· Web viewWASTE OIL MANAGEMENT (Concept, Legislation, Base Map) CONTENTS - Summary - CHAPTER ONE:...

WASTE OIL MANAGEMENT(Concept, Legislation, Base Map)

CONTENTS

- Summary

- CHAPTER ONE: REGULATIONS IN EU AND TURKEY

-CHAPTER TWO: MANAGEMENT OF WASTE OIL

- Waste Oil Management In Europe

- Waste Oil Management In Turkey

- Re-Refining Of Waste Oil

CONCLUSION

Prepared by Duygu Hazal Akçalı 2016 March-April 1/14

SUMMARY

The usage of mineral and synthetic oils has an extremely wide application area, including

almost all industrial activities, every single motor vehicles and even power transmission. And of

course, after usage all of these materials, significant amount of the oil becomes waste.

This waste group is hazardous. It has negative effects on the environment and human healt.

Waste oil has also a very important economic provisions. Therefore, proper management of

it is very important.

Recycling of waste oil is very possible process. Fairly comprehensive studies on this issue

was made and these works are ongoing.

This report is addressed to situation of the wast oil management and regeneration facilities

in the EU and Turkey.

CHAPTER ONE: REGULATIONS IN EU AND TURKEY

Regulations in EU

According to Germany Federal Ministry For The Environment, Nature Conservation,

Building And Nuclear Safey's Waste Oil Ordinance, oils for machines, engines, turbines, etc. may

only be sold to the end user if their packaging bears a stamp or label that states the oil is to be taken

to a waste oil collection point after use. If sellers of lubricating oils are unable to set up a collection

point of their own for waste oil (e.g. department stores, hypermarkets, retail stores), they must enter

into arrangements with third parties at their own expense in order to ensure there is a collection

point in the vicinity. This ordinance contains the following definitions:

Waste oils: Oils that are accumulated as waste and consist of mineral oil, synthetic oil or

biogenic oil completely or in part.

Base oils: Non-doped base oils fot the production of high quality lubricant products such as

engine oils, gear oils, turbine oils and lubricating greases.

Reprocessing: Any method by which baze oils are produced from waste oils by applying

refinery processes and by which, in particular, contaminants, oxidation products and additives

contained in these oils are removed.

In European Waste Directive these definitions also are made in similar ways. Waste

Framework Directive Article 21 is about 'waste oils' and which is as follows:

“1- Without prejudice to the obligations related to the management of hazardous waste laid

down in Articles 18 and 19, Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that:


(a) waste oils are collected separately, where this is technically feasible;

(b) waste oils are treated in accordance with Articles 4 and 13;

(c) where this is technically feasible and economically viable, waste oils of different

characteristics are not mixed and waste oils are not mixed with other kinds of waste or substances,

if such mixing impedes their treatment.

2- For the purposes of separate collection of waste oils and their proper treatment, Member

States may, according to their national conditions, apply additional measures such as technical

requirements, producer responsibility, economic instruments or voluntary agreements.

3- If waste oils, according to national legislation, are subject to requirements of

regeneration, Member States may prescribe that such waste oils shall be regenerated if technically

feasible and, where Articles 11 or 12 of Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 apply, restrict the

transboundary shipment of waste oils from their territory to incineration or co-incineration

facilities in order to give priority to the regeneration of waste oils.”

As shown, EU sets out a general approach to the issue of waste oils. However, Member

States may have specific differences and it might be acceptable. As a result, the general approach

adopted is the recycling of waste oils.

Disposal Of Waste Oil Directive (75/439/EEC) has been revised several times until 1975

today. The Directive aims to prevent the uncontrolled disposal of waste oil and the ensuing

environmental problems. The Directive also seeks to prevent the waste of resources by encouraging

regeneration rather than burning of waste oils. It seeks to ensure that financial arrangements

adopted to promote safe disposal and recycling do not create barriers to the common market, and to

prevent uncontrolled burning of waste oil as fuel.

The table below, shows the course of development the relevant legislation:

75/439/EEC (OJ L194 25.7.1975) Directive on the disposal of waste oils

Proposed 20.3.1974 – COM(74)334

Legal base Articles 115 and 352 TFEU (originally Articles 100 and 235 EEC Treaty)

Amended by

87/101/EEC (OJ L42 12.2.1987) Amending Directive


Proposed 24.1.1985 – COM(85)757

Legal base Articles 122 and 268 TFEU (originally Articles 100 and 235 TEC)

91/692/EEC (OJ L377 31.12.1991) Directive standardizing and rationalizing reports on the implementation of certain Directives re-lating to the environment

Legal base Article 150 TFEU (originally Article 130s TEC)

2000/76/EC (OJ L332 28.12.2000) Directive on the incineration of waste

Legal base Article 192/150 TFEU (originally Article 175/Article 130s TEC); Article 294/Article 14 TFEU (originally Article 251/Article 189b TEC)

To be repealed by With effect from 12 December 2010

2008/98/EC (OJ L312 22.11.2008) Directive on waste and repealing certain Direc-tives

Legal base Article 192/Article 294 TFEU (originally Article 175(1)/Article 251 TEC)

Binding dates

75/439/EEC

Notification date 18 June 1975

Formal compliance 18 June 1977

Final date for permits 18 June 1979

Situation reports 18 June 1980 and subsequently every three years

87/101/EEC

Notification date 13 January 1987

Formal compliance 1 January 1990


91/692/EEC

Notification date 23 December 1991

Entry into force 23 December 1991

Transposition – Articles 2 and 3 1 January 1993

Transposition – Article 4 1 January 1994

Transposition – Article 5 1 January 1995

2000/76/EC

Entry into force 28 December 2000

Commission to report on progress 31 December 2008

The basic principles of the directive is as follows:

The definition of ‘waste oils’ is not restricted to lubricating oils, but by including the words

‘used oils’ it excludes wastes from oil refineries, for example. A general duty is placed on Member

States to ensure that the collection and disposal of waste oils causes no avoidable damage to man

and the environment. Member States are required to give priority to regeneration (producing base

oils) ‘where technical, economic and organizational constraints so allow’. Burning of waste oils

which cannot be regenerated is to be carried out under environmentally acceptable conditions as set

out in the Directive with the proviso that it is technically, economically and organizationally

feasible. Discharge of waste oils to any water and drainage systems is strictly prohibited.

Collection, storage and processing of waste oil are subject to special permissions. Waste oils

containing hazardous materials (PCB, PCT etc.) must be disposed.

The following are also prohibited:

- Any deposit and/or discharge harmful to the soil;

- Any uncontrolled discharge of residues from processing;

- Any processing of waste oils causing air pollution which exceeds the level prescribed by

existing provisions.

The ‘polluter pays principle’ is to apply.

Member States are required, where necessary to achieve the objectives of the Directive, to

carry out public information and promotional campaigns to ensure that waste oils are stored


appropriately and collected as far as possible.

Any undertaking disposing of waste oil must obtain a permit from the competent authority.

The permit may be subject to conditions. The undertakings must supply certain information to the

competent authority on request and must be periodically inspected. Any undertaking collecting

waste oils must be registered and adequately supervised; a system of permits may be required.

Undertakings regenerating or burning waste oils may be granted a permit only when the competent

authority is satisfied that all appropriate preventive measures have been taken. In the case of

regeneration plants, Member States are required to ensure that their operation will cause no

avoidable damage to the environment by requiring that the risks from residues are reduced to the

minimum and that such residues are disposed of as required by the toxic wastes Directive.

As one of the Member States, Germany brought into force Directive to Promote Processing

of Waste Oil into Base Oil in 1 October 2001. This directive, with reference 75/439/EEC, aims to

ensure sustainable management of mineral oil products, in the light of the limited availability of

fossil resources, as well as for reasons of environmental protection. To achieve this goal, the

directive emphasizes necessity to define the best method for processing waste oil into base oil and

economic incentive for it.

According to Directive of 1 October 2001, the base oil must be produced by using refinery

processes that ensure in particular the removal of any contaminants, oxidation products and

additives.

Funding of the plants processing waste oil into base oil takes the form of project funding

through non-refundable indemnities to compensate for any losses suffered during the process of

producing base oil from waste oil.

Regulations in TURKEY

Management of waste oils in Turkey, provided by Regulation of The Waste Oils Control.

According to Regulation minimisation of waste oils at source, regeneration and refining of waste

oils primarily for recovery purposes are expressed. Waste oils with the non-recovery property or

which do not provide the required product quality after recovery processes can be used as additional

fuel for the purpose of energy recovery.

Collection and processing of waste oils required special permissions. Waste oils only be

processed at licensed facilities.

The ‘polluter pays principle’ is to apply, according to this regulation, too.


Imports of waste oil is prohibited.

Waste oils only be carried by licensed companies and utilities.

Except the Ministry Of Environment And Urbanisation, Energy Market Regulatory

Authority (EPDK) is another institution that permission required. Facilities should provide the

conditions laid down by Turkish Standards Institution (TSE).

PETDER is the only authorized institution on collection of waste engine oils.

CHAPTER TWO: MANAGEMENT OF WASTE OIL

This report does not focus on a “good application”. But, it will be try to give information

about some application in Europe, Turkey and some other countries.

Waste Oil Management In Europe

- About 4930000 tones of base oils were consumed in Europe in 2000, among which about

65% of automotive oils and less than 35% of industrial oils. About 50% of consumed oils are lost

during use. The remaining 50% represent the collectable as waste.

- Engine oils represent more than 70% of 2400000 tonnes of the collectable waste oil. Black

industrial oils about 5% and light industrial oils less than 25%. Engine oils (and to a lower extent

black industrial oils) are potentially suitable for regeneration, whereas light industrial oils, clean,

join an independent recovery circuit.

- The average waste oil collection rate reached about 70-75% in the EU in 2000.

Approximately 1730000 tonnes of waste oil were collected. The remaining 675000 tonnes are

accounted as illegally burnt or dumped in the environment. It still vary from country to country. The

efficiency of the waste oil collection systems is often very high for engine oils (80%) and low for

black industrial oils.

Waste oil collection rate, in 2000.

A lot of treatment processes exist (or are under development) today in Europe. The most

significant ones are listed below.


WASTE OIL TYPE PRODUCTS

Clean waste oil RE-USE Hydrauling or cutting oil- electricity companies- shipping industry- major engineering companiesMould oil or base oil

Engine waste oil REGENERATION or RE-RE-FINING

Lubricant base oil

All types of waste oils (includ-ing synthetic oils)

THERMAL CRACKING Distillate gas oil products

Mixed wastes GASIFICATION Synthetic gas- hydrogen- methanol

All types of waste oils, espe-cially heavy polluted ones.

SEVERE RE-PROCESSING De- metallised fuel oil- marine diesel oil- fuel oil

MILD RE-PROCESSING then burning

Replacement fuel oil- road stone plants etc.

DIRECT BURNING

In September 1995, a conference was held in the Swiss city of Geneva. In this conference; a

technical declaration was published about transportation, processing and disposal issues of waste

oil. This conference known as Basel Convention. And In the convention, it has been classified the

method relates to the treatment of waste oils.

In this declaration, used mineral and synthetic oils, the tank waste, oil-water mixtures and

emulsions are defined as waste oils, which is our subject.

The EU consumed in 2006 roughly 5.8 million tonnes a year. However, through their use,

they loose their properties, become contaminated and at some point they cease to be fit for the use

they were originally intended. These used oils are then replaced by fresh lubricating oils and we are

left with some waste oils. Some 50% of what is purchased will become waste oils. That leaves us

with approximately 3 million tonnes of waste oil to manage every year in the EU.

Waste Oil Management In Turkey


In Turkey, waste oils, are classified according to the pollutant rates. Annex – 1 of the

Regulation On Waste Oil Control shows us the classification of waste oils below:

Pollutants Allowable level1st. Category waste oil

Allowable level2nd Category waste oil

Allowable level3rd Category waste oil

Arsenic < 5 ppm Max. 5 ppm > 5 ppm

Cadmium < 2 ppm Max. 2 ppm > 2 ppm

Chromium < 10 ppm Max. 10 ppm > 10 ppm

Chloride Max. 200 ppm Max. 2000 ppm > 2000 ppm

Lead < 100 ppm Max. 100 ppm > 100 ppm

Total halogensMax. 200 ppm Max. 2000 ppm > 2000 ppm

PCBMax. 10 ppm Max. 50 ppm > 50 ppm

Flash point Min. 38 C Min. 38 C -

In current practice, waste oil management activities and the legislation can not be ruled

complete harmony, because of analyze costs and lack of control issues.

Amount of Mineral Oil consumed in Turkey in 2010 and 2011 (thousand ton/year) below:

Being the case, according to the report of the state, in 2010, approximately 44.000 tonnes of

waste oil officially collected it seems. If we assume that generate waste oil amount is 50% of oil

consumption; it should be about 207 thousand tons of waste oil, must be formed. This means there

is about 160-170 thousand tons waste oil which non-reported. That non-reported waste oils

probably used as uncontrolled, illegal fuel. This causes the environmental impact and economic

losses.

In Turkey; industrial oil ratio of per capita is 18 liters; In Germany this ratio is 12. 437033

tonnes of lubricants are consumed in Turkey in a year, and 221607 tonnes of waste oil is formed of

it. But only 42000 tonnes waste oil is processed at the recycling facility. Unregistered 200000 tons

of waste oil causes large tax losses and great damage to human health and the environment.

Yearly Amounts of Waste Mineral Oils Collected by PETDER (ton) below:

Re-Refining Of Waste Oil


Definitons of recycling, reprocessing, recclamation and regeneration are defined separately

in Basel Declaration. According to declaration; recycling is the commonly used generic term for the

reprocessing, reclaiming and regeneration (re-refining) of used oils by use of an appropriate

selection of physical and chemical methods of treatment. Reprocessing usually involves treatment

to remove insoluble contaminants and oxidation products from used oils by heating, settling,

filtering, dehydrating and centrifuging, etc. Depending on the quality of the resultant material this

can be followed by blending with base oils and additives to bring the oil back to its original or an

equivalent specification. Reprocessed oil is generally returned to its original use. And the

Regeneration is involves the production of base oils from used oils as a result of processes which

remove contaminants, oxidation products and additives i.e. re-refining involving the production of

base oils for the manufacture of lubricating products.

Reprocessing and Regeneration

These processes are used to eliminate contaminants in the oil and ensure to re-use it. The

table below is very useful for understanding the reprocessing methods

Distillation / Hydro Evaluation Item

Acid / Clay Clay Distillation / Treating

1. Lube yieldª Low Medium Medium

2. Bright stocksb Recovered Lost

3. Utilitiesc Low Low

4. Overall energyd High Low Medium

5. Hazardous Chemicalse Sulphuric Acid Caustic Caustic

Waste Streams

6. Acid sludge Most None None

7. Oily Clay Most Some Some

8. Caustic sludge or spent caustic

None Some Some

9. Process water Low Medium High

a- Lube yield: The oil yield in the acid/clay process is low because of losses to the acid


sludge, some degree of sulphonation taking place. The two distillation processes do not recover

bright stocks and this is reflected in their moderate lube oil recovery.b- Bright stocks: Bright stocks are recovered only in the acid/clay process. This process

would be favoured in the unusual situation where used oils contain extremely high proportions of

bright stocks.c- Utilities: 'Utilities' refers to the total external energy requirement (power plus fuel).d- Overall energy: This is total external energy (utilities) plus potential energy lost in non-

recovered oils.e- Hazardous chemicals: In the acid/clay process, the operators are exposed to the risk of

handling concentrated sulphuric acid and the resulting acid sludge. All three processes expose the

operators to possible chemical burns.

On Waste Oil Recycling and Disposal Methods:

As the UNEP Report noted, basicly there are two alternatives for the destruction/disposition

of wast oils. And they are, re-refining to produce lubricating baze oils and burning it as a fuel.

Many problems are likely in both options because of the presence of high amounts of metal and

organo metalic compounds in waste oil, originating from lube oil additives. The air pollution that

may result from such burning is both socially unacceptable and hazardous to human health. For

these reason, legislation in many countries prohibits the combustion of waste oil.

In the same text describes applied technologies for the recycling of waste oil.

The principle of recycling waste oils utilies many of the following basic steps:

- Removal of water and solid particles by settling

- Sulphuric acid treatment to remove gums, greases, etc.

- Alkaline treatment to neutralise acid

- Water washing to remove “soap”

- Stripping to drive off moisture and volatile oils; vacuum distillation and/or solvent

extraction

- Clay contacting to bleach the oil and absorb impurities

- Filtering to remove clay anf other solids

- Hydrogenation to improve colour

- Blending to specification


General schematic of the waste oil recycling process

Technologies need to be defined is listed below:

Acid-Clay Re-refining technology: This is an ancient and once popular process. High amount of

sulfuric acid and clay are used. It produces a high proportion of residual waste.

Vacuum Distillation / Evaporation technology: Pre-treated waste oils are distilled to seperate off

water and light hydrocarbons. The resulting water is treated and sent to a wastewater treating

facility. The water-free oil then undergoes high vacuum distillation using a conventional vacuum

column or in a thin film evaporator for seperation of diesel fuel. Materials such as residues, metals,

additive degradation products etc. are passed on to a heavy asphalt flux stream.

Hydrogen Based Vacuum Refination technology: The distillate is hydrotreated at high

temperature and pressure in the presence of catalyst to remove nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine and

oxygenated organic components. The used catalyst from the hydrotreating process is disposed off-

site.

Thermal Cracking Technology:Thermal cracking is an old cracking process. It has left the place

in recent years to catalytic cracking processes.

Some specific technologies:

There are also specific processes developed by various companies:


KTI Process: The KTI Process is also known as KTI Relube Technology. Basic steps of the

process are atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, hydrogenetion and fractionation. This

technology accepts PCBs and other hazardous materials and gives an efficiency of 82%.

Safety-Kleen Technology: The Safety Kleen Process combines wiped-film vacuum distillation and

fix-bed catalytic hydrotreatment.

HyLube Process: The HyLube Process is a proprietary process developed by the world-famous

company UOP for the catalytic processing of used lubricating oils into re-refined lube base-stocks

for reblending into saleable lube oils.

Generalization Of Correct Management Of Waste Oil

The management of waste oil is quite difficult due to its production in almost every industry

working with machinery all around the world, that it is flammable and convertible to energy, that it

is rather expensive as a raw material and social circumstances.

A well-defined legislation is a prerequisite for a perfect waste oil management. The

sufficiency of waste oil recycling facilities must be explained well.

The authorities should be effectively auditing the facilities. The production of waste oil of

industries should be correctly determined and the industries should be incited to collect waste oil

conveniently. Common waste oil points should be built in organized industrial zones and the

managers of these zones should determine the participants’ waste oil productions. Collecting points

should be formed in bus stations, repair shops etc.

It is vital to assess social circumstances. Unauthorized collectors should be prevented. Since

waste oil may be considered as a valuable end product, it attracts unofficial processors and this

should be strictly avoided.

Lastly, it is essential not to ignore raising awareness and education about waste oil

management.

Some inspiring information

One liter of waste oil is equivalent to 0,63 liter of greasing oil (compared economically)

1 gallon of waste oil pollutes 1 million gallons of clean water, which is the need of 50

people for one year.

Oil is used in a great extent in everyday life. It is unfortunate to know that it goes to waste in

vehicles etc. waste oil is harvested from a limited resource that is fossil fuels and it may also be also

animal or plant based. Recycling reduces environmental effects as well as economical contribution.


The energy used for recycling is 1/3rd of the energy used for refining raw oil.

1 liter of waste oil is 9300 kcal in terms of energy. More importantly, recycling prevents raw

oil resource consumption.

CONCLUSION

We have referred to what waste oil is, how it should be handled and the importance of this

action, some ways of approach, methods and technologies of waste oil management.

Waste oil should be collected and classified avoiding contamination of other wastes and

materials, transported under registration without any spilling, stored safely; and starting from

government level to all society, the optimum methods of recycling which have efficiency and

positive environmental effects known as good management applications should be adopted and

followed by authorities in details.

Convenient waste oil management is important because;

Environmentally; the sustainability of resource usage, to protect air-water-soil integrity and life,

Socially; the employment opportunities (logistics operations, technical support, labor etc.),

economical income and how it supports secondary economies such as machinery, construction,

equipment.

Although the legislation is valid, there are many stakeholders and there is a working sector

in this area and the technological accumulation is sufficient in our country, there is still unofficial

and off-the-record activity in a great extent.

TSE standards have taken different courses in short periods of time in recycling recently.

This shows us that official authorities still work and debate on how to approach this issue and

facility standards and that they still need time to settle. It is crucial that these problems should be

solved as soon as possible and the good applications and ways of approach we have explained in

this report should be adopted in order to raise the awareness of waste producers and processors and

avoid off-the-record activity.


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