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Transcript of w What is abnormal behavior? What is a psychological disorder? ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY.
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What is abnormal behavior?
• What is a psychological disorder?
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
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HUMORSHUMORS
Blood (heart) -- cheerful and hopeful
Phlegm (brain) -- apathy, sluggishness
Yellow Bile (liver) -- irritable, aggressive
Black Bile (spleen) -- depressed, melancholic
HUMORSHUMORS
Blood (heart) -- cheerful and hopeful
Phlegm (brain) -- apathy, sluggishness
Yellow Bile (liver) -- irritable, aggressive
Black Bile (spleen) -- depressed, melancholic
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MIDDLE AGESMIDDLE AGES
Zeitgeist: Religion and ChristianityDeviance: Good vs. EvilBizarre Behavior (“It’s the work of the Devil”)
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15th to the 17th CenturiesThe Witch Hunts - 100,000 Executed as Witches
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From the Home to the HospitalBethlehem Hospital (“Bedlam”)Treatments Were Crude
• Blood letting, beatings, chains• Rest and relaxation
From the Home to the HospitalBethlehem Hospital (“Bedlam”)Treatments Were Crude
• Blood letting, beatings, chains• Rest and relaxation
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Reform of the Asylums in EuropeReform of the Asylums in EuropePinelPinel
Reform in AmericaReform in AmericaDorothea DixDorothea Dix
Moral Therapy and its DeclineMoral Therapy and its Decline
Reform of the Asylums in EuropeReform of the Asylums in EuropePinelPinel
Reform in AmericaReform in AmericaDorothea DixDorothea Dix
Moral Therapy and its DeclineMoral Therapy and its Decline
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• Return of the Biological ModelReturn of the Biological Model– Kraepelin– Father of “Experimental”
Abnormal Psychology
• Return of the Biological ModelReturn of the Biological Model– Kraepelin– Father of “Experimental”
Abnormal Psychology
• Mental Illness = Physical IllnessMental Illness = Physical Illness• Mental Illness = Physical IllnessMental Illness = Physical Illness
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GENERAL PARESISGENERAL PARESISLooks crazy, but is it?
GENERAL PARESISGENERAL PARESISLooks crazy, but is it?
• ADVANCED CASE OF SYPHILISADVANCED CASE OF SYPHILIS– Penicillin
• ADVANCED CASE OF SYPHILISADVANCED CASE OF SYPHILIS– Penicillin
• PASTEUR’S CONTRIBUTIONPASTEUR’S CONTRIBUTION– Symptoms of disease caused by bacterium
• PASTEUR’S CONTRIBUTIONPASTEUR’S CONTRIBUTION– Symptoms of disease caused by bacterium
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• Treat the Disease, Cure the ProblemTreat the Disease, Cure the Problem– 1930s:1930s: Insulin and ECT
– 1950s:1950s: Neuroleptics (Thorazine)
– 1970s:1970s: Benzodiazapines (Valium)
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• Abnormal Behavior is a Disease
• Problem is Biological (Brain), not Psychological
• More Pharmacologic Remedies
• Language of Medicine• Language of Medicine
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Breuer and Freud: • The “Talking Cure”
• Freudian Theory– Structure of the Mind– The Mind’s Protective Mechanisms– Stages of Psychosexual Development
• Freud: the 2nd Revolution
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Psychological Disorder Defined
Statistical Definition
Rare behavior that deviatesfrom the average
MORE DEVIATION, MORE ABNORMALMORE DEVIATION, MORE ABNORMAL
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• Statistical DefinitionStatistical Definition
• Distress DefinitionDistress Definition
Psychological Disorder Defined
Personal Suffering Defines Abnormality
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• Statistical DefinitionStatistical Definition
• Distress DefinitionDistress Definition
• Normative DefinitionNormative Definition
Psychological Disorder Defined
Does the behavior violate cultural norms?
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• “Harmful” Dysfunction
Psychological Disorder Defined
Breakdown of one’s cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
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“Harmful” dysfunction
Psychological Disorder Defined
TWO CRITICAL ELEMENTS
• “harmful” is a value-based term
• “harmful” as failure of our faculties to perform the functions they were designed to perform
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Definition
Individual must experience (psychological) dysfunction and severe distress or impairment. Also, reactions not culturally expected
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DescriptionDescription
Causation
Treatment/Outcome
Study ofStudy ofPsychologicalPsychological
DisordersDisorders
Scientist-Practitioner Model
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Description
Causation
Treatment/Outcome
Study ofPsychological
Disorders
PopulationsPopulations• Prevalence and IncidencePrevalence and Incidence
Course of DisordersCourse of Disorders• Episodic, Chronic, or Time LimitedEpisodic, Chronic, or Time Limited
Onset of DisordersOnset of Disorders• Acute or InsidiousAcute or Insidious
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• Multiple CausationMultiple Causation– biology, psychology, biology, psychology,
learning history, culture, learning history, culture, and social factorsand social factors
EtiologyEtiology• the study of why a disorder beginsthe study of why a disorder begins
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Can assistCan assist
in understanding maintaining factors
in prevention efforts
• Can’t tell usCan’t tell us
much about causes of disorders
in developing more powerful treatments
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Gross Deviations in Mood Depression: “The Low”
– The “Common Cold” of Mental Illness– Major Depressive Episode is Most Common
Mania: “The High”– Abnormally Exaggerated Elation, Joy, or
Euphoria
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Facts and Statistics About 7.8% Lifetime Prevalence
Median % across many studies:
Bipolar-1.3 Maj Depression-16.1
Females > Males– Major Depression and Dysthymia
Females = Males– Bipolar Disorders
Similar in Children and Adults
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Negative Cognitive Biases Beck’s Cognitive Triad
Negative Schema About
Self, World, & Future
** Biological and Social Causes **
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In the United States: About 30,000 Kill Themselves Annually More Die from Suicide Each Year Than Homicide (about
20,000 in 1996) 9th Leading Cause of Death (1996 stat) More Common Among Whites, Native Americans Increasing in Adolescents (3rd leading cause of death) &
Elderly (globally, the elderly have highest suicide rate, esp. males)
Males > Females in Killing Themselves Females > Males in Attempts
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Approximately 500,000 people each year require ER treatment as a result of attempted suicide (1996 stat)
Suicidal behavior typically occurs in the presence of mental illness or substance use disorders
Firearms account for 59% of all suicide deaths (1996 stat)
Website of Extreme and Urgent Interest:
suicidology.org