Unit 11: Abnormal PsychologyLesson 4: Schizophrenia

• Essential Question– What are the causes, effects, and

treatment options of psychological disorders?

• Key Vocabulary– Psychotic Disorders– Schizophrenia (several types):

• Paranoid• Disorganized• Catatonic.

– Dopamine (& relationship to Parkinsons)– Symptoms of Schizophrenia

• Positive v. Negative symptoms• Disorganized Thinking (Delusions;

breakdowns in selective attention; word salad)

• Disturbed perceptions (hallucinations)• Inappropriate actions / feelings

– Antipsychotic medications: Haldol, Zyprexa, Risperdol

• DAILY COMMENTARY:– Describe the basic differences (neurologically

and in behavior) between MDD and bipolar disorder.

– What neurotransmitters are most relevant in understanding anxiety disorders?

– Write and briefly describe the causes and symptoms of two of your disorders.

– How are these disorders treated?

• Upcoming Deadlines:– Assigned Readings: Daily– Present Projects: April 15-17– Vocab Quizzes:

• Lessons 1-4: April 10th (nope. Nevermind. Not today…

– Mock Exam: • MC Section:

– 4/17 (Unit 11 test score will be based on relevant questions from the mock exam)

• FRQ Section: Monday, April 13

Disorders & Therapies Project• 30 Minutes now to research your assigned disorders• Suggested resources:

– Myers & Griggs; web-based research; the DSM My disorder chart is complete. I understand the:

• diagnostic criteria (symptoms)• Course & prevalence (when it sets in, how common it is)• Etiology (causes)• Treatment (medical, therapies, etc.); include at 2-3 options for each disorder

I have a clear understanding of how each disorder might be treated, and can discuss the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches to treatment

I’ve designed an interactive, multimedia presentation on each assigned disorder.

I’ve practiced presenting on each disorder.

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Schizophrenia

If depression is the common cold of psychological disorders, schizophrenia is

the cancer.

Nearly 1 in a 100 suffer from schizophrenia, and throughout the world

over 24 million people suffer from this disease (WHO, 2002).

Schizophrenia strikes young people as they mature into adults. It affects men

and women equally, but men suffer from it more severely than women.

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Symptoms of Schizophrenia

The literal translation is “split mind.” A group of severe disorders characterized by

the following:

1. Paranoia2. Delusions3. Word salad4. Fragmented thinking & speech

Video Clips

• 4 patients with schizophrenia:– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWaFqw8Xnp

A• San Fransisco man:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCbf-pKtkhU

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Other forms of delusions include, delusions of persecution (“someone is following me”) or grandeur (“I am a

king”).

Disorganized & Delusional Thinking

This morning when I was at Hillside [Hospital], I was making a movie. I was surrounded by movie stars … I’m Marry Poppins. Is this room painted blue to get me upset? My grandmother died four weeks after my eighteenth birthday.”

(Sheehan, 1982)

This monologue illustrates fragmented, bizarre thinking with distorted beliefs called delusions (“I’m Mary Poppins”).

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Disturbed Perceptions

A schizophrenic person may perceive things that are not there (hallucinations).

Frequently such hallucinations are auditory and lesser visual,

somatosensory, olfactory, or gustatory.L. Berthold, Untitled. The Prinzhorn Collection, U

niversity of Heidelberg

August Natt

er, Witches H

ead. The Prinzhorn Collection, University of H

eidelberg

Photos of paintings by Krannert Museum

, University of Illinois at U

rbana-Champaign

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Inappropriate Emotions & Actions

A schizophrenic person may laugh at the news of someone dying or show no

emotion at all (apathy).

Patients with schizophrenia may continually rub an arm, rock a chair, or remain motionless for hours (catatonia).

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Positive and Negative Symptoms

Schizophrenics have inappropriate symptoms (hallucinations, disorganized

thinking, deluded ways) that are not present in normal individuals (positive

symptoms).

Schizophrenics also have an absence of appropriate symptoms (apathy,

expressionless faces, rigid bodies) that are present in normal individuals

(negative symptoms).

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Chronic and Acute Schizophrenia

When schizophrenia is slow to develop (chronic/process) recovery is doubtful.

Such schizophrenics usually display negative symptoms.

When schizophrenia rapidly develops (acute/reactive) recovery is better. Such

schizophrenics usually show positive symptoms.

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Subtypes

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Understanding Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a disease of the brain exhibited by the symptoms of the mind.

Dopamine Overactivity: Researchers found that schizophrenic patients express higher levels of dopamine D4 receptors in

the brain.

Brain Abnormalities

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Abnormal Brain Activity

Brain scans show abnormal activity in the frontal cortex, thalamus, and amygdala of

schizophrenic patients. Adolescent schizophrenic patients also have brain

lesions. Paul Thompson and Arthur W

. Toga, UCLA Laboratory of N

euro Im

aging and Judith L. Rapport, National Institute of M

ental Health

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Abnormal Brain Morphology

Schizophrenia patients may exhibit morphological changes in the brain like

enlargement of fluid-filled ventricles.

Both Photos: Courtesy of Daniel R. W

einberger, M.D., N

IH-N

IMH

/ NSC

Unit 11: Abnormal PsychologyLesson 4: Schizophrenia (Continued)

• Essential Question– What are the causes, effects, and

treatment options of psychological disorders?

• Key Vocabulary– Psychotic Disorders– Schizophrenia (several types):

• Paranoid• Disorganized• Catatonic.

– Dopamine (& relationship to Parkinsons)– Symptoms of Schizophrenia

• Positive v. Negative symptoms• Disorganized Thinking (Delusions;

breakdowns in selective attention; word salad)

• Disturbed perceptions (hallucinations)• Inappropriate actions / feelings

– Antipsychotic medications: Haldol, Zyprexa, Risperdol

• DAILY COMMENTARY:– What are the differences between

paranoia, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking? Give an example of each.

– For what disorder might a psychiatrist prescribed Zoloft (an SSRI) How about Xanax? Lithium?

• Upcoming Deadlines:– Assigned Readings: Daily– Present Projects: April 15-17– Vocab Quizzes:

• Lessons 1-7: 4/15

– Mock Exam: • MC Section:

– 4/17 (Unit 11 test score will be based on relevant questions from the mock exam)

• FRQ Section: Monday, April 13

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Viral Infection

Schizophrenia has also been observed in individuals who contracted a viral

infection (flu) during the middle of their fetal development.

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Genetic Factors

The likelihood of an individual suffering from schizophrenia is 50% if their

identical twin has the disease (Gottesman, 1991).

0 10 20 30 40 50Identical

Both parents

Fraternal

One parent

Sibling

Nephew or niece

Unrelated

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Genetic Factors

The following shows the prevalence of schizophrenia in identical twins as seen

in different countries.

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Psychological Factors

Psychological and environmental factors can trigger schizophrenia if the individual

is genetically predisposed (Nicols & Gottesman, 1983).

Genain Sisters

The genetically identical Genainsisters suffer from schizophrenia. Two more than others, thus there are contributing environmental

factors.Courtesy of G

enain Family

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Warning Signs

Early warning signs of schizophrenia include:

Birth complications, oxygen deprivation and low-birth weight.

2.

Short attention span and poor muscle coordination.3.

Poor peer relations and solo play.6.

Emotional unpredictability.5.

Disruptive and withdrawn behavior.4.

A mother’s long lasting schizophrenia.1.

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Schizophrenia Symptoms

Inappropriate symptoms present

(positive symptoms)

Appropriate symptoms absent (negative

symptoms)

Hallucinations, disorganized thinking,

deluded ways.

Apathy, expressionless faces, rigid bodies.

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Antipsychotic Drugs

Classical antipsychotics [Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)]: Remove

a number of positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as

agitation, delusions, and hallucinations.

Atypical antipsychotics [Clozapine (Clozaril)]: Remove negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as

apathy, jumbled thoughts, concentration difficulties, and difficulties in interacting

with others.

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Atypical Antipsychotic

Clozapine (Clozaril) blocks receptors for dopamine and serotonin to remove the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Researching Schizophrenia

• Complete PsychSim5 Module: – “Losing Touch with Reality”