Ecological sanitation - innovative wastewater management systems Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October...

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Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October 2004, Accra Ghana 1

Ecological sanitation - innovative wastewater management systems

Christine Werner, Patrick Bracken, Florian Klingel Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH

ecological sanitation programme, Division 44 – environment and infrastructure

Commissioned by:

Water Resources Protection Workshop, 2-6 May, 2005, Selam Hotel, Asmara

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Freshwater - increasingly scarcity and degrading quality 1,1 billion people no access to safe drinking water 2,6 billion people inadequate/no sanitation Expected growth of the global population by 2 billion people in

next 25 years, mostly in urban areas in developing and emerging market economies, and many of them doomed to poverty if no concerted effort is made to resolve the water crisis

90 % of wastewater either poorly treated or not treated at discharge (only 25% of WWTPs built in DCs functioning)

80 % of all diseases and 25 % of all deaths in developing countries can be attributed to polluted water (WHO)

In Sub-Saharan Africa at least 1/3 of incomes spent to treat water-borne diseases, 90% of all malaria deaths, more than 200 Million bilharzia infections, diarrhoeal diseases 240 times hi-income (Hansen, 2004)

The international context

world water and sanitation crises

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Achievement of poverty eradication and sustainable development by rapidly increasing access to basic requirements such as clean water, sanitation, energy, health care, food security and the protection of biodiversity

Set target for water and sanitation:

To halve by 2015 the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water and those without adequate sanitation

millennium development goals (MDGs)

To reach this the sanitary provision rates of the ‘90s will have to be quadrupled (UN WWDR 2003)

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Why is sanitation important?

It provides a healthy environment = healthy people (able to secure improved livelihoods and break the cycle of poverty and ill-health)

For children - no diarrhoeal disease or other health hazards results in increased school attendance etc.

Can reduce number of children below 5 who die as a result of unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene.

Can particularly help improve women’s lives and increased security can protect against sexual harassment and violence for women and girls.

Preventive environmental health measures are as important and at time more cost-effective than health treatments

Basically - it saves lives!!!

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Some Principles of Sanitation

It is about behaviour and hygiene, not (just) about building toilets

It is a household decision with public implications

Central and local govt have roles, but behaviour is, in the end, decided at the household level

Children matter!!

90% of health benefits are among pre-school kids… and worm infections among school-age children

Supply and demand are critical

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Why do people want sanitation ?

Top 5 reasons - from the Philippines1. No smell and flies2. Cleaner surroundings3. Privacy4. Less embarrassment when friends visit5. Less disease

In Benin

1. Prestige and status 2. Comfort convenience and privacy 3. Protection against accidents in the bush4. Increase the rent

Rarely is disease prevention mentioned!!

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shortcomings of conventional watercarriage sanitation

Unsatisfactory purification or uncontrolled discharge of more than 90 % of wastewater worldwide

Severe water pollution, unbearable health risks

Consumption of precious water for transport of waste

High investment, energy, operating and maintenance costs

Frequent subsidization of prosperous areas and neglect of poorer settlements

Loss of valuable nutrients and trace elements contained in excrements due to discharge into waters

Problems with contaminated sewage sludge in combined, central systems

Linear end-of-pipe technology

Introduction to ecosan

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Retention of solids

Infiltration of liquids

Polluted groundwaterNitrates

Viruses

Pathogens

shortcomings of conventional „drop and store“ sanitation


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excreta are a valuable resource

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

global mineralfertilizer

consumption

global fertilizerequivalent inwastewater

million tons per year

(as N + P2O5 + K2O)135

50

ww

w.f

ertil

izer

.org

Represents nutrients with a market value of around 15 Billion US dollars.


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• recovery of energy content (covering about 20% of cooking energy needs for a typical family in a developing country)

• energy savings in fertilizer production & wastewater treatment

excreta are a valuable resource

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“business as usual“ will not allow us to provide sanitation to those who need it most.Conventional systems have failed - costs, resource efficiency, safeguarding public health and sustainability,

we cannot continue to waste our non-renewable resources

the global water, hygiene and soil degradation crisis requires new approaches

Innovative, holistic and sustainable approaches needed to provide safe and decent sanitation, reduce poverty, contribute to food security, preserve our environment and maintain the natural basis of life

need for a new approach to sanitation

Introduction

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Alternative approach:

ecological sanitation – “ecosan“

What does it mean?


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advantages of ecological sanitation

Improvement of health by minimizing the introduction of pathogens from human excrements into the water cycle

Promotion of safe, hygienic recovery and use of nutrients, organics, trace elements, water and energy

Preservation of soil fertility, Improvement of agricultural productivity

Conservation of resources

Preference for modular, decentralised partial-flow systems for more appropriate, cost-efficient solutions

Promotion of a holistic, interdisciplinary approach

Material flow cycle instead of disposal

introduction

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eco-sanitation concepts and strategies

eco-sanitation… … is not just one technology, but an

approach based on an eco-system-oriented view of material flows to deal with what is presently regarded as waste and wastewater for disposal

… applies the basic natural principal of closing the loop by using modern and safe sanitation and reuse technologies

… opens up a wider range of sanitation options than those currently considered.

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Principles of ecosan systems

NUTRIENTS NUTRIENTS

closing the loopbetween sanitation

and agriculture

FOODFOOD

Pathogen destruction

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Principles and objectives of ecological sanitation

The main objectives of eco-sanitation are to: provide affordable, hygienically safe, and desirable

sanitary facilities;

reduce the health risks related to sanitation,

contaminated water and waste;

prevent the pollution of surface and groundwater;

prevent the degradation of soil fertility;

optimise the management of nutrients and water

resources.

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Climate protection

Flood protection

Resource conservation

Business and labour promotion

Food security

HealthSustainable agriculture

+Conservation of soil fertility

Integrated Water Resources Management

ecosan is a cross-sectoral approach

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0

20

Organicskg COD/ (Person·year)

12.3

3.6

14.1

VolumeLiter / (Person·year)

10.0

00 –

200

.00

0 l

500 l 50 l

sour

ce:

Ott

erpo

hl

0

6

Nutrient contentkg N,P,K / (Person·year)

N

P

K

0.8

5.3

1.0

composition of household wastewater


greywater urine faeces

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of no major hygienic concern volumetrically the largest portion of wastewater contains almost no nutrients (simplified

treatment) may contain spent washing powders etc.

3. greywater

less hygienically critical contains the largest proportion of nutrients

available to plants may contain hormones or medical residues

2. urine

hygienically critical consists of organics, nutrients and trace

elements improves soil quality and increase its water

retention capacity

1. faeces

characteristicfraction

characteristics of substances


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sour

ce:

Dra

nger

t, 1

998

Fertilizer Equivalence of Yearly per Capita Excreted Nutrients and Fertiliser Requirements for Producing

250 kg of Cereals

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

N N P P K K

Nu

trie

nt

(kg

)

cerealrequirements

faeces

urine

fertilizer potential of human excreta


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composting, anaerobic digestion

organic waste

soil improvement,

biogas

treatment

utilisation

substances faeces(brownwater)

anaerobic digestion,

drying, composting

biogas, soil

improvement

constructedwetlands, gardening,

wastewater ponds, biol.treatment, membrane-

technology

greywater (shower,

washing, etc.)

irrigation,

groundwater- recharge ordirect reuse

urine (yellowwater)

liquid or dry fertiliser

hygienisation by storage or

drying

filtration,biological treatment

rainwater

water supply,groundwater-

recharge

separation of substances

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eco-sanitation concepts and strategies

To optimise cost efficient, high quality treatment and recycling options, two principles are very often being applied in ecosan systems:

flow streams with different characteristics, such as faeces, urine and greywater, are often collected separately. Rainwater harvesting and the treatment of organic waste and animal manure can also be integrated into the concepts!!

the unnecessary dilution of the flow streams is avoided, for example by using dry, low flush or vacuum transport systems. This minimises the consumption of valuable drinking water and produces high valued concentrations of recyclables.

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Sanitising urine

Time

and

Temperature

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Sanitising faeces

Temperature

pH

Ammonia

Dryness

Solar radiation

Competition

Nutrients

Oxygen

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Technology examples

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overview of ecosan technology-components

ecosan technologies

solid biowaste rainwater greywater urine faeces

co

lle

cti

on

tre

atm

en

t u

tili

sa

tio

n

Vacuum Sewerage

Solid-Liquid Separation

Storage

Urine diversion

Wastewater treatment (centralised or decentr.)

Fertilizing with Urine

Soil conditionning with treated Excreta and Solid Biowaste

Composting Toilet

Biogas Digestors

Composting

Greywater -

Separation Treatment

Reuse

Rainwater Harvesting

- Catchment, Treatment,

Use Urine

Processing

Dehydration Toilet

Reuse of wastewater in agriculture, aquaculture, epuvalisation, etc.

Gravity Sewerage (conventional or small-bore, centralised or decentralised)

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examples of urine diverting toilets

Wost-Man, Sweden

waterless:

faeces and urine without flush

Roediger, Germany Dubletten, Sweden

GTZ, Mali

China

dry/wet:

faeces without, urine with flush

dry/wet:

faeces with, urine without

flush

wet:

faeces & urine with flush

ecosan system components

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Made from concrete in Mexico, Namibia, Botswana ....


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Indoor UDS in Peru


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Examples of urine diversion toilet slabs

Urine diverting concrete slab

Composting toilet with urine separation (China)

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Mon Museum, Sweden

vacuum urinal KfW-building,

Germany

waterless urinals


Tepoztlan, Mexico

South Africa

Ethiopia

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composting toilet, Germany

(Berger Biotechnik)

examples of composting toilets

Schweden


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examples of composting toilets

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examples of dehydrating toilets

“Enviroloo”-prefabricated system, South Africa“SolaSan”-prefabricated system, South Africa

various dehydration systems (with and without urine separation)


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Prefabricated dry UD toilet - South Africa


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Solar drying toilet in El Salvador


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vacuum systems

elements:

vacuum toilets, vacuum urinals, vacuum conductions, pumping station

advantages:

water saving, concentrated black water collection, decentralised treatment possible (anaerobic)

manufacturer:

i.e. Roediger GmbH


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vacuum systems

Gabarone, Botswana: Decentral wastewater collection using vacuum technology

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membrane technology

Highly effective removal of soluble and biodegradable materials in wastewater stream

selective permeable membrane (pore sizes < bacteria) treated water recycle potential for non-potable application compact, flexible system


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anaerobic treatment with biogas production

small scale biogas plants:

decentralised treatment of household wastewater with or without agricultural waste


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aqua culture

wastewater treatment by aquatic plants and fish with nutrient recyling by human consumption

offers high quality protein at low cost predominantly in Asian countries fish production of 1-6 tons/ha·year) achieved

duckweed

tilapia

carp


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Various containers for urine storage: Gebers, SchwedenLambertsmühle, Deutschland

urine storage


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direct injection of liquid fertiliser

dried faeces - „soil amelioration“)

irrigation urban agriculture

composting with organic waste

agricultural use

urban agriculture


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Practical examples

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Urine diverting concrete slab Greywater garden

Experimental on-site sanitation module consisting of a urine diverting dehydrating latrine, shower and greywater garden

ecosan pilot projects

experimental on-site sanitation in Koulikoro, Mali (supported by GTZ)

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Integrated natural ressources management in Botswana (supported by IUCN, DED, GTZ)

Introduction of ecosan systems in three communities: dehydration toilets, urine separation and fertilisation of gardens with urine

urine diversion toilet made out of plastic

Awareness workshop on a village level


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participatory development of ecosan solutions in Gibeon and Marienthal, Namibia (supported by GTZ)

Information, awareness building, situation and stakeholder analysis

Participatory development of ecosan systems

Pilot and demonstration units (fixed and movable dehydration toilets with urine diversion)


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Traditional urine separating dehydration latrine with infiltration of the urine in the underground through soak pits

Upgrading UDS

Traditional use of dried faeces, Afghanistan

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8 toilet cabins, separate collection of urine, washing water and faeces, co-composting of faeces with paper and organic waste, urine and washing water for fertilizing and irrigation of the banana plantation

ecosan public toilet centre Bangalore, India (supported by ACTS, SDC, Uni Oslo and GTZ)


source: seecon GmbH

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biogas septic tanks Lesotho (supported by GTZ and DED)

1st step (2002): small bore sewer grid for 8 houses, a biogas-septic tank unit, upflow filter based on recycled plastic bottles, wetland, 800m² vegetable and fruit garden, two household connections for the biogas as full cooking energy source

2nd step (2003): field tests of black, greywater and urine separation


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Zimbabwe / Mozambique

The “fossa alterna”

Sou

rce

: P

ete

r M

org

an

, 2

004

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Urine diversion toilets and waterless urinals

GTZ headquarters, main building, Germany

GTZ House1Eschborn, Germany


separation, processing and agricultural reuse of urine (implementation 2004/2005)

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pig – toilet – biogas – vegetable

combined with Greenhouse Production more than 10 000 000 times in Northern

China Use of nutrients, organics, energy and

carbon dioxyde

Chinese „four in one“ model


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ecosan dry toilet promotion in Guangxi-Province, China

Large ecosan project in the phase of up-scaling 1997, pilot project funded by

SIDA/Unicef, 70 ecosan (urine diverting dehydration toilets) built in pilot village, Dalu Village

1998, 10,000 urine-diverting toilets were built in 200 ecosan villages in Guangxi

2002, 100,000 ecosan toilets in Guangxi

2003, 685,000 ecosan toilets in 17 provinces (Ministry of Public Health)

Factors of success: cultural acceptance, political commitment, technical flexibility, low cost, income generation, pressure from water pollution and water scarcity, promotion and marketing


Photos: Sandec, Text: Mi Hua

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ecosan-study and reuse experiments in Havana, Cuba (supported by GTZ)

Study of options for reuse of urine and faeces in existing urban agriculture in Havana

improved soil quality through reuse of organics

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ecosan activities supported by GTZ

Indonesia

India

Jordan

Turkey

Bulgaria

Algeria

Benin

Kenya

LesothoNamibia

Zambia

ChinaCuba

Burkina Faso

Peru

Egypt

Botswana

Mali

Yemen

Ecuador

El Salvador

Afghanistan

Philippines

Germany

VietnamIran


GTZ supported ecosan activities around the world

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How would the city look?

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urban ecosan concepts

Conventional Wastewater System

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foodfaecesurinegreywaterdrinking water

Periphery

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foodfaecesurinegreywatertreated greywaterdrinking water

Residential Area

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foodfaecesurinegreywatertreated greywaterdrinking water

irrigationof urban green

Downtown Area

biogasplant

vacuumsewerage

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Tit

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65WfB, Rom – 12.Jan.2005


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Aims of the GTZ-ecosan program

To promote the development and pilot application of holistic ecologically, economically and socially sustainable recycling- based wastewater and sanitation concepts in developing countries

To contribute to the global dissemination and application of ecosan approaches and establish these as state-of-the-art techniques – in both, developing and in industrialised countries

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GTZ – ecosan R&D project

2000: 1st International Symposium on ecological sanitation in Bonn, Germany2001: start 1st phase of the supra-regional research and development ecosan-project

of GTZ, financed by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ)- development of ecosan knowledge management tools - building up of a global ecosan-network, - initiation of pilot projects

2003: 2nd International Symposium on ecological sanitation in Lübeck, Germanystart 2nd phase of the ecosan-project of GTZ- further development of knowledge management tools- support to the global ecosan-network- implementation of pilot projects

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Key activities of the GTZ ecosan program

GTZ – ecosan program

knowledge management and networking

• e-newsletter

• ecosan website www.gtz.de/ecosan

• ecosan source book (in progress)

• ecosan-project data sheets (in progress)

• ecosan-technical data sheets (in progress)

• brochures, posters, professional articles, films, etc.

• conferences & workshops

• cooperation in the field

• national & international working groups

ecosan pilot research and demonstration projects

• baseline and feasibility studies for sanitation systems, treatment and reuse systems

• advocacy and decision making workshops

• training workshops

• technical and operational advice for implementation

• accompanying research

• upscaling of projects and dissemination of experiences

• more than 40 pilot projects worldwide

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main challenges

increasing of awareness

integration of reuse into planning from the beginning

revision of legal frameworks & technical standards

establishment of full cost analysis and risk and benefit comparisons

finding innovative investors and adapting financing instruments

implementation of large scale urban demonstration projects (in Africa large degree of experience with pilot installations - urgent need to go to scale)

Sou

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Pet

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Greywater treatment in Norway

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a vision for alternative water management in urban areas

future full-scale eco-sanitation systems in urban areas will most probably consist of a spatial multiple layer “patchwork“ of technical and management solutions for: different areas (e.g. different solutions for city centre,

commercial zones, individual housing areas, individual building entities, etc.) and

different wastewater flows (different solutions for urine, greywater, brownwater or mixed wastewater)

have to offer the same or a better level of comfort as the present systems

individual and flexible systems adapted to local and frame-work conditions

flexible in time: the transition from the standard centralised system to alternative systems will happen stepwise and start from certain patches (e.g. development areas) and for certain wastewater flows (e.g. greywater or urine)

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present obstacles for the implementation of new sanitation concepts in urban areas

inertia of the existing infrastructure (often designed for 50 or more years) and management systems

legal system tailored to centralised end-of-pipe systems principles of source separation and resource recovery not

reflected in current discharge standards and environmental laws

products from human excreta don´t appear in fertilizer regulations

monitoring structures exist only for centralized systems alternatives not yet economically competitive, externalities

and risks not reflected in costs of the current system planners not yet familiar with the whole range of

technological options and user centred planning methods

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Thanks for your attention & interest!!!

www.gtz.de/ecosan

[email protected]

subscribe the ecosan-newsletter by sending an e-mail with the text “subscribe ecosan” to:

[email protected]

conclusion

Ecological sanitation - innovative wastewater management systems Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October...

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Transcript of Ecological sanitation - innovative wastewater management systems Sector Network SOWAS, 3 - 7 October...