Anusorn Cherdthong, PhD137748 Applied Biochemistry in Nutritional Science

Email: anusornc@kku.ac.thE-learning: http://ags.kku.ac.th/eLearning/137748

Vitamins and Minerals

Role of vitamins and minerals

MaintenanceGrowthProductionReproductionHealthPigmentation

(Chalong, 2543; Riis, 1983; McDonald et al., 2011)

Vitamins are organic (carbon) compounds needed for normal function, growth and maintenance.

Vitamins are cofactors, they don’t do anything by themselves.

They are not a source of calories.

The Nature of Vitamins

Classification of vitamins

Fat soluble vitamins A, D, E and K

Water soluble vitaminsB-Complex vitamins) and C

(Chalong, 2543)

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Lots of double bonds, good anti-oxidant

Vitamins A

Vitamins A

Role Deficiency SourceVisionGene transcriptionDermatologyRetinal/retinol versus retinoic acid

 AnorexiaLow growth rateNightblindessXerophanomiaSkill diseaseAbort

LiverFish oilMilkCarrotsSweet potatoes

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Also known as calciferol due to its role in calcium absorption

Main role is to maintain calcium and potassium levels

It is the only fat soluble vitamin that we can make- in the presence of sunlight

Can be made from cholesterol

Vitamins D

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Vitamins D

Role Deficiency Source

Ricket preventive factorbone protein osteoblast maintain calcium and potassium levels

 Ricket OsteomalaciaEgg shellLow rate production of egg

SunlightFish oilMilkEgg

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Vitamins E

Role Deficiency Source

Strength cell & Structuresiminiferous epitheliumPrevent fat oxidation Reduce peroxide Metabolism control

 Lipid absorption Cardiac muscleParalysis

GrainsVegetable oilGrass

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Vitamins K

Role Deficiency Source

Prothrombin synthesisPlasma synthesisClotting blood

 Hemorrhage Growth performance

LiverGrassKidneyEgg

Vitamins B1

Role Deficiency Source

Co A of carboxylase in pyruvateCarbohydrate metabolismPrevent beriberi, polyneuritis

Beriberi diseaseIncomplete of carbohydrate metabolismAnorexiaCramp

GrainsVegetableLiverMicrobial synthesis in rumen

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Vitamins B2

Role Deficiency Source

Enzyme composition for carbohydrate and proteinflavine mononucleotide (FMN) flavin ademine dinucleotide (FAD) growth vitamin

 low growth rateParalysisDiarrhearustic

LiverEggGrain

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Vitamins B3

Role Deficiency Source

Nutrient metabolismFA and cholesterol synthesisControl GI tract

 Pellagra diseaseGI tractSkin

ChickenPorkbeef

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Vitamins B6

Role Deficiency Source

Protein and lipid metabolismAntibody synthesis

 Low growth rateMicrocytic hypochromic anemiaConvulsion

LiverMilkGrassRice branGrain

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Vitamins B12

Role Deficiency Source

Co enzyme in many metabolismsPropionate synthesis in ruminants

 pernicious anemiaLow propionate synthesis

LiverRumen microbe Animal protein

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Vitamins C

Role Deficiency Source

Prevent scurvyAntiscorbutic factor Metabolism of tyrosine Folic acid folinic acid

Scurvy diseaseAmino acid metabolism

Orange fruitVegetable

Role of Minerals

Bone and teeth compositionOrganic matter composition: blood, tissue, membraneEnzymesNerve system controlConsisted of horn, hairInvolve metabolic cycle

Classification of minerals

Macro elements: Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg and S

Minor or trace elements:Fe, I, Cu, Co, Mn, Zn, Se, Cr,

Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P)

Role Deficiency Source

Consisted of bone and teethVit D Ca absorptionPrevent OsteoporosisMuscle cardiacVit K clotting blood

Osteoporosis diseaseAmino acid metabolism

SesameButterCanned kaleShrimp

Sodium (Na)

Role Deficiency Source

Equilibrium of water in bodyMuscle and nerve system control

 Muscle weaknessCrampsLow blood pressure.

SaltMilkFermented food

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Potassium (K)

Role Deficiency Source

Equilibrium of water in bodypH controlCa re-absorption

CrampsHeart failure

TurmericPumpkin seedsPeanutsSoyGarlicParsley

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Magnesium (Mg)

Role Deficiency Source

Work with Ca, PGrowth performanceBone and teethMuscle and nerve system

 VasodilationHyperirritabalitytetany

Sunflower seedsSesame seedsBeans, green vegetablesMilkSeafood

Sulfur (S)

Role Deficiency Source

Amino acid composition: cystine and methionine Bile compositionProtein synthesisBone synthesis

 Low growth rateLow rumen microbeSlow regeneration of hair

EggMilkMeat

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Iron (Fe)

Role Deficiency Source

Hemoglobin synthesisEnzyme composition

AnemiaFatigueWeakness.

GourdTurmericSeaweedSesameBeef liver and meat

Iodine (I)

Role Deficiency Source

Thyroxin hormoneMetabolism controlGrowth IQ development

 Goiter Stunting

SeaweedSeafoodIodized saltSea salt

Copper (Cu)

Role Deficiency Source

HemoglobinFe metabolism

Pale hairsStunting Bone disorder

Rice branSoy bean meal

Cobalt (Co)

Role Deficiency Source

Growth and heathlyBacterial synthesis in rumenB12 composition

DepressionAnorexiaWeight lossAnemia

Fish mealFish sauceChemical Co

Zinc (Zn)

Role Deficiency Source

Tissue composition: epidermal tissues Hair synthesisEnzyme composition

 Parakeratosis deseaseLow growth rate

MilkVegetableForages

Fluorine (F)

Role Deficiency Source

Bone and teeth with minimum level

 Toxic with the higher intake

Chemical FFond in feed stuff

Selenium (Se)

Role Deficiency Source

Absorption and utilization of Vit EPrevent of liver necrosis andmuscular dyptrophy

 Desease of liver necrosis andmuscular dyptrophyLow growth rate

GrainsGrassFond in feed stuff

Conclusion

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Role of vitamins and mineral

Classification of vitamins and mineral

Deficiency of vitamin and mineral

Thank you!