41 Small Towns piped systems and rehabilitation of two (5) others

• Construction of 12 rainwater catchment systems

• Construction of 1,320 household VIP latrines, 410 household KVIP latrines and 306 Institutional KVIP

latrines

• Training of 111 WATSAN Committees

• Training of 5 WSDBs, 1,110 Pump Caretakers and 20 Area Mechanics, 45 Latrine Artisans, and 62 Small

Town operators

• Training of 95 EHAs and 109 DWSTs

Source: CWSA 2010 Mid-year Review Report


Sustainable Rural Water and Sanitation Project (IDA/WORLD BANK)

This project is aimed at providing improved water supply and sanitation facilities for approximately

600,000 beneficiaries in six Regions, namely Western, Central, Upper East, Upper West, Brong Ahafo and

the Northern Regions of Ghana. The choice of these regions is based on the following criteria: Concept

of Continuity (regions currently on the IDA funded water and sanitation projects), low rural water

coverage, Integrity of existing systems and Poverty endemic regions. The project is in three components.

Component 1 deals with Community Subprojects which involves the construction of 1,200 new

boreholes, rehabilitation of 400 orphan boreholes and 13 sub optimal piped systems, 69 new small town

water systems, household VIP and KVIP latrines, Institutional latrines and hand washing facilities.

Component 2 involves sector support where capacity building and institutional strengthening will be

implemented. Component 3 will deal with program management. The project is being funded from an

IDA loan of US$75million. Project design started in late 2009 and launching is scheduled to take place in

2010.

Peri-Urban, Rural and Small Towns Water and Sanitation Project in the Brong Ahafo Region (AFD)

This four year project (2008-2012) is being implemented in 22 Districts in the Brong Ahafo Region of

Ghana. The funding was secured by the Government of Ghana from Agence Française Developpement

(AFD). The project is in 2 components namely Peri-Urban and Rural/Small Towns components. The Peri-

Urban component is being managed by the Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) and the Rural and

Small Towns component is being facilitated by CWSA. The Rural/Small Towns component is aimed at

improving water supply and sanitation through the construction of 16 small town piped Systems, 670

boreholes fitted with hand pumps, 3,000 household latrines and 100 institutional latrines (basically for

schools and health clinics). Per capita cost for piped systems increased from US$40 at the project design

phase in 2007 to US$100 in 2009 when it actually got started.

To maximise health benefits, the project is also providing hygiene and sanitation interventions. AFD is

also committing €200,000 in a co-funding arrangement for the construction of an office building for the

Brong Ahafo CWSA. There is a software part of the project which involves Accompanying Measures to

animate the target beneficiary communities and other stakeholders to effectively play their role towards

the achievement of the project objectives. The entire project (both Peri-Urban and Rural/Small Towns

Components) costs €18.6 million secured from AFD by the Government of Ghana, comprising of €1.6

million grant and €17million credit.

African Development Bank (AfDB) financed Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Initiative (RWSSI)

The Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Initiative is a project aimed at improving water and sanitation in

selected communities in six (6) districts in the Ashanti Region. It started in 2005 and is expected to end

in June 2011. It involves the construction of 2 Small Town Piped Systems, 1,406 boreholes (plus 300

additional boreholes as a result of savings made on the project) and 16 hand-dug wells in 818

communities. The target Districts are Asante Akim South, Atwima Nwabiagya, Atwima Mponua, Sekyere

South, Kwabre East and Kwabre West. RWSSI is being funded by an AfDB grant at the cost of


US$19.7Million. The initial project targets are as follows: About 436,000 people will be provided with

safe drinking water and improved sanitation facilities at the end of project implementation.

Water and Sanitation Project under the Local Services Delivery and Governance Programme (LSDGP)

The Local Service Delivery and Governance Programme (LSDGP) aims at building upon and reinforcing

the initiatives in the decentralization process in Ghana. The LSDGP has poverty eradication as its

ultimate goal and comprises three components: namely,

Component 1: Institutional Support and Capacity Building of Local Government Service Secretariat.

Component 2: Support to Service Delivery and Local Governance, with initial emphasis on improved services in the feeder road and water and sanitation sectors in selected districts.

Component 3: Support to Ghana Audit Service.

The Support to Rural Water Supply and Sanitation project is being implemented in four regions in

Ghana, namely Volta, Eastern, Central and the Greater Accra. It started in 2008 and is expected to end in

2012. Like all water and sanitation projects, it is intended to improve the existing water and sanitation

situations in selected communities in the target regions. The project is being funded by DANIDA at the

cost of DKK 100 million.

Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Project (EU)

This project started in 2003 and is expected to end in 2012. Small Towns Piped schemes are being

constructed in forty towns (20 schemes per region) in the Central and Western Regions of Ghana. The

project is funded by the EU at the cost of €23 million.

Fourth Rural Water Supply Programme (RWSP4)

This project started in 2004 and will be ending in 2011. RWSP4 is targeted to improve water supply and

sanitation in 15 selected Districts in the Ashanti Region of Ghana through the construction of 1,000

boreholes, 200 KVIPs, 3400 VIPs and 91 Iron Removal Plants. The beneficiary Districts are Ejura Sekyere

Odumase, Sekyere West, Afigya Sekyere, Kwabre, Atwima Nwabeagya, Amansie West, Amansie Central

and Amansie East. The rest are Obuasi, Adansi South, Ashanti Akim South, Ashanti Akim North, Atwima

Mponua, and Bosomtwe. The Project has been extended to two additional Districts, namely: Bosome

Freho and Atwima Kwanwoma Districts. The KfW, a German Development Bank is funding the project at

the cost of €11.5 million. A residual fund of €830,000 has been made available to support the

construction of additional 44 boreholes.

Government of Ghana financed water and sanitation projects

As part of its commitment to the Rural Water Sub-sector, the Government of Ghana has allocated funds

for the provision of safe water supply to rural communities and small towns in the 2010 Budget. The

project is aimed at providing increased access to potable water and accelerating the pace of meeting the

MDGs. The project comprises the drilling of a total of 455 boreholes fitted with hand pumps and the


rehabilitation of one small town water supply scheme in all the 10 regions of the country. The project is

funded through the 2010 investment budget for the Community Water and Sanitation Agency under the

Ministry of Water resources Works and Housing. The allocated budget is GH¢3,803,265.

3.4.12 Challenges with rural water supply, sanitation and hygiene education CWSA is confronted with some challenges in its operations in 2009 and it is anticipated that the same challenges may persist into 2010 and this could have adverse implications on attainment of targets as set out in the MTIP. These challenges include:

Budget Constraints CWSA has not received the full complement of its annual budget either from government or its

development partners over the years. In the case of government there has been little or no contribution

to the investment budget, and funds for administrative expenses have always been cut back by more

than half. The exceptional case was in 2009 when the agency was given GH¢30 million for investments

but was not allowed to roll it over into the following year. Consequently, only about 10% was released.

Limited Capacity at District Assembly Level for Water and Sanitation Delivery The capacity of the districts to effectively manage water and sanitation projects under their jurisdiction is still a challenge. Apart from the fact that the proposed Works Departments are not established in many DAs, the rampant transfer of trained staff on specific water and sanitation projects also immensely undermines the capacity of the DAs.

Hydro-geological challenges Hydro-geological challenges are more pronounced in the Northern Region where insufficient ground water leads to low drilling success rates. This makes the achievement of project targets difficult. In the Eastern and Volta Regions, the difficulty arises in abstracting water in the mountainous areas, whereas in the Brong Ahafo Region the challenge is mainly associated with mud drilling. Water safety There are a number of water safety issues affecting the water delivery process. These include high iron, fluoride and arsenic contents. Even in areas with reasonable drilling success rates, the chemical content in the water are normally higher than the recommended levels, making it impossible to use for drinking purposes. A good number of high yielding wells have been capped, especially in the Northern parts of the country due to high levels of fluoride in these wells. In the coastal regions, salinity continues to be a constraining factor. Lack of legal power to enforce guidelines and standards By its Establishment Act, CWSA should serve as the focal point of the community water and sanitation sub-sector. The Agency’s role as the Government Agency facilitating service delivery and regulating the sector further makes this inevitable. In recent past, however, some operators, particularly NGOs, have been operating without any reference to CWSA or the NCWSP guidelines. As the Agency makes the effort to take command of the sub sector, weaknesses still remain in terms of effective coordination of sector practitioners. On the field, this has made efforts at a fair distribution of resources difficult. Compilation of statistical data on provision of facilities has also suffered as some NGOs still fail to report on their operations.


Long processes involved in the use of the Procurement Law The requirements of the Procurement Act are quite cumbersome, time consuming and laborious to deal with. This situation thus leads to delays in the execution of some projects. In the past there have been instances where it has been difficult to get heads of Entity Tender Committees to convene and chair meetings. The evaluation process is burdensome especially at the DAs where the expertise is limited when it comes to water and sanitation projects. On the other hand some donor agencies insist on following their own procurement processes which is allowed by the Procurement Act. The granting of what is known as “No Objection” in donor parlance has been done by the home countries of the donor agencies. In the case where a donor procurement process is being utilized, it does not preclude the application of the national procurement process. In effect the agency manages a dual procurement system on some of its projects. This contributes to some of the delays in procurement.

3.4.13 Recommendations for rural water and sanitation The work of CWSA in the rural and small towns’ water supply and sanitation sub sector is fundamentally pro poor. In effect any investments in this sub sector will largely go to support the poor. In order to help the agency in its work the following support measures are recommended: 1. The government must make substantial provisions for investments in the 2010 and subsequent

budgets and not only increase the Administrative Budget to meet Operational Expenses of the agency but must ensure that it is timely released and in the requisite amounts.

2. Provision should be made for the investment component of CWSA to be rolled over every financial year to enable smooth implementation of programmes as happens with the funds provided by donors. For instance CIDA signed an agreement with Government of Ghana to provide up to CDN$30 million for the construction of about 30 small town systems in the Northern Region over a period of seven years. Any unspent money is rolled over every year until the end of the project period.

The CDN$30 million committed by the Canadian Government is comparable to the GH¢30 million

that the Government of Ghana made available to CWSA in 2009 as an investment budget but was

returned to government coffers because it could not be fully utilized in 2009 due to difficulty in

accessing the money. Given the challenges enumerated above as well as the need to adequately

prepare communities before construction begins it is recommended that GoG funding should be

treated in the same manner.

3. The Procurement Act should be reviewed to reflect current circumstances given the need to accelerate water and sanitation delivery to minimize the health risk of the unserved masses.

4. CWSA has designed a Water Safety Framework to help address the water quality challenges such as high levels of fluoride, iron and manganese that is found in some ground waters. Funding should be made available to roll out the framework.

5. The Attorney General’s Department should support the CWSA to complete the work on a Legislative Instrument to give legal backing to ACT 564 of 1998, which established the Agency.


3.5 Urban water supply

3.5.1 Introduction

The first public water supply system in Ghana, then Gold Coast, was established in Accra just before the First World War. Extensions were made exclusively to other urban areas, among them the colonial capital of Cape Coast, Winneba and Kumasi in the 1920s. During this period, the water supply systems were managed by the Hydraulic Division of the Public Works Department. With time the responsibilities of the Hydraulic Division were widened to include the planning and development of water supply systems in other parts of the country. In 1948, the Department of Rural Water Development was established to engage in the development and management of rural water supply through the drilling of boreholes and construction of wells for rural communities.

After Ghana’s independence in 1957, a Water Supply Division, with headquarters in Kumasi, was set up under the Ministry of Works and Housing with responsibilities for both urban and rural water supplies. In line with recommendations of a study by the WHO, the Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation (GWSC), was established in 1965 under an Act of Parliament (Act 310) as a legal public utility entity responsible for:

Water supply and sanitation in rural as well as urban areas.

The conduct of research on water and sewerage as well as the making of engineering surveys and plans.

The construction and operation of water and sewerage works,

The setting of standards and prices and collection of revenues.

Under the Statutory Corporations (Conversion to Companies) Act 461 of 1993 as amended by LI 1648, Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation, was converted into a state owned limited liability company, Ghana Water Company Limited on 1st July 1999. The conversion of GWSC into a Limited Liability Company (GWCL) in 1999 brought changes into the objectives spelt out in the Act of Incorporation. The main objectives of GWCL were:

The planning and development of water supply systems in all urban communities in the country.

The provision and maintenance of acceptable levels of service to consumers in respect of quantity of water supplied;

The preparation of long-term plans in consultation with the appropriate coordinating authority established by the President;

The conduct of research relative to water and related subjects;

The making of engineering surveys and plans;

The construction and operation of works in the urban areas;

Submission of tariff proposals to Public Utility Regulatory Commission for review and final approval; In 1987, a “Five-Year Rehabilitation and Development Plan” for the sector was prepared which resulted in the launching of the Water Sector Restructuring Project (WSRP). Multilateral and bilateral donors contributed $140 million to support the implementation of the WSRP. The reforms were aimed at reducing unaccounted for water, introducing rationalization through the reduction in the workforce, hiring of professionals and training of the remaining staff. A strong focus in the WSRP was also on improved management and increased efficiency through organizational change in the water sector.


Accordingly, a number of reforms were initiated in the early 1990s. These reforms included decentralization of responsibilities within the water administration and the introduction of private sector participation (PSP) in the water sector, a long term goal of the WSRP. In 2005, government endorsed the Management Contract arrangement as the preferred option of PSP in water supply in Ghana and signed a five-year Management Contract with Vitens Rand Water Services BV of Netherlands, a consortium of Vitens International BV of the Royal Netherlands and Rand Water Services Pty of South Africa with a commencement of 5th June 2006. Under the Management Contract, Vitens Rand Water Services BV, through its subsidiary, Aqua Vitens Rand Limited, is managing and operating the urban water systems to targets set in the Management Contract. The overall objective of the Management Contract was to restore GWCL to a sound financial footing and make a significant improvement in the commercial operations of the company. The Management Contract is being implemented within the framework of the Urban Water Project. The World Bank has provided a grant of US$103 million to supplement US$5 million from the Nordic Development Fund and US$12 million from the Republic of Ghana to support the Urban Water Project. In addition the Royal Kingdom of the Netherlands has provided US$13million in support of the project bringing the total amount of financing to U$133 million.

3.5.2 National Targets and Achievements

Figure 12: urban water supply performance

Source: GWCL 2009

The national target for urban drinking water supply under the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy is 85% coverage by 2015. Available data however shows that Ghana is far from meeting this target. The installed capacity of all the urban water supply systems in the country is about 949,000 cubic metres a day but present water demand in urban areas is estimated at about 1,101,032 cubic metres a day. Effective urban water supply coverage is about 59%, which is quite low when compared with the targets.


Figure 13: Urban water coverage trends

Source: WSMP Country Summary Sheet (2009); GWCL coverage data (2009)

Urban water coverage experienced a downward trend from 2003 to 2006. The trend however changed and since 2006 there has been a steady upward movement from 55% to 59% in 2009. A response from the Operations Department of GWCL indicates that though there have been significant increases in investment in the urban sub-sector in recent years, the expanded systems and the new installations usually take a couple of years before they operate at full capacity. It is therefore expected that coverage figures will rise in the years ahead to correspond with the recent installations which have been on-going especially since 2006.

3.5.3 Regional coverage in urban supply areas (2008)

Figure 14: Regional coverage - urban

Source: Operations and Assets Management Department GWCL

With the exception of Greater Accra and Western Regions, all the other regions fell below the national average urban water coverage figure of 59% in 2008. Upper West Region was the least with only 14% urban water coverage. Regional disaggregated updates for 2009 were not readily available for this report. Details on regional population figures, demand and supply per day are provided in Annex 10.


Table 10: GWCL/AVRL performance 2003-2009

No. ITEM UNIT 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

1. Water Production

MM3 205.2 206.1 210.6 211.7 217.9 222.6 231.77

2. Water Sales MM3 88.03 93.78 108.88 100.1 103.9 107.6 112.3

3. Non Revenue Water

% 57.1 54.5 48.3 52.8 52.3 51.7 51.5

4. Billing (Total) MGH¢ 40.1 47.4 53.9 55.9 69.7 101.1 104.6

5. Collection (Total)

MGH¢ 30.5 30.5 38.5 53.4 62.5 91.7 101.1

6. Collection Ratio Total

% 76.1 64.4 71.4 95.5 89.7 90.7 96.7

7. Total Revenue MGH¢ 41.5 49.53 55.90 57.65 69.40 102.26 106.6

8. Total Cost MGH¢ 40.2 44.67 54.32 62.41 57.81 87.99 90.5

9. Total Cost/M3 GH¢/M

3 0.196 0.217 0.258 0.295 0.270 0.40 0.39

10 Electrical Cost/M

3

GH¢/M3 0.059 0.064 0.086 0.07 0.08 0.15 0.1

11. Chemical Cost/M

3

GH¢/M3 0.020 0.016 0.023 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04

Source: GWCL 2009

Since 2003, water production by GWCL has increased steadily from 205.2mm3 to 231.77mm3 in 2009. Revenue generation by the Company has also improved from GH¢41.5 million to GH¢106.6 million in 2009. However, cost of production has also increased from GH¢0.096/m3 to GH¢0.39/m3. Cost of chemicals per m3 for instance has doubled from GH¢0.02 in 2003 to GH¢0.04 in 2009. Non-revenue water as at the end of 2009 was 51.5%, having reduced from 57.1% in 2003.

3.5.5 Briefs on on-going projects

Ghana Water Company Limited has, since 2006, undertaken major expansion and rehabilitation works on a number of urban water supply systems throughout the country. Presently, several of these water supply projects have been completed while others are at various stages of completion (see Annex 11). The government has also secured funding for the rehabilitation and expansion of other urban water supply schemes across the length and breadth of the country. Furthermore, the government is aggressively looking for funding for other planned projects aimed at rehabilitating and expanding water


supply systems in several cities and towns in the country. Water supply projects undertaken during the period include:

1. Kwanyaku Water Supply Expansion Project: completed in July 2007 involved the dredging of impoundment, rehabilitation of existing plant to its designed capacity, construction of new treatment plant, construction of service reservoirs and construction and improvement of transmission and distribution pipelines.

2. Cape Coast Water Supply Expansion Project: completed in November 2008. This project involved the construction of raw water intake station on the Pra River, construction of a new treatment plant, clear water pumping station and the laying of transmission mains. Other works were the construction of a 330,000 gallon reservoir and booster pumping stations and rehabilitation and laying of distribution lines.

3. Baifikrom/Mankesim Water Supply Expansion Project: completed in September 2008 and involved supply and installation of mechanical and electrical equipment, construction of a permanent dam and a weir across Ochi-Amissa River, construction of raw water intake reservoirs, pumping station and a treatment plant.

4. Weija Water Supply Expansion Project which increased production of Weija Treatment Plant by about 15 million gallons a day. This was completed in October 2008. The scope of works included construction of water treatment plant, expansion of existing water treatment plant, replacement of pumps, laying of transmission and distribution pipelines, installation of chlorination facilities, laying of pipelines of various sizes to some distressed areas within the city.

5. Tamale Water Supply Expansion Project completed in August 2008 involved intake installations, the supply and installation of two new vertical shaft pumps at the intake tower, laying of transmission mains and construction of transmission mains.

6. Koforidua Water Supply Project which was completed in November 2009. The project involved construction of raw water intake on Volta Lake, construction of treatment plant and reservoir, laying of pipelines to Koforidua, the construction of reservoirs and booster pumps, the laying and reinforcement of the distribution network for Koforidua and its environs and erection of standpipes.

7. Kumasi Water Supply Project completed in October 2009 involved the rehabilitation and expansion of existing water treatment plant at Owabi and Barekese, laying of new water transmission pipeline and modification and expansion of high lift pumping station.

8. The World Bank First Year Investment Programme implemented from 2007 to 2008 under which a 44 kilometre length of old pipelines have been replaced to improve water delivery in Accra, Kumasi, Obuasi, Mampong, Agona, Jamasi, Navrongo and Bawku.

9. Drilling and Mechanisation of 17 Boreholes at Dodowa, Tantra Hills, Ashongman, Pokuase, Aburi, Begoro and Frafaha.

10. Kasoa-Kwanyaku Water Interconnection project which started in 2009 involves design and site installation, laying of 69km long transmission pipeline from Buduatta to Kasoa, construction of reservoir at Buduburam, and rehabilitation of existing ones at Senya Bereku and Ojobi, as well as erection of standpipes.


11. ATMA rural project which commenced in 2009 is aimed at supplying water to Somanya, Akwapim Ridge, Atimpoku, Frankadua, Dawhenya, Dawa, Kpone, Michel camp, Dodowa.

3.5.6 Financing Urban Water Supply

The main sources of sector funding for development projects are primarily:

From External Support Agencies

From Government’s annual budget and other development votes

From internally generated funds mainly through water sales

From 2006 to 2009, GWCL has been able to attract substantial grant and commercial funding facilities of about $500 million to improve its systems. In 2006 loans and grants obtained amounted to $59 million and in 2007 the figure rose to $66 million. In 2008 inflows of loans and grants shot up to $286milion but fell to $36 million in 2009.

The Netherlands has been a principal source of these loans most of which have been under concessionary terms. The World Bank has also been a significant contributor providing about $130 million to support the Urban Water project.

Figure 15: GoG allocations and releases to GWCL

Sources: Government Budget Statements 2007 to 2009; GWCL Finance Department

Since 2007, GoG has not been able to fully release its approved budget to GWCL. In 2007 for instance GoG released only 4.6% of the GH¢25.7 million approved, while in 2009, GoG released about 23% of the approved GH¢11.8 million.


4 Recent major WASH Innovations


4.1 Introduction

This chapter presents briefs on some recent major innovations in the form of technology, approaches,

learning platforms etc that contributed or could potentially contribute to WASH sector growth in Ghana.

4.2 The Ghana Water Forum

In response to the urgent need to bring greater visibility to Ghana’s water and sanitation agenda and also be consistent with the Africa Regional commitment to an Annual African Water Week that assembles water and sanitation actors to discuss water security, seek common solutions and share good practices, the Government of Ghana, through the Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing, organized the first Annual Ghana Water Forum (GWF-1) in October 2009. The Ghana Water Forum was also, and is expected to always be, the forerunner to the African Water Week and the ultimate reporting of country water actions to AU summits.

The theme for the 2009 GWF was “Accelerating Water Security for Ghana’s Socio-Economic Development.” The main objectives of the first Ghana Water Forum (GWF-1) included:

Creating a platform for Ghana’s political leadership, water sector professionals, stakeholders and partners to discuss opportunities and challenges of achieving water security for Ghana’s socio-economic development

Taking stock of the status of the achievements of the Millennium Development Goals in Ghana, reviewing key achievements and challenges and proposing strategies and actions for accelerating the achievement of the water and sanitation targets

Building consensus on water security and providing recommendations for consideration at the highest political level; and

Formulating concrete policies, strategies and actions to accelerate water resources development and the provision of services taking into account the challenges and impact of climate change and variability.

To achieve these objectives a number of sector professionals and institutions - both local and foreign –engaged stakeholders in presentations and provided the evidence base to share lessons and proffered solutions. Key attractions to the forum were three major side events comprising

A Ministerial and Development Partners Roundtable: This brought together the Ministers of Water Resources Works and Housing, Local Government and Rural Development, and Representatives of Development Partners to deliberate on key issues and made commitments on the way forward;

A Business Roundtable: This brought together corporate Ghana to discuss their contribution to the country’s water security, in the context of the business opportunities available and in the context of their corporate social responsibility; and

A Youth and Children’s Forum: This was organized for the youth of Ghana with the support of UNICEF; its main purpose was to allow young people to define what they considered to be the key issues in water resources management and also to deepen their understanding of water security issues. A full report of GWF-1 may be obtained from the Water Directorate.


4.3 Ghana Watsan Journalists Network (GWJN)

With support from WaterAid, a British International Charity with a Country Programme in Ghana, a

Water and Sanitation Journalists Network was formed in 2007 and inaugurated in 2008. Their main

objective is to work with stakeholders to raise the profile of water and sanitation in Ghana through their

respective media activities. Currently made up of about 30 journalists drawn from both state-owned and

private media institutions, the Network participates in most WASH sector programmes in order to gain

in-depth understanding of sector issues for better reporting. In 2009, the Network participated actively

in most sector review meetings, the Mole Conference, the Ghana Water Forum and the World Water

Week.

4.4 RCN Learning Alliances Platform

The Resource Centre Network (RCN) introduced the National Level Learning Alliances Platform (NLLAP).

It is a WASH sector multi stakeholder platform with the overall goal of improving sector learning and

dialogue. The platform offers learning and sharing opportunity for sector players as one of the practical

approaches to improving sector engagements/sharing with the long term aim of achieving a knowledge

driven WASH sector that delivers quality and sustainable services in Ghana. NLLAP meetings are

organized and facilitated by the Ghana WASH Resource Centre Network (RCN), and take place on the

last Thursday of every month. The meetings are open to all interested parties. The discussions of each

NLLAP meeting are summarized and shared with the wider WASH community in the form of a

communiqué after the meeting. The topics of upcoming meetings are decided on by the RCN secretariat

and a list of upcoming meetings can be found on the RCN website www.ghana.watsan.net.

4.5 GWCL/AVRL Customer Services Call Centre

GWCL/AVRL has established a customer services call centre meant for customers to call on 0800 40000 (toll free from Vodafone lines) or on 0302 211260 (normal rates apply) to report leakages and make enquiries and other complaints.

GWCL/AVRL has also introduced an innovation called the Customer Interactive Messenger Service (CIMS) which allows customers anywhere in Ghana to make an inquiry or complaint by SMS using the short-code number 1700. With this innovation, customers can initiate the communication and receive appropriate response or feedback from the Customer Call Centre. An important feature of CIMS is that every interaction is tracked and archived digitally. This means that when customers follow up on their previous complaints the status will automatically show on the screen. The CIMS has an in-built system that can give information directly on (for example) water interruptions and reduce the use and cost of radio and TV announcements.

GWCL/AVRL has also acquired a R100 device for effective monitoring of performance of pumps. The product is a remote control designed for wireless communication. The device can be used for both head-works and borehole operations in measuring operating hours, power consumption, voltage fluctuations, current, ambient temperature, and variable speed detection. It can also be used to detect flow rates and operating heads of pumps.


5 Conclusions and recommendations


Introduction

This chapter highlights major conclusions drawn from this report, including progress, challenges, and

major gaps identified during the compilation of this report. The chapter also presents suggestions on

how some of the identified gaps may be filled in future. It must be noted, however, that the list is not

exhaustive and that the sector is most likely to have more challenges than those presented below.

5.2 Sectorwide Monitoring and Evaluation gaps

It has been extremely difficult compiling information for this 1st WASH sector performance report due

largely to the fact that there is currently no sectorwide agreed set of indicators along which to gather

data for reporting. Information in this report has been based on fragmented sub-sector definitions and

standards. Selecting and agreeing on a set of sectorwide harmonized indicators is therefore critical to

the value of this report and the contribution that it can make to the progress of the WASH sector. For

instance this report has no information on functionality and sustainability since no such indicators have

been defined and there is hardly any sectorwide data on them. There are no known sectorwide

indicators on hygiene, gender and vulnerability issues among others. Lack of information on such critical

components of WASH service delivery leaves a major gap in sector information and decision-making.

Efforts towards harmonization and establishment of a sectorwide M&E framework and routine

dissemination of available data (such as the role WSMP is currently playing) within the sector must be

accelerated.

The Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) also generates substantial amount of data on WASH, including data

on sanitation, hygiene and gender. Since the focus of this report was on local targets set by the WRC,

CWSA and GWCL and based on the methodologies they apply and not on those of the Ghana Statistical

Service, the Report Production Team did not use them. Experts have suggested that the WASH sector

practitioners should negotiate with the GSS to produce a WASH-specific survey with more sector

stakeholder inputs in order to generate a more harmonized and acceptable WASH data.

5.3 GoG funding for rural and small town water supply

Provision should be made for the investment component of CWSA to be rolled over every financial year

to enable smooth implementation of programmes as happens with the funds provided by donors. For

instance CIDA signed an agreement with Government of Ghana to provide up to CDN$30 million for the

construction of about 30 small town systems in the Northern region over a period of 7 years. The money

is not returned to coffers of the Canadian government at the end of each year just because CWSA and

the District Assemblies have not been able to fully utilize it. It is rolled over every year until the end of

the project period.

The CDN$30 million committed by the Canadian government is comparable to the GH¢30 million that

the Government of Ghana made available to CWSA in 2009 as an investment budget but which about

90% of it returned to government coffers just because it could not be fully utilized in 2009. Given the


challenges enumerated above as well as the need to adequately prepare communities before

construction begins it is by no means possible for such an amount to have been disbursed in one

financial year. It is therefore recommended that GoG funding to the sector should also be treated in the

same manner.

5.4 Procurement bottlenecks

Though the Procurement Act has introduced a great deal of transparency in the system, it must be

reviewed to introduce some higher degree of flexibility to properly align it to the development

exigencies of current times. There is remarkable evidence of excessive delays in procuring contractors

and suppliers, coupled with very high costs associated with the procurement process. The WASH sector

has reached a stage where delivery must be accelerated if both the MDG and national targets are to be

realized. This goal must not be sacrificed in the name of less productive paperwork and rules.

5.5 Inadequate data on sanitation and hygiene

To date, no WASH sector agency collates sectorwide data on sanitation and hygiene. Therefore this

report has almost no data on sanitation and hygiene. The only type of data on sanitation is generated by

the Ghana Statistical Service through representative household surveys and censuses. This report could

not use that data for this report since the methodologies applied in generating such survey data are

different from what the agencies applied to generate data on water.

5.6 NGO Contribution

In spite of their much appreciated contribution to policy formulation, decision making, funding and

facility delivery, it was extremely difficult to obtain a documented evidence of NGO contribution to the

WASH sector in Ghana from the umbrella body (CONIWAS). It is strongly recommended that CONIWAS

compiles an annual report on the total contribution its members make to the sector in the form of

funding, facility delivery and policy formulation, strategy development and sector learning.

5.7 Institutional capacity issues

Ghana enacted in 2007 the National Water Policy that provides an adequate framework for the

sustainable development of water resources and the provision of water supply services. However, the

implementation and enforcement of the policy has been slow due in part to insufficient professional

staff and operational budget at the Water Directorate and the Environmental Health and Sanitation

Directorate. Ghana also has a National Environmental Sanitation Policy; however a revised version of

this policy is still pending cabinet approval. This approval, and appropriate staffing and budgeting for

both the Water Directorate and the Environmental Health and Sanitation Directorate, are requirements

under the Multi Donor Budget Support (MDBS).

5.8 Sector Coordination

A number of platforms currently exist for sector coordination. These include the Water and Sanitation


Sector Group (WSSG), which was established in 2005 in response to the Paris Declaration on Aid

Effectiveness. It is made up of representatives of Ministries of Water Resources, Works and Housing,

and Local Government and Rural Development (MLGRD); DPs active in the sector, and Civil Society

Organizations (CSO). Ghana has made good progress in the policy front but needs to do more on

implementation and enforcement. A Water Sector Strategic Development Plan will be essential to move

into the SWAp approach. Work on the National Environmental Sanitation Strategy and Action Plan

(NESSAP), which was at the validation stage, was also another MDBS trigger for 2009.

5.9 Financing challenges

The key sources of sector financing include tariffs, government budget allocations, private sector

investments and donor contributions. The reality is that tariffs are often insufficient to cover O&M,

especially at small towns and community systems, and do not support any significant capital

investments. In accordance with the National Water Policy, budget allocations must progressively be

increased.

5.10 Budget allocation and releases

Coverage for water and sanitation has been generally slow given the demand for improved drinking

water and sanitation. A major contributory factor is government’s inability to release all approved funds

to the sector over the years. There is a similar complaint from the GWCL and the WRC, and it is strongly

recommended that the GoG should reverse the trend and ensure that adequate funds are released to

help achieve the targets.

5.11 Water and Sanitation Development and other Boards

There have been major complaints from sector agencies and civil society of political interference in

water management issues especially the dissolution of well established and trained Water Boards,

agency boards including the Water Resources Commission, CWSA Board, change in Managing Directors

and CEOs of agencies etc whenever there is a change in government. Long delays in replacing and

training such Boards and Directors affect the overall performance of the WASH sector as they affect

major decision-making such as release of funds and disbursement, recruitment of staff, award of

contracts and collapse of installed systems. It is strongly recommended that even if it becomes

necessary to make such changes, they are done such that no vacuums will be created that may

negatively affect progress.

5.12 Population estimates

Put together, estimates from the Ghana Water Company and the CWSA portrays Ghana’s population as

at 2009 to be more than 27 million, while other reports such as those from the UN estimate it at about

23 million as at 2008. Population estimates alone can distort all statistical data and give a very wrong

picture of what is supposed to be the actual situation. It will be in the nation’s interest and especially in

the interest of the WASH sector to work with a common population base.


5.17 Definition of urban and rural

Data disaggregation should base on common definitions for urban and rural. What happens at the

moment is that some communities that are purely urban (according to the GSS definition of urban as a

community with 5,000 or more inhabitants) are actually reported under rural or small town by CWSA

because they fall under the CWSA operational area as small towns. Therefore, while household user-

based survey data on WASH (generated by the GSS) disaggregate rural and urban according to the GSS

definition, the agencies define the term according to the areas they operate (the GWCL for instance

defines urban as the communities served by the 82 systems they operate). It is therefore not possible to

compare rural/urban disaggregated data from the agencies with those from the user survey reports

from the GSS and the JMP. There is therefore the need to find common definitions for these

terminologies for effective monitoring and reporting.


Annexes


Annex 1

Proposed core items for development into measurable indicators for future sector monitoring and

the production of the WASH Sector Performance Report

1. Access to improved water sources, sanitation and hygiene

2. Functionality of water systems

3. Quantity of water produced (urban)

4. Proportion of unaccounted-for water (urban)

5. Equity in resource distribution

6. Gender and vulnerability mainstreaming

7. WASH Sector financing

8. Per capita share of total fresh water resources

9. Quality of water raw water resources

10. Compliance with water resource abstraction regulations

Source: WSMP 2010

Annex 2

WRC Approved Budgets, Actual Releases and Actual Spending: 2007 – 2009

GoG 2007 2008 2009

Approvd Budget

Releasd Spent Approvd Budget

Releasd Spent Approvd Budget

Releasd Spent

Services 18,200.00 6,043.47 6,043.47 14,528.00 7,935.88 7,935.88 7,714.00 1,996.86 1,996.86

Investment 76,300.00 0.00 0.00 52,909.00 0.00 0.00 53,131.00 0.00 0.00

TOTAL 94,500.00 6,043.47 6,043.47 67,437.00 7,935.88 7,935.88 60,845.00 1,996.86 1,996.86


Internally Generated Funds

2007 2008 2009

Approved Budget

Releases Spent Approved Budget

Releases Spent Approved Budget

Releases Spent

Services 97,700.00 67,027.29 67,027.29 101,407.00

78,321.02 78,321.02 171,827.00 117,792.25

117,792.25

Investment 72,100.00 52,200.25 52,200.25 72,079.00 65,653.92 65,653.92 84,225.00 122,000.00

122,000.00

TOTAL 169,800.00 119,227.54

119,227.54

173,486.00

143,974.94

143,974.94

256,052.00 239,792.25

239,792.25

Annex 3

CWSA performance achievement - 2009

CWSA PERFORMANCE ACHIEVEMENT - 2009

A. EFFICIENT & PRODUCTIVITY INDICATORS

Unit of

measure

Target

Achievement

i. Water Systems

Borehole Constructed no. 700 588

Borehole Rehabilitated no. 40 40

HDW Constructed no. 10 17

Small/Rural Comm. Pipe Schemes no. 5 6

Small/Towns Pipe Systems no. 45 12

GWCL Pipe Connections no. 0 0

Roof Catchment no. 0 0

No. of Comm. Converted to COM no. 0 0

Schools/Institutional Water no. 0 0

ii. Sanitation

Household VIP Latrines no. 4,600 3,311

Household KVIP Latrines no. 0 1,153


No. Sch / Inst. Latrines Completed no. 350 323

iii. CWSA Capacity Building

Professional Staff Training(internal) no. 0 0

Professional Staff Training(external) no. 0 0

Support Staff Training no. 0 0

B. DYNAMIC INDICATORS

i. Districts

Fully Participating Districts no. 168 168

DWSTs Formed - no. 0 0

DWSTs Trained - no. 100 13

EHA's Trained no. 40 0

ii. Communities

WATSAN Committees formed no.

WATSAN Committees trained no. 0 577

Water Board formed - no.

Water Board trained - no. 143 181

New Communities in Programme no. 103 678

Communities with Facilities Converted no. 0 0

Pump caretakers trained no. 0 862

iii. Schools/Institutions


School Health Committees formed no. 0 28

School Health Committees trained no. 0 0

Programme Teachers trained no. 0 84

iv. Private Sector

Technical Assistance Operating (POs) no. 0 63

Contractors-Water operating no. 0 14

Contractors-Sanitation operating no. 0 40

Latrine Artisans operating/trained no. 0 160

Area Mechanics Trained no. 0 100

Small Town Operators to be trained no. 0 76

Consultants with Contracts no. 0 0

Source: CWSA database 2010

Annex 4

Rural water coverage for end of 2009

REGION # OF COMMUNITIES TOTAL POPULATION

POPULATION SERVED

COVERAGE (%)

Ashanti 2,558 2,713,186 1,957,323 72.14

Brong Ahafo 2,660 1,974,329 1,058,444 53.61

Central 3,377 1,514,881 683,224 45.10

Eastern 2,709 1,607,361 941,337 58.56

Greater Accra 851 670,050 396,677 59.20

Northern 3,896 2,078,085 1,249,074 60.11

Upper East 1,726 1,168,347 691,581 59.19

Upper West 926 614,897 469,425 76.34

Volta 3,234 1,749,029 1,095,464 62.63

Western 1,739 1,583,148 699,817 44.20

TOTAL 23,676 15,673,310 9,242,366 58.97

Source: CWSA provider based coverage statistics from the data base.


Annex 5

CWSA GOG Approved Budget, 2006-2010 (GH¢)

Description 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Personal

Emoluments

1,204,838 1,840,770 2,340,330 1,995,911 2,041,518

Administration 469,897 832,018 883,486 401,575 3,217,280

Services 50,634 57,500 33,184 2,397,486 3,306,287

Investments 454,050 618,419 4,934,876 30,231,134 51,479,929

Total 2,179,419 3,348,707 8,191,885 35,026,106 60,045,014

CWSA GOG Actual Expenditure, 2006-2009

Description 2006 2007 2008 2009

Personal Emoluments 1,105,288 1,287,595 1,726,523 2,153,323

Administration 1,824,733 2,112,847 3,396,540 3,350,298

Services 766,439 731,661 1,281,576 1,114,248

Investments 6,549,537 6,046,711 6,862,374 17,956,266

Total 10,245,996 10,178,814 13,267,013 24,574,135

CWSA GOG Releases, Approved Budget & Actual Expenditure

Description 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

GOG Releases 1,630,114 2,817,471 3,925,351 3,612,937 876,738

GOG Approved

Budget

2,179,419 3,348,707 8,191,885 35,026,106 60,045,014

CWSA Actual

Expenditure

10,245,996* 10,178,814* 13,267,013* 24,574,135*

*Note: The differences are releases from Development Partners (DPs). There are however other DP

commitments and releases that are not captured here.


Annex 6

Progress Towards the National Target for Water

Year Expected Coverage

Current Facility Coverage

Commitments Projected Coverage

Percentage Deficit

2008 57.07 51.94 3.17 55.11 1.96

2009 60.00 51.47 4.23 55.70 4.30

2010 63.16 50.99 5.06 56.05 7.12

2011 65.80 50.51 5.16 55.67 10.13

2012 68.00 50.01 5.04 55.05 12.95

2013 70.10 49.51 4.91 54.43 15.67

2014 72.72 49.01 4.79 53.81 18.92

2015 76.00 48.51 4.68 53.19 22.81

Source: CWSA SIP 2008 – 2015

Annex 7

TOTAL FACILITIES REQUIRED for SIP

Facility Description 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total

WATER

Borehole 1632 1474 1727 1487 1270 1282 1413 1749 12034

Hand-Dug Wells 1493 1228 1093 850 714 594 537 539 7048

Pipe System (Small Community)

173 150 134 113 101 95 95 80 941

Pipe System (Small Town) 35 43 34 36 29 25 26 22 250

SOFTWARE

Water and Sanitation Committee

3140 2858 2702 2660 2726 2899 3180 3578 23743


TOTAL FACILITIES REQUIRED for SIP

Facility Description 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total

District Water and Sanitation Teams

33 29 27 27 26 28 30 33 233

Technical Assistants 66 59 55 53 54 55 60 67 469

Small Towns Consultancy Services

8 9 11 14 16 20 23 28 129

Source: CWSA SIP 2008 - 2015.

Annex 8

Improved Sources of Drinking Water

The proportion of the population with access to improved drinking water, according to the WHO/UNICEF Joint

Monitoring Programme (JMP), is an indicator expressed as the percentage of people using improved

sustainable drinking water sources or delivery points (Table ).

Sources of Drinking Water

Improved water sources Unimproved water sources

• Household connection

• Public standpipe

• Borehole

• Protected dug well

• Protected spring

• Rainwater Collection

• Unprotected well

• Unprotected spring

• Rivers or ponds

• Vendor-provided water

• Tanker truck water

• Bottled (& sachet) water

Source: JMP 2008

Improved Sanitation

An improved sanitation facility, according to the WHO/UNICEF JMP, is defined as one that hygienically

separates human excreta from human contact. It is important to note that only users of ‘improved’ sanitation

facilities are considered as having ‘access’ to sanitation on condition that the facility is not shared by multiple

households and not public. Facilities in the improved and unimproved categories are set out in the Table

below:


Types of sanitation facilities

Improved Sanitation Facilities Unimproved Sanitation Facilities

Flush or pour-flush to:

-piped sewer system

-septic tank

-pit latrine

Ventilated improved

pit latrine (VIP)

Composting toilet

Flush or pour-flush to elsewhere

Pit latrine without slab or open pit

Bucket

Hanging toilet or hanging latrine

No facilities or bush or field (open

defecation)

Source: JMP 2008

Annex 9 Urban water coverage per region as at 2008

REGION POP DEMAND(m

3

/day) SUPPLY(m3

/day) COVERAGE %

Ashanti 2,000,728 187,118 91,500 49

Brong-Ahafo 602,840 48,125 14,385 30

Central 1,129,733 90,225 38,415 43

Eastern 1,015,155 77,995 21,470 28

Gt.- Accra 3,837,236 532,570 401,800 75

Northern 560,820 44,449 20,375 46

Upper-East 172,168 13,239 5,665 43

Upper-West 106,735 8,539 1,180 14

Volta 575,287 43,974 17,115 39

Western 694,399 54,799 34,535 63

National 10,689,366 1,101,032 646,494 58.7


Annex 10

List of On-going / Completed Projects PROJECT TITLE. INSTALLED

CAPACITY (m3/day)

ADDITIONAL PRODUCTION

CAPACITY

(m3/day)

TARGETED

2020 POPULATION

PROJECT

COST

( €)

YRS SOURCE OF FUNDING

START

DATE

COMP

DATE

CAPE COAST 27,300 30,000 510,360 36,970,000 2 NETHERLANDS Nov-05 Jan -08

BAIFIKROM 2,270 11,400 120,771 25,763,000 2½ NETHERLANDS Apr-06 Oct-08

TAMALE 19,550 25,000 757,233 45,000,000 2 NETHERLANDS Aug-06 Nov.-08

EAST WEST 204,545 66,000 877,654 25,000,000 18mths

GHANA Mar-07 Oct -08

KOFORIDUA Ph1&2

5,450 19,200 206,618 35,500,000 2½ BELGIUM Aug-06 May -09

BAREKESE 95,000 27,200 1,455,577 37,426,000 2½ NETHERLANDS Jan-07 Oct-09

SUNYANI 6,800 44,000 266,567 65,384,615 2 U.S.A Dec-10 Jan-14

WA 2,800 15,000 124,441 35,000,000 2½ AUSTRIA / ITALY Dec-10 Jul-14

KPONG 220,450 186,000 683,339 152,307,692 4 CHINA Dec-10 Jan-15

KWANYAKU 14,000 21,000 724,830 24,136,000 2½ NETHERLANDS Jan-05 Jul-07

Urban Water Project

57,000,000 5 W/B, Nordic fund, GoG

2005 2012

TOTAL 598,165 471,800 5,727,390 539,500,000

Source: GWCL Operations and Assets Management Dept


IMPROVING WATER

SECTOR PERFORMANCE

For achieving national and MDG targets

This publication was funded by the European Union through the I.W.S.P.M.F project. The views expressed in this publication

do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union.

CONTACT

The Water Directorate

Ministry of Water resources, Works and Housing

P.O. Box M43, Accra – Tel: 233 (302) 673701 – Fax: 233 (302) 673882

Website: www.water-mwrwh.com

Water and Sanitation Sector Performance Report of Ghana, 2009 Edition

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