Ch. 13 large nation states - Palmer
Transcript of Ch. 13 large nation states - Palmer
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Chapter 13Chapter 13 The Consolidation of The Consolidation of Large Nation-States Large Nation-States 1859-18711859-1871
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What is a Nation State?Political authority is held by and represents
a group of people who share the same history, traditions, and language
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Crimean War 1853-1856The 1st “Modern War”
France, UK, Ottomans, France, UK, Ottomans, and Sardiniaand Sardinia
vs.RussiaRussia
(and anti-Ottoman nationalists)(and anti-Ottoman nationalists)
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Russia pounced on the “sick man” of Europe the Ottomans
claimed to be “protecting” Orthodox Christians
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Long time rivals France and Britain feared Russian victory
France = Ottoman ally
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Conflict Conflict Over Over
------------------------------------------the the BalkansBalkans
the the MediterraneanMediterranean
“Holy Land” “Holy Land”
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Austria occupied Moldavia and Wallachia (Romania) to block Russia
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An industrial warMinie ball and breech loading rifles
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1st war to be covered in
newspapers(what does that mean?)
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Hugely mismanaged
war356,000+ killed
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Florence Nightingale's report on causes of death
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Excerpt from The Charge of the Light Brigade, 1854 by Alfred Tennyson“Forward, the Light Brigade!” Was there a man dismayed? Not though the soldier knew
Someone had blundered.
Theirs not to make reply, Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do and die. Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred.
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Calling the Roll After An Engagement, Crimea, 1874 by Elizabeth Thompson
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Russia’s lack of technology resulted in a humiliating defeat
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Disrupted “balance of power” and Principle of Intervention
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Italian Nation
Buildingand
Unification
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NaplesNaplesSardiniaSardinia
PiedmontPiedmont
Lombardy-Lombardy-VenetiaVenetia
TuscanyTuscanyPapal Papal StatesStates
SicilySicily
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1815 Congress of Vienna Reorganized Italy• Lombardy & Venetia – Austria• Sardinia & Piedmont – Italian king• Tuscany and N. Central – Self rule• Central Italy – Papal States• Naples and Sicily – Bourbons
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Three Leading Three Leading Approaches to Approaches to
UnificationUnification
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#1.Giuseppe Mazzini
Democratic government with
universal suffrage
Idealistic Patriot
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#2.Catholic Priest
Vincenzo GiabortiFederation under
the presidency of a progressive pope
(but who???)
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Pope Pius IX(r. 1846-1878)
Resisted unification and the mixing of
church and stateWhy?
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#3. Unifying leadership
from kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
Liberal constitution with
a parliament
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Victor Emmanuel II(1820-1878)
King of Piedmont-Sardinia
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Sardinia’s Prime Minister Camillo Benso
di Cavour (1810-1861)
“politics of reality”
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Unify the N. Italian States
Not focused on the Papal States
or the Two Sicilies
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1859 Second Italian War of Independence
Drove Austria from Venetia and Lombardy
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Piedmont-Sardinia
and France
vs. Austria
(Venetia and Lombardy)
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Napoleon III abandoned Cavour
Won with support from middleclass
anti-Austrian nationalists
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Giuseppe Garibaldi(1807-1882)
Italian Nationalist
Wanted total unification
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1860Garibaldi’s
“Red Shirts” took Sicily
and parts ofS. Italy
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Prepared to attack Rome
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Cavour (conservative-ish) cut
off Garibaldi and invaded the
Papal StatesOrganized a vote (plebiscite)
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Garibaldi did not challenge Cavour and united with the north
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Victor Emmanuel II
(1820-1878) 1st King of Italy
r. 1861-1878
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A conservative Parliamentary Monarchy with
very limited vote------------------------------------------------
Social and economic inequities
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Unification Completed in 1870
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The Geneva Conventions (1864)
Rules of armed conflict, esp. for the sick and wounded
Linked to the Red Cross (1863)
Updated in 1906, 1929, and 1949 to include POWs and civilians
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Nations Participating(many have not ratified all 4 parts)
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German Unification
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German Confederation
ZollvereinZollverein good for
members, but did not include
Austria
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Prussia = an army with a nation
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Frederick William IV of Prussia tried to become emperor after the Frankfurt Assembly but was blocked by Austria
Tension within the German Confederation
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Prussian king
Wilhelm IHohenzollern
(1797-1888)
1858 Replaced Frederick William IV
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Otto von Bismarck
Prime Minister of
Prussia1862-1873
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1862 Goals
Increase Prussia’s strength and unite
Germany into a Great Power
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Realpolitik Politics Based On Practical Matters
“One must always have two irons in
the fire”
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“The great questions of the day will not be
decided by speeches and
resolutions – that was the blunder of 1848 and 1849
– but by blood and iron.”
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Increased taxes to grow the army
“Might makes right”
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German Nationalism German Nationalism against the Austriansagainst the AustriansBismarck taunted Austria Bismarck taunted Austria
into war over bordersinto war over borders
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1866 Austro-Prussian WarPrussia won in seven weeksAustria out of German affairs
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Prussia Industrial Superiorityrailroads and “needle gun” breech rifle
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During the war Bismarck linked Prussia to the…
“national development of Germany”
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Taming Parliament (N. German Confederation)
• New constitution–Some local control with a 2 house legislature
–Wilhelm I president and king–Bismarck chancellor
• Pres and Chanc controlled army• Liberals and Conservatives
cooperated with Bismarck (Why?)
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Bismarck Politically Isolated France
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France concerned about France concerned about the growth of Prussia the growth of Prussia
Bismarck wanted warBismarck wanted war
the the Ems Dispatch Ems Dispatch rallied rallied Germans and incited FranceGermans and incited France
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Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871
Nationalism rallied southern states
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France defeated Napoleon III captured and humiliated
Ended the French Second Empire
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Germany took Alsace and Lorraine
France would not forget this
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Jan. 1871 German Unification
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Kaiser Wilhelm I(1797-1888)German Emperor1871-1888
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German Empire
1871-1918
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Chancellor Bismarck
(r. 1871-1890)created the
most powerful nation in
continental Europe
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German Industrialism thrived
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1871: 2 House LegislatureParliament and Reichstag
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Bismarck’s Kulturkampf
“struggle for civilization” against Catholic Church
Overall failure
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Bismarck was anti-socialist
---------------------------1883-1884 Germany
enacted high tariffs, old-age pensions,
national health care, accident insurance
How would these actions = decrease in socialist popularity?
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Wilhelm IIWilhelm II(1859-1941)
Kaiser of the German Empire
1888-1918
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1890Wilhelm II
fired Bismarck and
took command of
foreign policy
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Military Spending Increased
Political power
consolidated
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“In spite of the fact that we have no such fleet as we
should have, we have conquered for ourselves a place in the sun. It will now be my task to see to it that this place in the sun shall
remain our undisputed possession, in order that
the sun's rays may fall fruitfully upon our activity and trade in foreign parts,
that our industry and agriculture may develop
within the state...”
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Magyar revolt and the 1867 dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary
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Ethnic and economic divisions prevented the Austro-Hungarian Empire from
harnessing the power of nationalismEmperor Francis Joseph (1830-1916)
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Russian Empire 1800sNo parliamentNo political partiesHarsh serfdom (until 1861)Favored landed nobility
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Failed 1825 constitutional Decembrist Revolt = more govt oppression
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1850s - Behind in Industrialization
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After embarrassing Crimean War Russian govt promoted industry
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Tsar Alexander II(1818-1881)
Reform & ModernizeEnded Serfdom
Local AssembliesMore Education
Fair CourtsReligious Tolerance
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New industrial-classes became politically frustrated and radical
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1881 – Far-left Terrorists
assassinated Alexander II
Political reforms ended but
industrialization continued
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Tsar Alexander
IIIr. 1881-1894
Cancelled many reforms
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Tsar Nicholas IIRomanov
r. 1894-1917
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Russian Revolution of 1905200,000 Factory Workers marched 200,000 Factory Workers marched
on St. Petersburg in Peaceful Proteston St. Petersburg in Peaceful Protest
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Hundreds of Workers Killed“Bloody Sunday”
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More Protests Followed
October ManifestoOctober Manifesto Granted civil rights
Promise of an elected DumaDuma (parliament)
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Duma twice dissolved by
Nicholas II
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Future troubles…