Usain BOLT Dopage
Transcript of Usain BOLT Dopage
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Usain BOLT
Source: http://grg51.typepad.com/steroid_nation/2008/08/german-olympic.html
German sprinter Tobias Unger (29) called the Olympic 100m mens final a farce and cast doubt on the
legitimacy of superstar Usain Bolts win.
Unger voiced his complaints about the Jamaican sprinter to BILD sport, saying: Bolt didnt even warm up for
the semi final. He showed up in shorts and jogging shoes, did his pickups and practice starts, put on his spikes
and then ran the 100m in 9.92 seconds.
Bolt ran a time of 9.8 seconds in May and again at the end of September. He showed no tiredness during
training, an annoyed Unger added.
They do whatever they want on their island. Nothing happens to them. Im the only one here at the Olympics
who is registering with the doping controllers.
Bolt apparently didnt even know how to fill out the doping forms. The American sprinters coaches actually
laughed when they heard about German doping controls.
Unger, who was cut in the semi-finals, threatened to quit: I just dont have the desire anymore.
By the age of 15, he had grown to 1.96 metres (6 ft 5 in) tall, and he physically stood out amongst his peers
Father & mother:
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GH:
Growth hormone
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Growth hormone
growth hormone 1
Identifiers
Symbol GH1
Entrez 2688
HUGO 4261
OMIM 139250
RefSeq NM_022562
UniProt P01241
Other data
Locus Chr. 17q22-q24
"HGH" redirects here. For other uses, see HGH (disambiguation).
y Growth hormone (GH) is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans
and other animals. It is a 191-amino acid, single chain polypeptide hormone which is synthesized,
stored, and secreted by the somatotroph cells within the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland.
Somatotrophin refers to the growth hormone produced natively in animals, the term somatropin
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refers to growth hormone produced by recombinant DNA technology[1]
, and is abbreviated "rhGH" in
human. Growth hormone has a variety of functions in the body, the most noticeable of which is the
increase of height throughout childhood, and there are several diseases which can be treated through
the therapeutic use of GH.
[edit] Gene locus
Main article: Growth hormone 1
The genes for human growth hormone, known as Growth hormone 1, are localized in the q22-24 region of
chromosome 17 and are closely related to human chorionic somatomammotropin (also known as placental
lactogen) genes. GH, human chorionic somatomammotropin, and prolactin (PRL) are a group ofhomologous
hormones with growth-promoting and lactogenic activity.
[edit] Molecular structures
The major isoform of the human growth hormone is a protein of 191 amino acids and a molecular weight of 22
124 daltons. The structure includes four helices necessary for functional interaction with the GH receptor. GH is
structurally and apparently evolutionarily homologous to prolactin and chorionic somatomammotropin.Despite marked structural similarities between growth hormone from different species, only human and
primate growth hormones have significant effects in humans.
[edit] Secretion
Several molecular isoforms of GH circulate in the plasma. Much of the growth hormone in the circulation is
bound to a protein (growth hormone binding protein, GHBP) which is derived from the growth hormone
receptor, and an acid label sub unit (ALS).
[edit] Regulation
Peptides released by neurosecretory nuclei of the hypothalamus (Growth hormone releasing hormone and
somatostatin) into the portal venous blood surrounding the pituitary are the major controllers of GH secretion
by the somatotropes. However, although the balance of these stimulating and inhibiting peptides determines
GH release, this balance is affected by many physiological stimulators (e.g exercise, nutrition, sleep) and
inhibitors of GH secretion (e.g. Free fatty acids).[2]
Stimulators of GH secretion include:
y growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) from the arcuate nucleus
y ghrelin
y sleep
y exercise
y low levels ofblood sugar (hypoglycemia)
y dietary protein
y increased androgen secretion during puberty (in males from testis and in females from adrenal cortex)
y arginine[3]
Inhibitors of GH secretion include:
y somatostatin from the periventricular nucleus
y circulating concentrations of GH and IGF-1 (negative feedback)
y hyperglycemia
y glucocorticoids
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y estradiol
In addition to control by endogenous processes, a number of foreign compounds (xenobiotics) are now known
to influence GH secretion and function[4]
, highlighting the fact that the GH-IGF axis is an emerging target for
certain endocrine disrupting chemicals (see endocrine disruptor).
[edit] Secretion patterns
Most of the physiologically important secretion occurs as several large pulses or peaks of GH release each
day[citation needed]
. The plasma concentration of GH during these peaks may range from 5 to even 45 ng/mL
(Stokes, 2003)[citation needed]
. Peaks typically last from 10 to 30 minutes before returning to basal levels (see a
complete review, Laursen, 2003)[citation needed]
. The largest and most predictable of these GH peaks occurs about
an hour after onset of sleep.[5]
Otherwise there is wide variation between days and individuals. Between the
peaks, basal GH levels are low, usually less than 5 ng/mL for most of the day and night[5]
. Additional analysis of
the pulsatile profile of GH described in all cases less than 1 ng/ml for basal levels while maximum peaks where
situated around 10-20 ng/ml (Nindl et al, 2001, Juul et Jorgensen, 1996).
The amount and pattern of GH secretion change throughout life[citation needed]
. Basal levels are highest in early
childhood[citation needed]
. The amplitude and frequency of peaks is greatest during the pubertal growth spurt[citation
needed]. Healthy children and adolescents average about 8 peaks per 24 hours
[citation needed]. Adults average about 5
peaks[citation needed]. Basal levels and the frequency and amplitude of peaks decline throughout adult life[citationneeded]
.
[edit] Functions of GH
Effects of growth hormone on the tissues of the body can generally be described as anabolic (building up) as
well as people with short stature, grow taller. Like most other protein hormones GH acts by interacting with a
specific receptor on the surface of cells.
Stimulating the increase in height in childhood is the most widely known effect of GH, and appears to be
stimulated by at least two mechanisms.
1.
GH directly stimulates division and multiplication ofchondrocytes ofcartilage. These are the primarycells in the growing ends (epiphyses) of children's long bones (arms, legs, digits).
2. GH also stimulates production ofinsulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1, formerly known as somatomedin
C), a hormone homologous to proinsulin.[6]
The liver is a major target organ of GH for this process, and
is the principal site of IGF-1 production. IGF-1 has growth-stimulating effects on a wide variety of
tissues. Additional IGF-1 is generated within target tissues, making it apparently both an endocrine
and an autocrine/paracrine hormone. IGF-1 also has stimulatory effects on osteoblast and
chondrocyte activity to promote bone growth.
In addition to increasing height in children and adolescents, growth hormone has many other effects on the
body:
y Increases calcium retention, and strengthens and increases the mineralization of bone
y
Increases muscle mass through the sarcomerehyperplasiay Promotes lipolysis
y Increases protein synthesis
y Stimulating the growth of all internal organs excluding the brain
y Plays a role in fuel homeostasis
y Reduces liver uptake ofglucose
y Promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver[7]
y It contributes to the maintenance and function ofpancreatic islets
y It stimulates the immune system
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[edit] Excesses
The most common disease of GH excess is a pituitary tumor composed of somatotroph cells of the anterior
pituitary. These somatotroph adenomas are benign and grow slowly, gradually producing more and more GH.
For years, the principal clinical problems are those of GH excess. Eventually the adenoma may become large
enough to cause headaches, impair vision by pressure on the optic nerves, or cause deficiency of other
pituitary hormones by displacement.
Prolonged GH excess thickens the bones of the jaw, fingers and toes. Resulting heaviness of the jaw and
increased thickness of digits is referred to as acromegaly. Accompanying problems can include pressure on
nerves (e.g., carpal tunnel syndrome), muscle weakness, insulin resistance or even a rare form of type 2
diabetes, and reduced sexual function.
GH-secreting tumors are typically recognized in the fifth decade of life. It is extremely rare for such a tumor to
occur in childhood, but when it does the excessive GH can cause excessive growth, traditionally referred to as
pituitary gigantism.
Surgical removal is the usual treatment for GH-producing tumors. In some circumstances focused radiation or a
GH antagonist such as bromocriptine or octreotide may be employed to shrink the tumor or block function.
[edit] Deficiencies
Main article: Growth hormone deficiency
The effects ofgrowth hormone deficiency vary depending on the age at which they occur. In children, growth
failure and short stature are the major manifestations of GH deficiency, with common causes including genetic
conditions and congenital malformations. It can also cause delayed sexual maturity. In adults, deficiency is
rare[8]
, with the most common cause a pituitary adenoma, and others including a continuation of a childhood
problem, other structural lesions or trauma, and very rarely idiopathic GHD.
Adults with GHD present with non-specific problems including truncalobesity with a relative decrease in
muscle mass and, in many instances, decreased energy and quality of life[8]
.
Diagnosis of GH deficiency involves a multiple step diagnostic process, usually culminating in GH stimulation
test(s) to see if the patient's pituitary gland will release a pulse of GH when provoked by various stimuli.
Treatment with external GH is only indicated in limited circumstances[8]
, and needs regular monitoring due to
the frequency and severity of side-effects. GH is used as replacement therapy in adults with GH deficiency of
either childhood-onset (after completing growth phase) or adult-onset (usually as a result of an acquired
pituitary tumor). In these patients, benefits have variably included reduced fat mass, increased lean mass,
increased bone density, improved lipid profile, reduced cardiovascular risk factors, and improved psychosocial
well-being.
[edit] Therapeutic use
[edit] Treatments unrelated to deficiency
GH can be used to treat conditions which produce short stature but are not related to deficiencies in GH,
though results are not as dramatic when compared to short stature solely due to deficiency of GH. Examples of
other causes of shortness often treated with GH are Turner syndrome, chronic renal failure, Prader-Willi
syndrome, intrauterine growth retardation, and severe idiopathic short stature. Higher ("pharmacologic")
doses are required to produce significant acceleration of growth in these conditions, producing blood levels
well above physiologic. Despite the higher doses, side effects during treatment are rare, and vary little
according to the condition being treated.
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GH treatment improves muscle strength and slightly reduces body fat in Prader-Willi syndrome, which are
significant concerns beyond the need to increase height. GH is also useful in maintaining muscle mass in
wasting due to AIDS. GH can also be used in patients with short bowel syndrome to lessen the requirement for
intravenous total parenteral nutrition.
Uses that are controversial include
y GH treatment for remission ofMultiple sclerosis
y GH treatment to reverse effects ofaging in older adults (see below)
y GH treatment to enhance weight loss in obesity
y GH treatment for fibromyalgia
y GH treatment for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
y GH treatment for idiopathic short stature
y GH treatment for bodybuilding or athletic enhancement
y The use ofbovine somatotropin to increase milk production in cattle
[edit] Anti-aging agent
Claims for GH as an anti-aging treatment date back to 1990 when the New England Journal ofMedicine
published a study where GH was used to treat 12 men over 60. At the conclusion of the study all the menshowed statistically significant increases in lean body mass and bone mineral, while the control group did
not. The authors of the study noted that these improvements were the opposite of the changes that would
normally occur over a 10 to 20 year aging period. Despite the fact the authors at no time claimed that GH had
reversed the aging process itself, their results were misinterpreted as indicating GH was an effective anti-aging
agent.[9]
A Stanford University School of Medicine survey of clinical studies on the subject published in early 2007
showed that the application of GH on healthy elderly patients increased muscle by about 2 kg and decreased
body fat by the same amount.[9]
However, these were the only positive effects from taking GH. No other critical
factors were affected, such as bone density, cholesterol levels, lipid measurements, maximal oxygen
consumption, or any other factor that would indicate increased fitness.[9]
Researchers also didn't discover any
gain in muscle strength, which led them to believe that GH merely let the body store more water in the
muscles rather than increase muscle growth. This would explain the increase in lean body mass. Regular
application of GH did show several negative side effects such as joint swelling, joint pain, carpal tunnel
syndrome, and an increased risk ofdiabetes.[9]
[edit] Side effects
Main article: HGH controversies
There is theoretical concern that GH treatment may increase the risks of diabetes, especially in those with
other predispositions treated with higher doses. One survey of adults who had been treated with replacement
cadaver GH (which has not been used anywhere in the world since 1985) during childhood showed a mildly
increased incidence of colon cancer, but linkage with the GH treatment was not established.[10]
[edit] History
Main article: Growth hormone treatment#History
The identification, purification and later synthesis of growth hormone is associated with Choh Hao Li.
Genentech pioneered the first use ofrecombinant human growth hormone for human therapy in 1981.
Prior to its production by recombinant DNA technology, growth hormone used to treat deficiencies was
extracted from the pituitary glands ofcadavers. In 1985, biosynthetic human growth hormone replaced
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pituitary-derived human growth hormone for therapeutic use in the U.S. and elsewhere. GH is also known to
increase chances of breast cancer and lung cancer.
As of 2005, recombinant growth hormones available in the United States (and their manufacturers) included
Nutropin (Genentech), Humatrope (Lilly), Genotropin (Pfizer), Norditropin (Novo), and Saizen (Merck
Serono). In 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Association (FDA) approved a version of rhGH called Omnitrope
(Sandoz). A sustained-release form of growth hormone, Nutropin Depot (Genentech and Alkermes) was
approved by the FDA in 1999, allowing for fewer injections (every 2 or 4 weeks instead of daily); however,
the product was discontinued in 2004.
[edit] References
1. ^ e.g., Daniels, M.E. (1992). "Lilly's Humatrope Experience". Nature Biotechnology10: 812.
2. ^Actions of Anterior Pituitary Hormones: Growth Hormone (GH) . Medical College of Georgia. 2007.
3. ^ Alba-Roth J, Mller O, Schopohl J, von Werder K (1988). "Arginine stimulates growth hormone
secretion by suppressing endogenous somatostatin secretion".J Clin EndocrinolMetab67 (6): 11869.
doi:10.1126/science.2237411.
(inactive 2008-06-26). PMID 2903866.4. ^ Scarth J. "Modulation of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor (GH-IGF) axis by
pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and environmental xenobiotics: an emerging role for xenobiotic-
metabolizing enzymes and the transcription factors regulating their expression. A review". Xenobiotica
36 (2-3): 119218. PMID 16702112.5. ^
ab
Takahashi Y, Kipnis D, Daughaday W (1968). "Growth hormone secretion during sleep". J Clin
Invest47 (9): 207990. doi:10.1172/JCI105893. PMID 5675428.
6. ^ "Actions of Anterior Pituitary Hormones: Physiologic Actions of GH". Medical College of Georgia
(2007). Retrieved on 2008-01-16.
7. ^ King, MW (2006). "Structure and Function of Hormones: Growth Hormone". Indiana State University.
Retrieved on 2008-01-16.
8. ^abc
Molitch ME, Clemmons DR, Malozowski S, et al(May 2006). "Evaluation and treatment of adult
growth hormone deficiency: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline".J. Clin. Endocrinol.
Metab.91 (5): 162134. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-2227. PMID 16636129. Retrieved on 2008-07-23.
9. ^abcd
Liu H, Bravata DM, Olkin I, et al(2007). "Systematic review: the safety and efficacy of growth
hormone in the healthy elderly".Ann. Intern. Med.146 (2): 10415. PMID 17227934.; news report
10. ^ Swerdlow AJ, Higgins CD, Adlard P, Preece MA (2002). "Risk of cancer in patients treated with human
pituitary growth hormone in the UK, 1959-85: a cohort study". Lancet360 (9329): 2737.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09519-3. PMID 12147369.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone "
Source: http://www.biotech-monitor.nl/4707.htm
Bovine Growth Hormone - BGH
At first, major consumer and environmental organisations had little interest in campaigning about
biotechnology. But this changed when in 1988 four USA companies applied for a European license to market a
genetically engineered bovine growth hormone (BGH, also known as recombinant bovine somatotropin, rBST)
as a veterinary drug to increase milk production in dairy cows. This triggered the first campaigns by coalitions
of different types of public interest groups. Whereas the producers of BGH argued that its use to enhance milkyield was simply another 'management tool', those who opposed its introduction were very critical of this
'instrumental' approach to animals. They also questioned the safety of BGH and its effects on animal health and
welfare and were concerned that the introduction of BGH would drive many small dairy farmers, who were
already struggling with the heavily subsidized milk surplus in Europe, out of business. It was argued that if BGH
were to be approved, milk from cows treated with BGH should be kept apart and labelled so consumers could
choose which type of milk they wanted.
This wave of protest created a serious dilemma for the EC. If BGH was granted a product license in the USA,
failure to license it in Europe could provoke the USA to evoke trade sanctions. Nevertheless, in 1989 the EC
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decided to adopt a 15-month moratorium on the commercial use of BGH. In 2001, eight years later, the EC has
still not given its consent and the controversy about safety, socio-economic impacts, consumer choice and
ethics has now extended to include GM food.
Source : http://courbedecroissance.com/fic/dossiers.php?c=12
LINFLUENCE DES HORMONES SUR LACROISSANCE
L'hormone de croissance L'hormone de croissance occupe une place centrale dans la rgulation de la croissance. La somatropine (sous son nom scientifi que), antrieurementdnomme STH et actuellement hGH pour human Growth Hormone, est scrte de faon pulsatile par la glande hypo physe, petite glande situesous le cerveau, au niveau de la base du crne, dans laxe de la racine du nez. Pour les 4/5 environ, cette scrtion est no cturne, caractrise partrois cinq pics de scrtion chez l'enfant, un ou deux seulement chez l'adul te et de moindre amplitude. La scrtion est maximale juste aprs lanaissance et au cours de la pubert. Ce nest pas parce que cette hormone de croissance est fabrique surtout durant le somme il quil est juste deprtendre que lenfant grandit pendant la nuit , mais il reste cependant souhaitable, pour des raisons dhygine gnrale, que lenfant puisse fairede bonnes nuits. En ralit, lenfant grandit comme on monte un escalier : les marches alternent avec les paliers et, de plus , il existe des variationssaisonnires de la croissance, les enfants grandissant plus rapidement - en gnral mais pas toujours durant le printemps et lt que pendantlautomne et lhiver.Il sagit dune hormone polypeptidique de 191 acides amins secrte par l'anth ypophyse. Sa scrtion est sous la dpendance de deux facteurs dergulation venant de lhypothalamus, qui est une partie du cerveau : la somatocrinine ou G.R.F. (Growth Hormone -Releasing Factor), polypeptide de44 acides amins stimulant la scrtion de G H ; la somatostatine, polypeptide de 14 acides amins, inhibiteur de la production de GH.
Schma de scrtion de l'hormone de croissance
Les somatomdines ou IGF: En fait, l'hormone de croissance ne possde pas d'effet direct important sur la croissan ce en longueur des os, mais intervient en agissant sur certainsorganes par la gnration de facteurs de croissance effet local. Les somatomdines ont t dcouvertes par Salmon et Daugha day en 1957. Ils'agit d'un groupe de substances fabriques par div ers tissus, et particulirement le foie, sous l'influence de l'hormone de croissance. Cessubstances, maintenant dnommes IGF (pour Insulin -like Growth Factors), stimulen t l'activit des cartilages de croissance et accroissent ainsi lalongueur des os. Par ailleurs, le taux des IGF circulants intervient comme inhibiteur de la scrtion de GRF et de GH. Les IGF circulent dans le sang,portes par plus de 6 protines de liaison (les IGF -BP). L'IGF-BP3 agit comme un rservoir librant de faon continue l'IGF -1 auprs des tissus cibles.L'action d'IGF-1 sur la croissance cartilagineuse s'exerce jusqu' ce que les hormones sexuelles aient ossifi la plaque cartilagineuse au m oment dela pubert. L'effet d'IGF-2 est particulirement important pour la croissance f tale.
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Reprsentation schmatique du contrle hormonal de la croissance
Le contrle neuro-hormonal de la croissance :Lhypophyse est donc une glande centrale et dterminante dans la croissance et le dveloppement de lenfant ; elle fabrique lhormone decroissance, mais elle contrle aussi dautres glandes intervenant dans la croissance comme la glande thyrode, les glandes se xuelles ou les glandessurrnales. Lhypophyse est elle -mme sous la dpendance dune structure situe dans le cerveau : lhypothalamus. Il sagit dune masse de tissunerveux qui fabrique des facteurs de rgulation et de contrle endocriniens rglant l'activit hormonale de l'hypophyse (GRF et somatostatine en cequi concerne la croissance), laquelle elle est relie pa r un rseau de fibres nerveuses et de filets sanguins, par l'intermdiaire de "neuro -hormones". Ce vritable cordon ombilical entre hypothalamus et hypophyse sappelle la tige pituitaire, trs fragile, ce q ui explique que certainscas de petite taille sont lis une anomalie de cette tige pituitaire responsable dune dficience dans la production dhormone de croissance.
A la pubert : Le dveloppement pubertaire commence en moyenne environ 10,5 11 ans chez la fillette
(extrmes : 8 et 13 ans) et 11,5 - 13 ans chez le garon (extrmes : 10 et 14 ans). Dans cette priode, la
croissance se fait sous linfluence conjugue des hormones sexuelles et de lhormone de croissance.
Chez les filles, la vitesse de croissance de pointe survient dans l'anne suivant le commencement du
dveloppement des seins ; les premires rgles se manifestent en moyenne 18 mois 2 ans aprs le dbut de
la pubert et la croissance est en gnral termine dans les 18 mois suivant le dbut de la menstruation (qui
survient un ge moyen de 12,8 ans).
COMMENT SAPPLIQUE UN TRAITEMENT PAR HORMONE DE CROISSANCE?
Lhormone de croissance sadministre sous forme dinjections sous-cutanes - c'est--dire des piqres sous la
peau - tous les jours (on laisse parfois un jour libre dans la semaine). Ces injections sous-cutanes sont faites
l'aide d'aiguilles extrmement fines dont la longueur est en gnral comprise entre 5 et 8 mm. Il existe des
dispositifs injecteurs que l'on appelle en gnral des stylos en raison de leur forme et des dispositifs
transjecteurs grce auxquels l'hormone de croissance est administre sous la peau mais sans aiguille. Ces
derniers dispositifs sont apparemment trs sduisants mais ils n'empchent pas que l'enfant ressente le
passage du produit sous la peau. Qu'il s'agisse de dispositifs injecteurs ou transjecteurs, ce traitement n'est
rellement pas douloureux et il est parfaitement bien accept par les enfants, la condition expresse que les
parents l'acceptent eux-mmes. Au dbut, une infirmire se charge des premires injections puis elle apprend
trs rapidement aux parents ou bien l'enfant lui-mme partir d'un certain ge pratiquer ces injections qui
sont extrmement faciles raliser. Il faut varier dans la semaine les sites injections : au niveau des cuisses, au
niveau des fesses, au niveau des bras et au niveau du ventre. Les injections se font traditionnellement le soir
avant le coucher mais en ralit rien n'empche que occasionnellement elles soient pratiques le matin ou
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l'aprs-midi. La dose prescrite doit bien sr tre respecte mais, en cas d'erreur, les risques ne sont
vritablement pas trs importants. Si la dose administre a t trop faible, il ny aura aucune consquence
condition que cela ne se reproduise par trop souvent ; si la dose a t trop forte au contraire, il n'y a en gnral
pas de consquences sauf dans de trs rares cas des signes lis une rtention dans l'organisme de sel et d'eau
cause par l'hormone de croissance, c'est--dire des maux de tte et des oedmes essentiellement.
En France, pas moins de six marques diffrentes d'hormones de croissance sont commercialises, qui ont des
noms diffrents mais qui sont toutes fabriques selon des procds similaires, avec les mmes garanties et la
mme efficacit. Plusieurs autres hormones de croissance sont en exprimentation mais sont administres auxenfants avec les mmes garanties de scurit. Le choix de telle ou telle hormone pour traiter un enfant dpend
des indications de chaque marque, ainsi que d'autres critres propres au mdecin prescripteur.
Le prix des hormones de croissance est trs lev ; on estime que lanne de traitement revient un cot
compris entre 5000 et 12000 Euros en fonction du poids de lenfant et le lindication du traitement
conditionnant la dose. Enfin, on estime 6000 le nombre denfants en traitement par hormone de croissance
en France.
Quand doit-on faire l'injection ?
Chez l'enfant, l'hormone de croissance est fabrique essentiellement la nuit. La plupart des mdecins
prconisent de faire les injections le soir aprs 18 heures, avant le dner ou avant le coucher, afin de mimer la
scrtion naturelle qui est plus importante la nuit. En ralit, on peut tre souple sur cette question dhoraire
et il nest pas ncessaire de faire les injections tous les soirs la mme heure.
Qui peut faire les injections ?
La majorit des familles (parents et enfants) apprennent faire elles-mmes les injections. La part active prise
par l'enfant dans son traitement dpend de son ge. Il est important qu'il participe, sil le souhaite, la
prparation et l'injection. Il peut ainsi tre plus indpendant, notamment pendant les vacances. Une
infirmire est rarement ncessaire mais si la famille prouve des difficults, il est toujours possible de faire
appel son aide. Enfin, pour certains enfants, le moment de la piqre peut reprsenter un instant privilgi
avec ses parents.
O doit-on faire les injections ?
Les injections peuvent tre faites dans les cuisses, les fesses, les bras, l'abdomen, suivant la prfrence de
l'enfant. II est important de changer le site d'injection pour viter l'apparition de ractions sous-cutanes que
lon appelle des lipoatrophies et qui peuvent empcher le passage normal du mdicament inject dans la
circulation sanguine.
Docteur, mon enfant a peur des piqres !
Si l'enfant trait a peur des piqres, on peut utiliser un cache-aiguille ; laiguille est bien l, mais on ne la voit
pas. De plus, les aiguilles utilises de nos jours sont extrmement fines et courtes et le volume inject trs
faible, ce qui permet de supprimer en grande partie la sensation douloureuse. On peut aussi envisager dutiliser
un transjecteur (voir plus haut). En dernier recours, on peut utiliser une pommade anesthsiante quil faut
cependant appliquer au moins 1 heure avant linjection. Cependant, dites vous bien quun jeune enfant est le
miroir de ses parents : sil a peur de la piqre, ne serait -ce pas parce que vous-mme ntes pas encore bien
prpar au traitement ?
Je suis daccord pour un traitement par hormone de croissance, mais pas sous forme de piqres !
Il ny a pas ce jour dautre possibilit de traitement par hormone de croissance que par piqres. Les
chercheurs dans les laboratoires tudient dautres modes dadministration, mais rien nest encore disponible.
Source :
http://www.dopage.be/actualites/hormone_croissance/?PHPSESSID=0a698f10295b935e98d20d74e15e81a6
Le 20 septembre dernier, l'Agence Mondiale antidopage a fait le bilan de son action lors des Jeux d'Athnes.
"Nous avons attrap plus de tricheurs qu'avant", a dclar Dick Pound son prsident. 29 athltes ont
effectivement t sanctionns parmi lesquels 7 mdaills. Quatre chevaux ont aussi t contrls positifs. Pour
la premire fois, la commission antidopage du CIO avait galement mis en place un protocole de dtection
de l'hormone de croissance. Malgr quelque 300 tests (soit 10% du total des tests effectus), pas un seul cas
de dopage la hGH (human Growth Hormone). Faut-il y voir l'abandon d'un dopant devenu trop visible ou
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simplement le manque d'efficacit d'une mthode propos de laquelle, il faut bien l'avouer, on ne sait pas
grand-chose? Lors d'un grand colloque qui s'est tenu dbut avril Dallas (Etats-Unis), les experts avaient
seulement laiss entendre qu'ils taient sur le point de mesurer les fluctuations de l'hormone de croissance
dans le sang et l'urine et surtout d'en identifier l'origine. Car, c ontrairement ce que l'on prtend souvent,
l'hormone de croissance se dtecte assez facilement. En revanche, il est trs difficile de savoir si ces
fluctuations sont le rsultat d'un dopage ou le fruit d'une production endogne de nature irrgulire.
Source :
http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:yclRDGbwnn0J:www.masson.fr/masson/portal/bookmark%3Bjsessioni
d%3D4439C96595AC055514AFA1C64D05CB52.lbmastin3%3FGlobal%3D1%26Page%3D18%26MenuIdSelected
%3D106%26MenuItemSelected%3D0%26MenuSupportSelected%3D12%26CodeRevue4%3DRFL%26CodeProdu
ct4%3D982%26Path%3DREVUE/RFL/2008/38/401/ARTICLE120885100336.xml%26Locations%3D%26Pos%3D36
+growth+hormone+dopage&hl=fr&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=fr&client=firefox-a
The second called direct method is based on the measurement with immunoassays of the difference between
the circulating forms of GH and the recombinant represented by the unique 22kdalton molecule.
Source : http://www.em-consulte.com/article/152105
Le dopage lhormone de croissance (GH) reste un problme majeur dans le sport de haut niveau actuel. Cette
hormone est sur la liste des produits interdits de lAMA. Elle a t introduite dans les interdictions ds que sa
forme recombinante a t commercialise au dbut des annes 90. La majorit des expriences contrles
effectues avec des doses supra-physiologiques dhormone de croissance recombinante nont ce jour pas
montr deffet significatif sur le volume de dactivit physique dun sportif. Cependant, les saisies, faites
notamment par la police ou les autorits douanires de divers pays sur des continents diffrents, montrent
bien lintrt encore trs actuel pour ce produit par les athltes de haut niveau. Le haut degr didentit entre
les formes endogne et recombinante de lhormone fait que la dtection de son abus est trs difficile. De plus,
de par sa scrtion trs pulsatile et une variabilit inter-individuelle trs importante, lapproche purement
quantitative de sa concentration srique chez le sportif nest pas utilisable comme telle. Actuellement, pour la
dtection du dopage lhormone de croissance, deux approches diffrentes sont proposes par les
scientifiques. La premire est base sur la combinaison de plusieurs paramtres spcifiques de la cascade
biologique affecte par des applications de lhormone. Cette approche est appele lapproche indirecte. La
seconde, appele de manire simplificatrice lapproche directe, consiste mesurer les diffrentes formes
circulantes de lhormone par un test immunologique appel permissif ou pituitaire et comparer leurquantit globale celle correspondant lhormone de croissance recombinante (r-hGH) correspondant la
molcule de 22Kdalton.
Abstract
Growth hormone doping in sport
Doping with recombinant growth hormone (GH) has become a major problem in sports during the last 10 to 15
years. This hormone is in the list of forbidden compound in sports since the availability of its recombinant form
was improved (beginning of the nineties). This hormone has a fairly good reputation among some athletes,
although its effectiveness is still not proven in enhancing the physical performances. Most of the experiences
performed with supra-physiological dosage of recombinant HGH did not show any significant effect on theworkload of the athlete. Nevertheless, many police seizures the last years showed the very high interest from
the top level athlete population for this compound. It can be assumed that the compound is not only used for
its potential anabolic effect on the muscle growth, but certainly in combination with other products like
androgens, erythropoietin and insulin,
The high degree of identity between the endogenous and the recombinant form of GH makes the detection of
doping quite difficult. Beside that, the pulsatility of growth hormone secretion and important inter-individual
variability make the quantitative approach non-usable. Nowadays, two different approaches are proposed to
overcome this problem. One is based on the combination of several parameters measured in the biological
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cascade affected by the application of GH. This is called the indirect method of detection. The second called
direct method is based on the measurement with immunoassays of the difference between the circulating
forms of GH and the recombinant represented by the unique 22kdalton molecule.
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Silver 2002 Kingston 4 100 m relay
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D orld Youth Championships
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Usain Bolt IPA: [ju'sen] (born 21 August1986) is a Jamaicansprinter. He holds world and Olympic records inboth the 100 metres, 200 metres and 4x100 metres relay, with times of 9.69 seconds, 19.30 seconds and
37.10 seconds respectively. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, he became the first man in history to break all three
world records at one Olympics, and the first man since Carl Lewis in 1984 to win the 100m, 200m, and the
4x100 metres relay, at the same Olympics. His name and achievements in sprinting have earned him the media
nickname "Lightning Bolt".[3]
Bolt also distinguished himself prior to the 2008 Olympics. His 200 m gold medal at the 2002 World Junior
Championships made him the youngest gold medallist in the history of the competition. He became the first
junior sprinter to run the 200 m in under 20 seconds in 2004 with a time of 19.93 s, breaking Roy Martin's
world junior record by two tenths of a second. He also set competition records at a number of junior events.
Bolt turned professional in 2004, but missed most of his first two seasons due to injuries. This included a failure
in his first round 200 m heat at the 2004 S ummer Olympics. In 2007, Bolt beat Don Quarrie's 200 m Jamaicannational record with a run of 19.75 s. In May 2008, Bolt set his first 100 m world record with 9.72 s, improving
upon his personal best of 9.76 s made earlier in the month.
Early life
Bolt was born in Trelawny, Jamaica, on 21 August1986.[2][3]
As a child, he was successful in the annual, national
primary schools' meeting for his parish,[3]
and enjoyed playing cricket, specialising in fast bowling. Upon his
entry to William Knibb Memorial High School, his cricket coach noticed Bolt's speed on the pitch and urged him
to try track and field events.
[4]
Pablo McNeil and Dwayne Barrett coached Bolt, encouraging him to focus hisenergy on improving his athletic abilities. The school had a history of athletic success with past students
including Michael Green.[3]
Bolt won his first annual high school championships medal in 2001, taking the silver
medal in the 200 metres with a time of 22.04 seconds.[3]
Performing in his first Caribbean national event, Bolt clocked a personal best of 48.28 seconds in the
400 metres in the 2001 CARIFTA Games, winning a silver medal.[5]
The 200 metres also yielded a silver as Bolt
finished in 21.81 seconds. He made his first appearance on the world stage at the 2001 IAAF World Youth
Championships in Debrecen, Hungary. Running in the 200 metres event, he failed to qualify for the finals, but
he still set a new personal best of 21.73 seconds.[6]
In 2002, Bolt won both the 200 and 400 metres events in
the High School Championships, CARIFTA Games, and Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships.[3]
He set championship records for both 200 and 400 metres in the 2002 CARIFTA games with 21.12 seconds and
47.33 seconds respectively.[5]
He continued to set records, with 20.61 seconds and 47.12 seconds finishes at
the CAC Junior Championships.[7]
Rise to prominence
The 2002 World Junior Championships in front of a home crowd in Kingston, Jamaica, offered Bolt a chance to
showcase his talent on the world stage. By the age of 15, he had grown to 1.96 metres (6 ft 5 in) tall, and he
physically stood out amongst his peers.[3]
He won the 200 metres, in a time of 20.61 seconds, a new personal
best.[8]
As a member of the Jamaican sprint relay team, Bolt took two silver medals and set national junior
records in the 4x100 metres and 4x400 metres with 39.15 seconds and 3:04.06 minutes, respectively.[9][10]
Bolt's 200 metres win made him the youngest world-junior gold medallist ever.[11]
The flow of medals
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The IAAF World Cup in Athens, Greece, yielded Bolt's first senior international silver medal.[1]
Wallace
Spearmon from the United States won gold with a championship record of 19.87 seconds, beating Bolt's
respectable time of 19.96 seconds.[19]
Further 200 metres honours on both the regional and international scale
awaited Bolt in 2007. The young Jamaican yearned to run in the 100 metres, but coach Mills diverted his
attention, stating that he could run the shorter distance if he broke the 200 metres national record.[14]
In the
Jamaican Championships, he ran 19.75 seconds in the 200 metres, breaking the 36-year-old Jamaican record
held by Don Quarrie by 0.11 seconds.[15][3]
Mills complied with Bolt's demand to run in the 100 metres, and he was entered to run the event at the 23rd
Vardinoyiannia meeting in Rethymno, Crete. In his debut run, he set a career best of 10.03 seconds, winning
the gold medal and feeding his enthusiasm for the event.[20][15]
He built on this achievement at the World
Championships in Osaka, Japan, winning a silver medal.[1]
Bolt recorded 19.91 seconds with a headwind of
0.8 m/s but this paled in comparison to Tyson Gay's 19.76 seconds which set a new championship record.[21]
The Jamaican national record fell when Bolt partnered with Asafa Powell, Marvin Anderson, and Nesta Carter in
the 4x100 metres relay. However, their finish in 37.89 seconds was not enough to beat the Americans' time of
37.78 seconds.[22]
No gold medals were gleaned at the major tournaments in 2007, but Mills felt that Bolt's
technique was much improved, pinpointing improvements in Bolt's balance at the turns over 200 metres and
an increase in his stride frequency, giving him more driving power on the track.[14]
World record breaker
The silver medals from the 2007 Osaka World Championships boosted Bolt's desire to run and he took a more
serious, more mature stance towards his career.[4]
Bolt continued to develop in the 100 metres, and he entered
to run in the event at the Jamaica Invitational in Kingston. On 3 May2008, Bolt ran 9.76 seconds, aided by a tail
wind of 1.8 m/s. This was the second-fastest legal performance in the history of the event; second only to
compatriot Asafa Powell's 9.74 seconds record set the previous year in Rieti, Italy.[23]
Rival Tyson Gay lauded
the performance, praising Bolt's form and technique especially. The Jamaican surprised even himself with the
time, but coach Glen Mills remained confident that there was more to come.[24]
Mills' prediction came true before the end of the month when Bolt established a new 100 metres world record
on 31 May2008. Pushed on by a tail wind of 1.7 m/s, Bolt ran 9.72 seconds at the Reebok Grand Prix held in
the Icahn Stadium in New York City, breaking Powell's record.[25]
The record time was even more remarkable in
light of the fact that it was only his fifth senior run over the distance.[26]
Gay again finished second and
commended Bolt's physical superiority, stating; "it looked like his knees were going past my face".[15]
Commentators noted that Bolt appeared to have gained a psychological advantage over fellow Olympic
contender Gay.[14]
Turning his efforts to the 200 metres, Bolt proved that he could excel in multiple events,
breaking the national record again with a 19.67 seconds finish in Athens, Greece. His confidence was building
and he was sure that he would perform well in the upcoming Olympics.[27]
2008 Summer Olympics
Bolt announced that he would double-up with the 100 metres and 200 metres events at the Beijing Summer
Olympics, and the new 100 metres world-record holder was the favourite to win both.[28][29]
Michael Johnson,
the 200 metres and 400 metres record holder, personally backed the sprinter, saying he did not believe that a
lack of experience would work against him.[30]
Bolt qualified for the final with 9.92 and 9.85 seconds in the
quarter-finals and semifinals respectively.[31][32][33]
In the Olympic 100 metres final, Bolt broke new ground,
winning in 9.69 seconds. This was an improvement upon his own world record, and he was well ahead ofsecond-place finisher Richard Thompson, who finished in 9.89 seconds.
[34]Not only was the record set without
a favourable wind (+0.0 m/s), but also he visibly slowed down to celebrate before he finished and his shoelace
was untied.[35][36][37]
Bolt continued running past the post, enjoying his victory.[38]
Bolt stated that setting a
record was not a priority for him, and that his goal was just to win the gold medal, Jamaica's first of the 2008
Games.[39]
Olympic medallist Kriss Akabusi construed Bolt's chest slapping before the finish line as
showboating, noting that the actions cost Bolt an even faster record time.[40]
IOC president Jacques Rogge also
condemned the Jamaican's actions as disrespectful.[41][42]
Bolt denied that this was the purpose of his mid-race
celebration by saying "I wasn't bragging. When I saw I wasn't covered, I was just happy."[43]
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the
F - -
y
ts
c-
s
s -
ec
[63]
e-e
hompson also made a run with 969seconds in
1996 not recognised as it was in a tail wind of5 0m/s [35]
Bolt's personal best of1930seconds is the200 metres world record and Olympic record. This was recorded at
the2008Beijing Gamesagainst a headwind of0.9m/s. The run brokeMichael Johnson's previous world record
and Olympic record of19.32seconds. After Bolt and Johnson's record setting runs
the net fastest time is
three tenths of a second slower; Tyson Gay's personal best of19.62seconds. Bolt is the only non-
nited States
sprinter in the IAAF top five.[64]
Year Tournament Venue Result EventTime
(seconds
2002 World Junior Championships Kingston, Jamaica 1st 200 metres 20.61
2002 World Junior Championships Kingston, Jamaica 2nd4100 metres
relay39.15 NJR
2002 World Junior Championships Kingston, Jamaica 2nd4400 metres
relay3
04.06 NJR
2003 World Youth Championships Sherbrooke, Canada 1st 200 m 20.40
2004 Carifta Games Hamilton, Bermuda 1st 200 m 19.93 WJR
2005Central American and Caribbean
ChampionshipsNassau, Bahamas 1st 200 m 20.03
2007 World Championships in Athletics Osaka, Japan 2nd 200 m 19.91
2008 Reebok Grand PrixNew York City, United
States1st 100 m 9.72
2008 Beijing Olympics Beijing, China 1st 100 metres 9.69
2008 Beijing Olympics Beijing, China 1st 200 metres19.30
2008 Beijing Olympics Beijing, China 1st4100 metres
relay
37.10
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See also
y World record progression 100 metres men
References
1. ^abcdef
"Usain Bolt IAAF profile". IAAF. Retrieved on 2008-08-17.
2. ^abc
Helps, Horace (2008-08-16). "Bolt's gold down to yam power, father says". Reuters. Retrieved on
2008-08-16.
3. ^abcdefghijklm
no
Lawrence, Hubert; Samuels, Garfield (2007-08-20). "Focus on Jamaica - Usain
Bolt", Focus on Athletes, International Association of Athletics Federations. Retrieved on 2008-06-01.
4. ^abcd
Williams, Ollie ( 2008-08-05). "Ten to watch: Usain Bolt". BBC Sport. Retrieved on 2008-08-18.
5. ^ab
"Carifta Games (Under 17 boys)". GBR Athletics. Retrieved on 2008-08-17.
6. ^ "Official Results - 200 metres - Men - Semi-Final". IAAF (2001-07-14). Retrieved on 2008-08-17.
7. ^ "Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships". GBR Athletics. Retrieved on 2008-08-17.
8. ^ "Official Results - 200 metres - Men - Final". IAAF (2002-07-19). Retrieved on 2008-08-17.
9. ^ "Official Results - 4x100 metres - Men - Final". IAAF (2002-07-22). Retrieved on 2008-08-17.
10. ^ "4x400 metres - Men - Final". IAAF (2002-07-22). Retrieved on 2008-08-17.
11. ^ab
Longmore, Andrew (2008-08-16). "9.69 - and Usain Bolt didn't even try". The Times. Retrieved on
2008-08-17.
12. ^ "200 metres final results". IAAF (2003-07-23). Retrieved on 2008-08-17.
13. ^ "American Junior Outdoor Track & Field Records". USA Track and Field (2008-08-01). Retrieved on
2008-08-17.
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Quand le traage anti-dopage indirect a-t-il commenc pour UB ?
Pourquoi reste-t-il en Jamaque pour son entrainement ?
Pourquoi fait-il la mme taille 15 ans et 22 ans ?
Pourquoi son pre est beaucoup plus petit que lui ?
Pourquoi toute une gnration de coureurs Jamacains du mme ge hommes et femmes,
sortent simultanment et avec un tel cart sur les autres ?
Au bout de combien de temps les formes circulantes de lhormone ne sont plus
dcelables ?
Approche directe : comparer leur quantit globale celle correspondant lhormone de
croissance recombinante (r-hGH) correspondant la molcule de 22Kdalton.