United States History Standard 5 Ch. 6 Study Guide Review
Slide 2
Who was elected the first president of the United States?
George Washington was elected the first president in 1789.
Slide 3
What steps did President Washington and Congress take to
establish a new government? Since there were no precedents,
Washington and Congress filled in the details with the Judiciary
Acts of 1789 and creating the cabinet.
Slide 4
What was the significance of the Judiciary Act of 1789? In 1789
a major act of Congress established the Federal Judicial System *
The Judicial Act of 1789. It created a supreme court--consisting of
a Chief Justice and five associate justices. It also established
federal circuit and district courts which allowed state court
decisions involving the Federal Constitution to be appealed to a
federal Court.
Slide 5
Why did federal law have to be the supreme law of the land in
the new nation? If states could pass laws that contradicted federal
law, the authority of the federal government might be under mined
and this would jeopardize the stability of the union.
Slide 6
What is a cabinet? What departments compromised the nations
first cabinet? List their names and the functions of each
department. The cabinet is a group of advisors who are part of the
executive branch of the government. It only consisted of four (4)
members under George Washington.
Slide 7
Thomas Jefferson (Author of Declaration of Independence ) was
the Secretary of State. This department deals with foreign affairs.
Current Secretary of State: John Kerry
Slide 8
Henry Knox- Secretary of War. Authorized to handle military
matters. Current Secretary of Defense-Charles Timothy Chuck
Hagel.
Slide 9
Alexander Hamilton was Secretary of Treasury. He was authorized
to manage finances. Current Secretary of Treasury- Jack Lew
Slide 10
Edmund Randolph was the Attorney General. He served as chief
lawyer of the Federal Government. Current Attorney General Eric H.
Holder, Jr.
Slide 11
What were the differences between Hamiltons and Jeffersons
views of government? (Background Info.) There was a split in
Washingtons first cabinet. Thomas Jefferson wanted strong state
governments and his followers called themselves Republicans.
Alexander Hamilton envisioned a strong central government and
strong economy and his followers called themselves
Federalists.
Slide 12
What were the differences between Hamiltons and Jeffersons
views of government? Alexander Hamiltons views: Wanted a strong
central government. Wanted an economy that would help with trade
and industry. Wanted a bank of the U.S. Distrusted the common
people.
Slide 13
What were the differences between Hamiltons and Jeffersons
views of government? Thomas Jeffersons views: Wanted a weak central
government. Wanted an economy that favored farmers. Thought the
Bank of the U.S. was unconstitutional. Trusted the common people.
Had a strict interpretation of the Constitution.
Slide 14
What were the main components of Hamiltons economic plan? #1
Economy should be funded by both the Federal government and wealthy
private investors. #2 The bank would issue paper money and handle
tax receipts. #3 The economic plan was to pay off national debts
from the Revolutionary War. #4 This would tie the wealthy investors
to the nations success of stabilizing the financial part of the
country.
Slide 15
Why did the new nation need to pay off its debts? If the
country demonstrated that the new government was financially
responsible it would show the creditors, including foreign
governments the country was credible. It would also bolster the
governments reputation.
Slide 16
How did the nations capital come to be located in Washington,
D.C.? The nations capital moved to the location of Washington, D.C.
because many politicians wanted to win the support of the debt
problem from the southern states. Madison and Jefferson believed
that a southern site for the capital would make the government more
responsive to their interest.
Slide 17
Washington, D.C.
Slide 18
What were the main differences between the Federalists and the
Democratic-Republicans? Federalists *Wanted a strong central
government *Wanted the wealthy and elite to contribute to the
national bank *Received support from wealthy investors *Wanted an
economy based on trade and industry *Supported loose construction
of the Constitution.
Slide 19
What were the main differences between the Federalists and
Democratic-Republicans? Democratic-Republicans *Wanted strong state
governments *Opposed a National Bank *Received support from farmers
and southerners *Wanted economy based on agriculture *Supported a
strict construction of the Constitution
Slide 20
What prompted the Whiskey Rebellion and how did it end? In
1789, Congress passed a protective tariff, an import tax on goods
produced in Europe. This was their way of encouraging American
production of goods. Farmers in western Pennsylvania found that the
most economical way to transport their (corn) harvest was to first
distill it into whiskey and then bring it to market.
Slide 21
What prompted the Whiskey Rebellion and how did it end? The
federal government passed an excise tax on the whiskey (extra tax
on whiskey). The tax discouraged the sale of whiskey which hurt the
farmers economy and the farmers revolted. This revolt was quickly
put down by 15,000 militiamen who were called by the
government.
Slide 22
How was the Whiskey Rebellion an opportunity for the Federal
government to demonstrate its authority? George Washingtons orders
to end revolt by exercising his right as Commander in Chief
(authority to act within a state). It also showed that the new
government would act decisively in times of a crisis.
Slide 23
What was Americas reaction to the French Revolution? Most
Americans initially support the French Revolution because it was
inspired by the ideal of Republican rule (American Revolution). In
this revolution the French set out to create a government based on
the will of the people.
Slide 24
Why did the United States want to maintain its neutrality?
There was a general agreement that war was not in the nations best
interest (due to weak military and slow economy). Also, George
Washington did not want to take the chance of probably fighting
against the British.
Slide 25
Who was Charles Pickney? Charles Pinckney (October 26, 1757
October 29, 1824) was an American politician who was a signer of
the United States Constitution, the 37th Governor of South
Carolina, a Senator and a member of the House of
Representatives.
Slide 26
What was the result of Pinckneys Treaty with Spain? #1 Spain
gave up all rights to territory east of the Mississippi River
(except Florida) #2 The 31 st parallel as the southern boundary of
the US and the northern boundary of Florida #3 The Mississippi
River was now open to all traffic whether by Spanish subjects
and/or US citizens to allow traders to use the port of New
Orleans.
Slide 27
Why did the United States want access to the Mississippi River?
Travel and trade were difficult on the frontier and the access to
the Mississippi River would offer an easier means of transportation
for frontier farmers and merchants.
Slide 28
Why did Native Americans demand negotiations with the United
States over the Northwest Territory? In the past Native Americans
had been excluded from negotiations that led to the Treaty of Paris
and therefore had no influence over what was being done to their
lands.
Slide 29
Who was Little Turtle? Little Turtle was a brilliant military
strategist chieftain of the Miami Tribe who in 1790 defeated a
small force of American generals sent by George Washington to stop
Native American attacks against settlers in the in the Ohio
Valley.
Slide 30
What were the causes and consequences of the Battle of Fallen
Timbers? With many defeats over the present-day Ohio Territory,
George Washington appointed General Anthony Wayne to lead federal
troops against the Native Americans. General Wayne defeated the
Miami Confederacy in a 40 minute battle which was later called the
Battle of Fallen Timbers. Victory ended Native Americans resistance
and they gave up most of the land in Ohio in exchange for $20,000
worth of goods and an annual payment of nearly $10,000. This
agreement was known as the Treaty of Grenville.
Slide 31
What was the outcome of Jays Treaty? John Jay (December 12,
1745 May 17, 1829) was an American statesman, Patriot, diplomat, a
Founding Father of the United States, and the first Chief Justice
of the United States (178995). His treaty stated that the nation
would control territories west of the Appalachian Mountains and the
British would evacuate the Northwest Territory posts but continue
to fur trade.
Slide 32
Why were so many Americans dissatisfied with Jays Treaty with
Britain? Jays Treaty barely passed the US Senate because it allowed
for the British to continue their fur trade on the US side of the
Canadian land.
Slide 33
How did political parties affect the results of the election of
1796? The two top vote getters in 1796 were Federalist (John Adams)
and Democratic- Republican (Thomas Jefferson). Respectively in the
Constitution, the highest vote getter will become President and the
next highest would become Vice President. This caused sectionalism
in the Executive Branch. The President was John Adams and the Vice
President was Thomas Jefferson. Both had different views for the
country and always caused political turmoil.
Slide 34
What was the XYZ Affair? The XYZ Affair was a political and
diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, during the administration of
John Adams, that Americans interpreted as an insult from France. It
led to an undeclared naval war called the Quasi-War, which raged at
sea from 1798 to 1800. The Federalist Party took advantage of the
national anger to build an army and pass the Alien and Sedition
Acts to damage the rival Democratic-Republican Party.
Slide 35
XYZ Affair The American delegation had planned to meet with the
French foreign minister, Charles Talleyrand. Instead the directory
sent three low level officials (whom President addressed as X,Y and
Z in his Congressional Report) who demanded a $250,000 bribe to
meet with Talleyrand in order to stop harassment of American ships.
This proved a wave of Anti-French feelings at home and the US
declared naval war with France.
Slide 36
What was the purpose of the Alien and Sedition Acts? The
Anti-French feelings caused many people to believe the French would
try to overthrow our government (because of the new arrivals of
French immigrants). To counter this increase of immigrantsthe
government sought measures for protection. Alien Acts raised the
residence requirement for American citizenship from 5 to 14 years
and allowed the government to deport or jail any alien considered
undesirable. Sedition Acts set fines and jail terms for anyone
trying to hinder the operation of government or expressing false,
scandalous, and malicious statements against the government.
Slide 37
How did the Kentucky Resolutions challenge the authority of the
federal government? What was the theory of nullification? The
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions asserted the principal of
nullification, which held that, if a state considered an act by
Congress to be unconstitutional, it had the right to declare that
action null and void that is not binding to the law.
Slide 38
How was the presidential election of 1800 decided? The election
was decided by the Electoral College balloting which resulted in a
tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. The HOR were called
upon to choose between the two highest vote getters: Thomas
Jefferson finally won and Aaron Burr became Vice President.
Slide 39
How did Jefferson simplify the presidency? What were the
successes and failures of the Jefferson administration? Jefferson
simplified the federal government and emphasized the importance of
ordinary citizens through policies such as free trade, cut spending
and taxes. Some of Jeffersons successes were: the reduction of the
nations debt, the Louisiana Purchase, the Lewis and Clark
Expedition, and the peace treaty with the Barbary States. Some of
Jeffersons failures were: the British embargo, and refusal to build
a bigger navy.
Slide 40
What factors led to the decline of the Federalist Party? There
was southern dominance which underscored the declining of both New
England and the Federalists in national political life because of
Jeffersons political moderation and support for farmers interest.
John Adams was a very unpopular president because of his harsh laws
with the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Slide 41
What was the principle of Judicial Review? This gave the
Supreme Court the right of Judicial Review the ability to declare a
law, an act of Congress or Executive branch action
unconstitutional. The Supreme Court checks the power of Congress
and President to determine if they are constitutional.
Slide 42
Why was Marbury vs. Madison so important? It established the
concept of judicial review, which helped to expand the power of the
Supreme Court and of the federal government.
Slide 43
How did America gain the Louisiana Territory? Why was the US
concerned about the Louisiana Territory? The US purchased Louisiana
in 1803, (under the administration of president Thomas Jefferson)
from Napoleon Bonaparte of France. It cost 15 million dollars. It
more than doubled the size of the US. Jefferson wanted to resolve
any problems with French presence in the US.
Slide 44
What parts of the country did Lewis and Clark explore? Thomas
Jefferson was the President during the Lewis and Clark expedition
in 1804. They explored the area for two years and four months. It
was called the Corps of Discovery (from St. Louis to the Pacific
coast) they were to collect scientific information about unknown
plants and animals in route to the Pacific and learn as much as
possible about the Native American tribes encountered along the
way.
Slide 45
Who was Sacajawea? She was a Native American woman who served
as an interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark on their expedition
of the Louisiana Territory.
Slide 46
What were the principal causes of the War of 1812? What British
actions angered Americans? Causes of War of 1812 * British policy
of impressment. This is the practice of seizing Americans at sea
and impressing or drafting them into the British navy. *Jefferson
convinced Congress to declare an embargo, a ban on exporting
products to other countries. This action limited US trade. The
British supported attacks on the American settlers.
Slide 47
What were the principal causes of the War of 1812? What British
actions angered Americans? Jefferson thought that the embargo of
1807 would hurt the British but it turned out to hurt the Americans
and in 1809 Congress lifted the ban on foreign trade to everyone
except FRANCE and BRITAIN.
Slide 48
What was Jeffersons reasoning behind the Embargo of 1807? As
stated earlier-Thomas Jefferson declared an embargo because he
believed that the Embargo Act of 1807 would hurt Britain and force
them to honor American neutrality. The Embargo Act 1807 blockades
European ports, and seizures of American vessels at sea which hurt
all American foreign trade.
Slide 49
Why did many Americans blame Britain for their problem? Why did
the War Hawks call for the war with Britain? They believed that
British actions were harming their economy and threatening
expansion into western lands. The War Hawks discovered that Native
Americans in Tecumsehs Confederacy had been supplied with whiskey
and ammunition (guns) from British Canada. James Madison decided to
go to war with Britain.
Slide 50
Why did the Americans meet military failure in Canada? The
American military was unprepared for war with Great Britain. In
addition, after the British captured Detroit there followed many
setbacks when the Americans tried to take Montreal. Major
setback-the British sack and burn Washington, D. C. in 1814.
Slide 51
What role did Andrew Jackson play in the war? After six months
of fighting involving four battles, Jackson defeated Native
Americans of the Creek tribe at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in
March 1814. Also, the Battle of New Orleans Americans was won in
1815 under the leadership of Andrew Jackson, a general from
Tennessee but the war was over.
Slide 52
Outcome of War.. It ended in a draw, but proved that the new
nation could survive a war with another country.
Slide 53
What were the provisions of the Treaty of Ghent? The Treaty of
Ghent armistice (cease fire) to the end of the war which resulted
in a peaceful relations develop between U.S. and Great Britain. *In
1815, Commercial Treaty reopening trade (American industries grow.)
*In 1817, the Rush-Bagot agreement limited the number of warships
on the Great Lakes. *In 1818, a British-American commission set the
northern boundary of the Louisiana territory at the 49 th parallel
as far west as the Rocky Mountains. *10 year joint occupation of
Oregon territory.