Psychological Disorders

Introduction

What is ABNORMAL?Write about a time when you

did something you thought was abnormal.

Why did/do you consider this abnormal?

Criteria of Abnormal Behavior Deviance

Behavior that is outside the socially acceptable norms

Varies among cultures Maladaptive

Impairment of adaptive everyday behavior

Interferes with social and occupational functioning

Personal distress Self reported troubles; subjective pain

and suffering

Medical Models of Psychopathology:Look for BIOLOGICAL causes Diseases Neurotransmitter abnormalities Genetic factors Brain defects

Treatments emphasize ORGANIC treatments Drugs Neurosurgery ECT, DBS, TMS

Thomas Szasz - “Illness can affect only the body.”

Problems with the medical model:Allows deviant

behavior to be locked into conformity

Labels are derogatoryForces those with a

disorder to take a passive role as medical patient

Psychological Models of Psychopathology:

Look for PSYCHOLOGICAL causes Early life experiences Traumatic events Illogical thinking Maladaptive learning experiences

Treatments emphasize PSYCHOLOGICAL treatment Psychoanalysis (Freudian approach) Psychotherapy (Cognitive and Humanistic

approach) Behavior therapy (Classical/Operant

Conditioning)

Sociocultural Models of Psychopathology:

Look for social and cultural influences on behavior Societal norms and expectations Sub-group influences Family dynamics

Treatment emphasizes a “systems” approach Family therapy Couples therapy Group therapy Community interventions

the Asylum1950’s – the height of institutionalization

David Rosenhan – “Being Sane in Insane Places”

Classification of Disorders 1952 – first Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of

Mental Disorders (DSM) 2013 – DSM-5

Anxiety and Anxiety-Related Disorders: DSM-5 recognizes 12 types Four common anxiety disorders

include:Generalized Anxiety DisorderPanic DisorderSpecific PhobiaSocial anxiety disorder

Etiology of Anxiety Disorders: Biological factors:

deficient GABA neurotransmitters (GAD/Panic)

deficient serotonin (Social) respiratory abnormalities (GAD/Panic)

Psychological and sociocultural harsh self-standards (GAD/Social) strict and critical parents (GAD/Social) automatic negative thoughts

(GAD/Social) classically conditioned responses

(Panic/Phobia)

Related, but not classified as anxiety disorders:

Obsessive-compulsive disorder overactive frontal cortex and basal

ganglia deficient serotonin and dopamine

levels inability to turn off negative thoughts

OCD-related disorders added in DSM-5 Hoarding Excoriation Trichotillomania Body Dysmorphic Disorder Body Integrity Identity Disorder

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder:

DSM-5 expands criteria Symptoms may vary, but often:

flashbacks memory and concentration impulsive behavior excessive arousal response reduced affect

Emotion and Mood Disorders: Depressive

Disorders Major

depressive disorder

Persistent depressive disorder

Biological factors genetics serotonin and

norepinephrine

Psychological factors learned

helplessness self-defeating

beliefs rumination pessimistic

attribution style contagions

Sociocultural SES gender

Bipolar Disorder: Two extremes – mania

and depression often cycles multiple

times through depression and mania

NOT extreme mood swings in a 24 hour period

Biological factors Genetic link Norepinephrine and

serotonin Glutamate

https://www.ted.com/playlists/175/the_struggle_of_mental_health

Somatoform Disorders Somatization

pain neurologic problems gastrointestinal complaints sexual symptoms

Conversion paralysis blindness hearing loss loss of sensation or numbness

Hypochondriasis

Dissociative Disorders:Dissociative

AmnesiaDissociative

fugue Dissociative

Identity Disorder

Depersonalization

Severe abuse?

Social Contagion?

Schizophrenia: Catatonic; Paranoid; Disorganized;

Undifferentiated

PsychosisSymptoms:

Positive Hallucinations; delusions;

disordered thought; referential thinking; word salad

Negative Flat affect; inability to read

emotions; deficient in planning and goal-behavior; catatonia

Causes of Schizophrenia: Biological factors

Structural brain abnormalities

Problems with neurotransmitters

Dopamine Psychological factors

Diathesis stress model

Diathesis Stress Model

- THOMAS WIDIGER, UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST“The patterns found in personality disorders really are traits that are distributed throughout the population, and we all have them to greater or lesser degree.”

Treatment Methods

PsychotherapyInsight Action

Biomedical therapyDrugs

Surgical procedures

Psychoanalysis (Freudian Approach)Insight therapy Direct techniques Dream interpretation

manifest content latent content

Free association Examination of:

Resistance Transference

More likely to help… Anxiety disorders Somatoform disorders Dissociative disorders

Humanistic Therapy/ApproachInsight therapy Carl Rogers

Person-centered Real vs. Ideal self NON-directive

active listening Four key elements

reflection unconditional regard empathy authenticity

More likely to help… Individuals who can

express their thoughts and feelings in a logical manner

Cognitive Therapy/ApproachAction therapy Albert Ellis

Rational-emotive therapy

Main concepts: Disconfirmation Reconceptualization

C.B.T.

More likely to help… Depression Stress disorders Anxiety disorders Some aspects of

schizophrenia

Distorted/Unhelpful Thinking Style

Distorted/Unhelpful Thinking Style

Distorted/Unhelpful Thinking Styles

Behavior Therapy/ApproachAction Therapy Abnormal behavior

is not a symptom, but a problem itself

Behavior modification Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning

May be helpful… Eating disorders Drug and alcohol

addiction Phobias

Behavior Therapy/ApproachClassical Conditioning Systematic desensitization Aversion therapy Flooding

Operant Conditioning Participant modeling Token economy Contingency contract Extinction

techniques

Biomedical Therapy/Treatment Psychopharmacology

Antipsychotic drugs GENERALLY decrease dopamine levels

Antianxiety drugs Benzodiazepines – Xanax, Ativan, Valium

Antidepressant drugs MAOI, Tricyclic, SSRI

Lithium Treats bipolar MANIC symptoms

Electroconvulsive Therapy Depression, Mania, Schizophrenia