AfricaSan 2011: Sanitation cost in Ghana - Kwabena Nyarko

July 22, 2011 Dr. Kwabena Nyarko, KNUST Ghana

AfricaSan 2011


Outline

WASHCost/LCCA Sanitation cost Key findings Policy recommendations


WASHCost project


Disaggregated Life Cycle Costs


WASHCost study areas

Results from 1273 household surveys (1032 in rural and 241 in small towns)

Main finding: Little readily available expenditure data!


Sanitation technologies being used

Sanitation Technologies are: Water Closet (WC) Ventilated Improved Pit

(VIP): Kumasi Ventilated Improved

Pit (KVIP): 2 pit latrine Sanplat: modern slab

without vent pipe Traditional Pit Latrine (TPL):

pit without modern slab or vent pipe

Only 346 out of 1273 representing 27 % have access to HH latrine


Sanitation - Capital Expenditure

Sanitation Technology Capital Investment (in US $ 2009)

Cost per facility Cost per capita

Rural VIP, subsidy based 67 7

VIP, non- subsidy based 106 20

Small towns

VIP, subsidy based 72 7

VIP, non-subsidy based 83 9

Traditional Pit latrine 74 11

The cost to the household of having the latrines constructed excluding own labour and any subsidy.


Operational and minor maintenance expenditure

Sanitation Technology Capital Investment (in US $ 2009)

Cost per facility per year

Cost per capita per year

Rural Rural VIP 11 3

Small towns Water Closet, WC 21 4

VIP 8 4

TPL 17 3

OpEx is primarily cleaning – disinfectants and detergents


Capital Maintenance and HH Hygiene Cost

Median Household expenditure on soap is US $ 17 per capita per year (N = 1060).

Capital Maintenance expenditure No expenditure was recorded on

desludging or other forms of capital maintenance

Expenditure on Direct support cost per capita/yr National level – US $ 0.32 District level – US $ 0.07 – 0.24


Cost and Service Level by area


Key findings

With a median value of some 3-4 US$ per capita per year, operational expenditure on latrines (essentially the cost of cleaning the latrines) over two to five years is greater than the cost of constructing the latrines.

With a median value of 17 US$ per person/year expenditure on soap for all hygienic related activities included (both in small towns and rural areas) is greater than both the capital and operational costs of latrines.

Lump sum capital expenditure for rural VIPs may not be affordable to the poorest in the rural areas. The cost of the non-subsidised rural VIP latrines range (inter-quartile) from US $ 64 –US $ 118 (median US $106).


Policy implications

Government Government financing to create and sustain

an enabling environment (ExpIDS) Create demand, Hygiene campaigns (ExpDS) Innovative financing for the provision of

Household Toilets (CapEx) Eg is the proposed Revolving Fund

User contribution Capital expenditure (CapEx) Operational expenditure (OpEx) Capital maintenance expenditure

(CapManEx)

AfricaSan 2011: Sanitation cost in Ghana - Kwabena Nyarko

Business

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