AHSGE Chapter 4AHSGE Chapter 4Growth of a New NationGrowth of a New Nation

Land Acquisitions and ExplorationsLand Acquisitions and ExplorationsTreaty of Paris 1783Treaty of Paris 1783 – Gave the – Gave the United States all the land east to the United States all the land east to the Mississippi River, to Canada in the North Mississippi River, to Canada in the North and to the northern border of Spanish and to the northern border of Spanish Florida.Florida.

Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 1785 – Land – Land area from Ohio River to the area from Ohio River to the Mississippi River Mississippi River

would be made into new states. would be made into new states. When required population reached, When required population reached, the territory could apply for the territory could apply for statehood. statehood.

Northwest OrdinanceNorthwest Ordinance – Creation of – Creation of 3 to 5 states in the Northwest 3 to 5 states in the Northwest Territory. Prohibited slavery in the Territory. Prohibited slavery in the territory and guaranteed freedom of territory and guaranteed freedom of religion, trial by jury and access to religion, trial by jury and access to free public education.free public education.

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase – bought from – bought from France. More than doubled the size France. More than doubled the size of the United States.of the United States.

ReservationsReservations – tiny parcels of land where – tiny parcels of land where Native American’s were forced to live Native American’s were forced to live because of westward expansion. because of westward expansion.

Louis and Clark ExpeditionLouis and Clark Expedition –– Expedition Expedition to find a water route to the Pacific Ocean.to find a water route to the Pacific Ocean.

SacajaweaSacajawea – Shoshone – Shoshone woman who was translator woman who was translator and guide for Louis and Clark.and guide for Louis and Clark.

18191819 – Year Alabama became a – Year Alabama became a state.state.

President James MonroePresident James MonroeCountry experienced politicalCountry experienced political

unity during his presidency.unity during his presidency.

Era of Good FeelingsEra of Good Feelings – name for – name for Monroe’s presidency because of national Monroe’s presidency because of national

unity and optimistic mood of the country.unity and optimistic mood of the country.

Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine – policy that stated the – policy that stated the United States would not interfere in the United States would not interfere in the internal affairs of European countries and internal affairs of European countries and would oppose any European intervention in would oppose any European intervention in the countries in Latin and South America. the countries in Latin and South America.

Important InventionsImportant Inventions

Eli Whitney (cotton gin)Eli Whitney (cotton gin) – inventor – inventor of a machine that separated the of a machine that separated the seeds from the cotton.seeds from the cotton.

Interchangeable partsInterchangeable parts – in – in muskets, each part was produced muskets, each part was produced with such precision that it could fit with such precision that it could fit with all the other parts. Became the with all the other parts. Became the basis for industrialbasis for industrial development in development in the U.S. the U.S.

Henry Clay’s American SystemHenry Clay’s American SystemHenry ClayHenry Clay was a prominent senator was a prominent senator

from Kentucky. from Kentucky.

American SystemAmerican System – plan to propose a – plan to propose a (1) (1) protective tariffprotective tariff (a tax on (a tax on imports imports

to keep American manufacturing growing).to keep American manufacturing growing).

Protective Tariff of 1816Protective Tariff of 1816 – raised tariffs on – raised tariffs on imports by 20%.imports by 20%.

(2(2) ) Internal ImprovementsInternal Improvements – better – better canals and roadways funded by the canals and roadways funded by the federal government’s tariff revenue. federal government’s tariff revenue.

(3) (3) A Strong National BankA Strong National Bank - 1- 1stst Bank of U.S. charter not renewed. Bank of U.S. charter not renewed. States started issuing their own States started issuing their own bank notesbank notes (paper money). Many (paper money). Many different bank notes made commerce different bank notes made commerce difficult. Clay encouraged Congress difficult. Clay encouraged Congress to charter to charter 22ndnd Bank of the United Bank of the United StatesStates to stabilize money and hold to stabilize money and hold government funds. government funds.

What did Clay wish to accomplish What did Clay wish to accomplish with his vision?with his vision? The tariff would The tariff would protect the growing industries in the protect the growing industries in the Northeast. The money from the tariff Northeast. The money from the tariff would pay for improvements in roads would pay for improvements in roads and canals. A strong national bank and canals. A strong national bank would stabilize this flow of would stabilize this flow of commerce. commerce.

Roads and CanalsRoads and Canals

National RoadNational Road – Congress approved – Congress approved and funded road which stretched and funded road which stretched east to west from Maryland to east to west from Maryland to Virginia.Virginia.

President Andrew JacksonPresident Andrew Jackson

First man to rise from First man to rise from childhood poverty to thechildhood poverty to the presidency. Represented presidency. Represented the the “Common Man”. “Common Man”.

Jacksonian DemocracyJacksonian Democracy –during his –during his term property qualifications for term property qualifications for voting were dropped. voting were dropped.

Spoils SystemSpoils System – The policy of – The policy of allowing friends and supporters to allowing friends and supporters to have high positions in government. have high positions in government.

Doctrine of NullificationDoctrine of Nullification – came – came about when South Carolina protested about when South Carolina protested the high tariffs imposed on British the high tariffs imposed on British goods. Stated that if Congress passed goods. Stated that if Congress passed a bill that was harmful to a state, that a bill that was harmful to a state, that state was not obligated to enforce it. state was not obligated to enforce it.

The Indian Removal ActThe Indian Removal Act

Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act – Jackson’s order for – Jackson’s order for the forced removal of five Native American the forced removal of five Native American Nations to Oklahoma in order to make Nations to Oklahoma in order to make room for white settlers.room for white settlers.

Trail of TearsTrail of Tears – The forced march of the – The forced march of the Cherokee Nation to reservations in Cherokee Nation to reservations in Oklahoma (800 miles). Many died from Oklahoma (800 miles). Many died from disease, starvation and exposure. disease, starvation and exposure.

The Trails to the WestThe Trails to the West

Oregon Trail Oregon Trail – – Trail toTrail to Pacific Coast.Pacific Coast.

Mormon TrailMormon Trail – Trail to Utah that – Trail to Utah that Mormons took to escape persecution Mormons took to escape persecution for their religious beliefs (for their religious beliefs (polygamypolygamy – more than one wife).– more than one wife).

California TrailCalifornia Trail – Trail taken by – Trail taken by miners in search of gold in California miners in search of gold in California due to the due to the California Gold Rush of California Gold Rush of 18491849 (migration of people to (migration of people to California).California).

Texas IndependenceTexas IndependenceStephen Austin Stephen Austin – – brought a group brought a group of settlers to settle Texas. of settlers to settle Texas.

General Antonio Santa AnnaGeneral Antonio Santa Anna – – MexicanMexican

general who became dictator general who became dictator and did away with Mexican and did away with Mexican Constitution and tightened Constitution and tightened his control of U.S. settlers his control of U.S. settlers

Sam HoustonSam Houston – Leader of – Leader of

forces to gain back control forces to gain back control

over Santa Anna.over Santa Anna.

The AlamoThe Alamo – Spanish – Spanish

Mission where SantaMission where Santa

Anna’s troops fought Anna’s troops fought

Sam Houston’s men killing all of Sam Houston’s men killing all of them. them.

Battle of San JacintoBattle of San Jacinto – Battle where – Battle where Texans defeated Santa Anna and took him Texans defeated Santa Anna and took him hostage. In exchange for his freedom he hostage. In exchange for his freedom he would recognize the Republic of Texas. would recognize the Republic of Texas.

Texans applied to be Texans applied to be annexedannexed

(added) to the United States.(added) to the United States.

The Mexican –American WarThe Mexican –American War

Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny – The belief that it was – The belief that it was God’s will for the United States to expand God’s will for the United States to expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.

New MexicoNew Mexico – the area between Texas – the area between Texas and California that President Polk wanted and California that President Polk wanted to buy.to buy.

Mexican-American WarMexican-American War – Mexican – Mexican president refused to meet to talk president refused to meet to talk about selling New Mexico. Polk order about selling New Mexico. Polk order General Zachary Taylor to move his General Zachary Taylor to move his troops into the disputed territory. troops into the disputed territory. Mexican troops crossed Rio Grande Mexican troops crossed Rio Grande River and attacked Taylor’s forces. River and attacked Taylor’s forces. Congress declared war. U.S. Congress declared war. U.S. marched into Mexico City and the marched into Mexico City and the Mexicans surrendered. Mexicans surrendered.

Mexico gave up ½ its land and sold the Mexico gave up ½ its land and sold the

territories of California and New Mexico territories of California and New Mexico to the U.S. to the U.S.

This fulfilled the country’s Manifest This fulfilled the country’s Manifest Destiny. Destiny.

Literature in the United StatesLiterature in the United States

Noah WebsterNoah Webster – produced the first – produced the first American American Dictionary.Dictionary.

Ralph Waldo EmersonRalph Waldo Emerson – essayist and poet – essayist and poet known for his eloquent speech an poetic known for his eloquent speech an poetic language and a leader in the language and a leader in the transcendental transcendental movementmovement. This movement believed truth . This movement believed truth could be found beyond the physical world and could be found beyond the physical world and that all humans share in the spiritual unity of that all humans share in the spiritual unity of creation. creation.

Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau – writer and – writer and naturalist who wrote naturalist who wrote WaldenWalden and and “Civil Disobedience”.“Civil Disobedience”.

Walt WhitmanWalt Whitman – poet who – poet who emphasized the great worth of each emphasized the great worth of each individual.individual.

Nathaniel HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne – novelist – novelist who wrote about sin, punishment who wrote about sin, punishment and and atonement. atonement. The Scarlet LetterThe Scarlet Letter and and The House of Seven Gables. The House of Seven Gables.

Washington IrvingWashington Irving – First American – First American writer to gain international fame. Wrote writer to gain international fame. Wrote short stories short stories “Rip Van Winkle”“Rip Van Winkle” and and “The “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.

Edgar Allen PoeEdgar Allen Poe – master of the short – master of the short story. Famous for his mysterious and story. Famous for his mysterious and macabre tales such as macabre tales such as “The Tell-Tale “The Tell-Tale Heart”Heart” and the poem and the poem “The Raven”. “The Raven”.

James Fenimore CooperJames Fenimore Cooper – novelist who – novelist who became known as the first great American became known as the first great American writer. Wrote writer. Wrote The Last of the Mohicans. The Last of the Mohicans.

Emily DickinsonEmily Dickinson – one of the most – one of the most influential poets of the U.S. Wrote influential poets of the U.S. Wrote about love, death and immorality. about love, death and immorality.

Herman MelvilleHerman Melville – based his novels – based his novels on his experiences in the U.S. Navy. on his experiences in the U.S. Navy. Wrote Wrote Moby DickMoby Dick. .

Henry Wadsworth LongfellowHenry Wadsworth Longfellow – – used simple styles and themes in his used simple styles and themes in his writings. Wrote writings. Wrote “Paul Revere’s “Paul Revere’s Ride”. Ride”.

Social Reform MovementsSocial Reform Movements

Horace MannHorace Mann – advocated the – advocated the

education of both men and women education of both men and women

through public funding. through public funding.

Dorothea DixDorothea Dix – improvement – improvement

of mental institutions and prisons. of mental institutions and prisons.

Temperance MovementTemperance Movement – movement – movement

to moderate the use of alcohol. to moderate the use of alcohol.

Abolition MovementAbolition Movement – movement to – movement to abolish (put an end to) slavery.abolish (put an end to) slavery.

Harriet TubmanHarriet Tubman – hero of the – hero of the abolition movement who helped abolition movement who helped hundreds of slaves to escape through the hundreds of slaves to escape through the

Underground Railroad (a network of Underground Railroad (a network of people who helped slaves escape to the people who helped slaves escape to the north and Canada).north and Canada).

Frederick DouglasFrederick Douglas – former slave who – former slave who was very well spoken. Became the most was very well spoken. Became the most prominent African American speaker for prominent African American speaker for abolition. abolition.

SuffragettesSuffragettes – – women who women who supported the right to vote.supported the right to vote.

1919thth amendment amendment – –

gave women the rightgave women the right

to vote.to vote.

Harriet Beecher StoweHarriet Beecher Stowe – helped the – helped the abolitionist cause with the publishing abolitionist cause with the publishing

of her book of her book Uncle Tom’s CabinUncle Tom’s Cabin ( a fictional account of the horrors of ( a fictional account of the horrors of

slavery.).slavery.).

Sojourner TruthSojourner Truth – illiterate former slave – illiterate former slave who was a very eloquent and charismatic who was a very eloquent and charismatic speaker for abolition. speaker for abolition.

William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison - white - white abolitionist who was the founder of the abolitionist who was the founder of the anti-slavery newspaper anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator. The Liberator.

Women’s Rights MovementWomen’s Rights Movement – movement – movement to give women the same rights as men. to give women the same rights as men. Started by Started by Elizabeth Cady StantonElizabeth Cady Stanton (organized the first women's rights (organized the first women's rights convention) and convention) and Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony (supported the temperance,(supported the temperance,

abolition and women’s rights abolition and women’s rights movements).movements).

Seneca Falls ConventionSeneca Falls Convention – meeting for – meeting for women’s rights where women’s rights where “Declaration of “Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions”Sentiments and Resolutions” was written. was written. Believed men and women were created Believed men and women were created equal. equal.