Vienna Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Psychoanalysis: a new model of the human mind Wo Es war, soll Ich...
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Transcript of Vienna Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Psychoanalysis: a new model of the human mind Wo Es war, soll Ich...
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Vienna
Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)
Psychoanalysis:a new model of the human mind
Wo Es war, soll Ich werdenWhere Id was, there shall Ego be
Maria Grazia Tundo, 2006
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Dynamic psychology
• Working with Breuer, a Viennese colleague and friend, he developed the idea that many NEUROSES had their origin in unresolved conflicts, in deeply TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES, now FORGOTTEN and HIDDEN from consciousness.
• Childhood sexual experiences are crucial.• Treatment: to enable patients to recall the
experience to consciousness, to confront it in a deep way, thus discharging it.
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Human personality
• Psychic energy= human personality is an ENERGY SYSTEM.
• Principle of the conservation of energy by Helmholz= the total amount of energy in any given physical system is always constant; when energy is moved from one part of the system it must reappear in another part.
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The theory of the unconscious
• We are governed by hidden mental processes of which we are unaware and over which we have no control.
• Whenever a psychic urge or drive is repressed, suppressed or driven out of consciousness it appears elsewhere.
• The ID, the EGO, the SUPEREGO interact dynamically (a topographical tripartite model of the mind).
• Wit, dreams, so-called Freudian slips and free associations are analytic tools.
• Aim: to permit freedom through knowledge, even if Freud revealed how limited knowledge is.
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Theory of the drives
• Libido = sexual energy.
• Sexuality = any form of pleasure derived from the body.
• Eros (the life instinct)= all self-preserving and erotic instincts.
• Thanatos (the death instinct) = all instincts towards aggression, self-destruction, and cruelty - (annihilation of the self).
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A topographical model of the mind
• The ID is that part of the mind in which there are the instinctual sexual drives which require satisfaction.
• The SUPER-EGO is that part which contains socially-acquired control mechanisms which have been internalised.
• The EGO is the conscious self created by the dynamic tensions and interactions between the id and the super-ego.
• The task of the EGO is to reconcile the conflicting demands of the id and the super-ego with the requirements of external reality.
• Psychological well-being: a harmonious relationship between the three elements
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Stages of development• ORAL STAGE (infants derive pleasure through the
act of sucking). • ANAL STAGE (the locus of pleasure or energy
release is the anus, particularly in the act of defecation)
• PHALLIC STAGE (the young child develops an interest in its sexual organs as a site of pleasure and develops a deep sexual attraction for the parent of the opposite sex, and a hatred of the parent of the same sex (the 'Oedipus complex'). This, however, gives rise to (socially derived) feelings of guilt in the child and to “castration anxiety”.
• LATENCY PERIOD (at five, the child usually resolves the conflict of the Oedipus complex by coming to identify with the parent of the same sex).
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Defence mechanisms
• They attempt to prevent conflicts from becoming too acute.
• REPRESSION (pushing conflicts back into the unconscious)
• SUBLIMATION (channelling the sexual drives into the achievement of socially acceptable goals)
• FIXATION (the failure to progress beyond one of the developmental stages)
• REGRESSION (a return to the behaviour characteristic of one of the stages)
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Psychoanalysis as Therapy• The talking cure.• Patients had to relax (use of the couch; analyst out of
sight).• Method of free-association (to disarm the super-ego).• Analysis of dreams (manifest and latent content).• Help the patient to overcome resistances and hostility
towards the analyst.• Aim: the patient must become conscious of
unresolved conflicts buried in the unconscious mind.• A form of self-understanding. It is up to the patient to
decide how to handle this newly-acquired understanding of the unconscious forces motivating him.
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Transference• Transference is a phenomenon characterized by
unconscious redirection of feelings for one person to another.
• One definition of transference is "the inappropriate repetition in the present of a relationship that was important in a person's childhood
• Transference occurs when a client projects feelings toward the therapist that more legitimately belong with certain important others.
• Freud felt that transference was necessary in therapy in order to bring the repressed emotions that have been plaguing the client for so long, to the surface.
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Freud's famous couch
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Freudianism and literature
• Freud’s theories provide various means of investigating human culture and its artefacts, including literature.[...]
• Freud's work on the language and structure of dreams, which emphasizes that all human thought and discourse is fundamentally symbolic, has produced fruitful comparisons between dreams and poetic language.
• Both rely upon metaphor, simile, and synecdoche to say one thing in terms of another.
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