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United States History Standard 5 Ch. 6 Study Guide Review

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Who was elected the first president of the United States? George Washington was elected the first president in 1789.

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What steps did President Washington and Congress take to establish a new government? Since there were no precedents, Washington and Congress filled in the details with the Judiciary Acts of 1789 and creating the cabinet.

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What was the significance of the Judiciary Act of 1789? In 1789 a major act of Congress established the Federal Judicial System * The Judicial Act of 1789. It created a supreme court--consisting of a Chief Justice and five associate justices. It also established federal circuit and district courts which allowed state court decisions involving the Federal Constitution to be appealed to a federal Court.

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Why did federal law have to be the supreme law of the land in the new nation? If states could pass laws that contradicted federal law, the authority of the federal government might be under mined and this would jeopardize the stability of the union.

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What is a cabinet? What departments compromised the nations first cabinet? List their names and the functions of each department. The cabinet is a group of advisors who are part of the executive branch of the government. It only consisted of four (4) members under George Washington.

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Thomas Jefferson (Author of Declaration of Independence ) was the Secretary of State. This department deals with foreign affairs. Current Secretary of State: John Kerry

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Henry Knox- Secretary of War. Authorized to handle military matters. Current Secretary of Defense-Charles Timothy Chuck Hagel.

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Alexander Hamilton was Secretary of Treasury. He was authorized to manage finances. Current Secretary of Treasury- Jack Lew

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Edmund Randolph was the Attorney General. He served as chief lawyer of the Federal Government. Current Attorney General Eric H. Holder, Jr.

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What were the differences between Hamiltons and Jeffersons views of government? (Background Info.) There was a split in Washingtons first cabinet. Thomas Jefferson wanted strong state governments and his followers called themselves Republicans. Alexander Hamilton envisioned a strong central government and strong economy and his followers called themselves Federalists.

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What were the differences between Hamiltons and Jeffersons views of government? Alexander Hamiltons views: Wanted a strong central government. Wanted an economy that would help with trade and industry. Wanted a bank of the U.S. Distrusted the common people.

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What were the differences between Hamiltons and Jeffersons views of government? Thomas Jeffersons views: Wanted a weak central government. Wanted an economy that favored farmers. Thought the Bank of the U.S. was unconstitutional. Trusted the common people. Had a strict interpretation of the Constitution.

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What were the main components of Hamiltons economic plan? #1 Economy should be funded by both the Federal government and wealthy private investors. #2 The bank would issue paper money and handle tax receipts. #3 The economic plan was to pay off national debts from the Revolutionary War. #4 This would tie the wealthy investors to the nations success of stabilizing the financial part of the country.

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Why did the new nation need to pay off its debts? If the country demonstrated that the new government was financially responsible it would show the creditors, including foreign governments the country was credible. It would also bolster the governments reputation.

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How did the nations capital come to be located in Washington, D.C.? The nations capital moved to the location of Washington, D.C. because many politicians wanted to win the support of the debt problem from the southern states. Madison and Jefferson believed that a southern site for the capital would make the government more responsive to their interest.

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Washington, D.C.

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What were the main differences between the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans? Federalists *Wanted a strong central government *Wanted the wealthy and elite to contribute to the national bank *Received support from wealthy investors *Wanted an economy based on trade and industry *Supported loose construction of the Constitution.

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What were the main differences between the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans? Democratic-Republicans *Wanted strong state governments *Opposed a National Bank *Received support from farmers and southerners *Wanted economy based on agriculture *Supported a strict construction of the Constitution

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What prompted the Whiskey Rebellion and how did it end? In 1789, Congress passed a protective tariff, an import tax on goods produced in Europe. This was their way of encouraging American production of goods. Farmers in western Pennsylvania found that the most economical way to transport their (corn) harvest was to first distill it into whiskey and then bring it to market.

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What prompted the Whiskey Rebellion and how did it end? The federal government passed an excise tax on the whiskey (extra tax on whiskey). The tax discouraged the sale of whiskey which hurt the farmers economy and the farmers revolted. This revolt was quickly put down by 15,000 militiamen who were called by the government.

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How was the Whiskey Rebellion an opportunity for the Federal government to demonstrate its authority? George Washingtons orders to end revolt by exercising his right as Commander in Chief (authority to act within a state). It also showed that the new government would act decisively in times of a crisis.

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What was Americas reaction to the French Revolution? Most Americans initially support the French Revolution because it was inspired by the ideal of Republican rule (American Revolution). In this revolution the French set out to create a government based on the will of the people.

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Why did the United States want to maintain its neutrality? There was a general agreement that war was not in the nations best interest (due to weak military and slow economy). Also, George Washington did not want to take the chance of probably fighting against the British.

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Who was Charles Pickney? Charles Pinckney (October 26, 1757 October 29, 1824) was an American politician who was a signer of the United States Constitution, the 37th Governor of South Carolina, a Senator and a member of the House of Representatives.

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What was the result of Pinckneys Treaty with Spain? #1 Spain gave up all rights to territory east of the Mississippi River (except Florida) #2 The 31 st parallel as the southern boundary of the US and the northern boundary of Florida #3 The Mississippi River was now open to all traffic whether by Spanish subjects and/or US citizens to allow traders to use the port of New Orleans.

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Why did the United States want access to the Mississippi River? Travel and trade were difficult on the frontier and the access to the Mississippi River would offer an easier means of transportation for frontier farmers and merchants.

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Why did Native Americans demand negotiations with the United States over the Northwest Territory? In the past Native Americans had been excluded from negotiations that led to the Treaty of Paris and therefore had no influence over what was being done to their lands.

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Who was Little Turtle? Little Turtle was a brilliant military strategist chieftain of the Miami Tribe who in 1790 defeated a small force of American generals sent by George Washington to stop Native American attacks against settlers in the in the Ohio Valley.

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What were the causes and consequences of the Battle of Fallen Timbers? With many defeats over the present-day Ohio Territory, George Washington appointed General Anthony Wayne to lead federal troops against the Native Americans. General Wayne defeated the Miami Confederacy in a 40 minute battle which was later called the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Victory ended Native Americans resistance and they gave up most of the land in Ohio in exchange for $20,000 worth of goods and an annual payment of nearly $10,000. This agreement was known as the Treaty of Grenville.

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What was the outcome of Jays Treaty? John Jay (December 12, 1745 May 17, 1829) was an American statesman, Patriot, diplomat, a Founding Father of the United States, and the first Chief Justice of the United States (178995). His treaty stated that the nation would control territories west of the Appalachian Mountains and the British would evacuate the Northwest Territory posts but continue to fur trade.

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Why were so many Americans dissatisfied with Jays Treaty with Britain? Jays Treaty barely passed the US Senate because it allowed for the British to continue their fur trade on the US side of the Canadian land.

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How did political parties affect the results of the election of 1796? The two top vote getters in 1796 were Federalist (John Adams) and Democratic- Republican (Thomas Jefferson). Respectively in the Constitution, the highest vote getter will become President and the next highest would become Vice President. This caused sectionalism in the Executive Branch. The President was John Adams and the Vice President was Thomas Jefferson. Both had different views for the country and always caused political turmoil.

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What was the XYZ Affair? The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, during the administration of John Adams, that Americans interpreted as an insult from France. It led to an undeclared naval war called the Quasi-War, which raged at sea from 1798 to 1800. The Federalist Party took advantage of the national anger to build an army and pass the Alien and Sedition Acts to damage the rival Democratic-Republican Party.

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XYZ Affair The American delegation had planned to meet with the French foreign minister, Charles Talleyrand. Instead the directory sent three low level officials (whom President addressed as X,Y and Z in his Congressional Report) who demanded a $250,000 bribe to meet with Talleyrand in order to stop harassment of American ships. This proved a wave of Anti-French feelings at home and the US declared naval war with France.

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What was the purpose of the Alien and Sedition Acts? The Anti-French feelings caused many people to believe the French would try to overthrow our government (because of the new arrivals of French immigrants). To counter this increase of immigrantsthe government sought measures for protection. Alien Acts raised the residence requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 years and allowed the government to deport or jail any alien considered undesirable. Sedition Acts set fines and jail terms for anyone trying to hinder the operation of government or expressing false, scandalous, and malicious statements against the government.

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How did the Kentucky Resolutions challenge the authority of the federal government? What was the theory of nullification? The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions asserted the principal of nullification, which held that, if a state considered an act by Congress to be unconstitutional, it had the right to declare that action null and void that is not binding to the law.

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How was the presidential election of 1800 decided? The election was decided by the Electoral College balloting which resulted in a tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. The HOR were called upon to choose between the two highest vote getters: Thomas Jefferson finally won and Aaron Burr became Vice President.

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How did Jefferson simplify the presidency? What were the successes and failures of the Jefferson administration? Jefferson simplified the federal government and emphasized the importance of ordinary citizens through policies such as free trade, cut spending and taxes. Some of Jeffersons successes were: the reduction of the nations debt, the Louisiana Purchase, the Lewis and Clark Expedition, and the peace treaty with the Barbary States. Some of Jeffersons failures were: the British embargo, and refusal to build a bigger navy.

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What factors led to the decline of the Federalist Party? There was southern dominance which underscored the declining of both New England and the Federalists in national political life because of Jeffersons political moderation and support for farmers interest. John Adams was a very unpopular president because of his harsh laws with the Alien and Sedition Acts.

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What was the principle of Judicial Review? This gave the Supreme Court the right of Judicial Review the ability to declare a law, an act of Congress or Executive branch action unconstitutional. The Supreme Court checks the power of Congress and President to determine if they are constitutional.

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Why was Marbury vs. Madison so important? It established the concept of judicial review, which helped to expand the power of the Supreme Court and of the federal government.

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How did America gain the Louisiana Territory? Why was the US concerned about the Louisiana Territory? The US purchased Louisiana in 1803, (under the administration of president Thomas Jefferson) from Napoleon Bonaparte of France. It cost 15 million dollars. It more than doubled the size of the US. Jefferson wanted to resolve any problems with French presence in the US.

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What parts of the country did Lewis and Clark explore? Thomas Jefferson was the President during the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1804. They explored the area for two years and four months. It was called the Corps of Discovery (from St. Louis to the Pacific coast) they were to collect scientific information about unknown plants and animals in route to the Pacific and learn as much as possible about the Native American tribes encountered along the way.

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Who was Sacajawea? She was a Native American woman who served as an interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark on their expedition of the Louisiana Territory.

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What were the principal causes of the War of 1812? What British actions angered Americans? Causes of War of 1812 * British policy of impressment. This is the practice of seizing Americans at sea and impressing or drafting them into the British navy. *Jefferson convinced Congress to declare an embargo, a ban on exporting products to other countries. This action limited US trade. The British supported attacks on the American settlers.

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What were the principal causes of the War of 1812? What British actions angered Americans? Jefferson thought that the embargo of 1807 would hurt the British but it turned out to hurt the Americans and in 1809 Congress lifted the ban on foreign trade to everyone except FRANCE and BRITAIN.

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What was Jeffersons reasoning behind the Embargo of 1807? As stated earlier-Thomas Jefferson declared an embargo because he believed that the Embargo Act of 1807 would hurt Britain and force them to honor American neutrality. The Embargo Act 1807 blockades European ports, and seizures of American vessels at sea which hurt all American foreign trade.

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Why did many Americans blame Britain for their problem? Why did the War Hawks call for the war with Britain? They believed that British actions were harming their economy and threatening expansion into western lands. The War Hawks discovered that Native Americans in Tecumsehs Confederacy had been supplied with whiskey and ammunition (guns) from British Canada. James Madison decided to go to war with Britain.

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Why did the Americans meet military failure in Canada? The American military was unprepared for war with Great Britain. In addition, after the British captured Detroit there followed many setbacks when the Americans tried to take Montreal. Major setback-the British sack and burn Washington, D. C. in 1814.

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What role did Andrew Jackson play in the war? After six months of fighting involving four battles, Jackson defeated Native Americans of the Creek tribe at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in March 1814. Also, the Battle of New Orleans Americans was won in 1815 under the leadership of Andrew Jackson, a general from Tennessee but the war was over.

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Outcome of War.. It ended in a draw, but proved that the new nation could survive a war with another country.

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What were the provisions of the Treaty of Ghent? The Treaty of Ghent armistice (cease fire) to the end of the war which resulted in a peaceful relations develop between U.S. and Great Britain. *In 1815, Commercial Treaty reopening trade (American industries grow.) *In 1817, the Rush-Bagot agreement limited the number of warships on the Great Lakes. *In 1818, a British-American commission set the northern boundary of the Louisiana territory at the 49 th parallel as far west as the Rocky Mountains. *10 year joint occupation of Oregon territory.