UNITED STATES UNITED STATES HISTORY CHISTORY C

FINAL EXAM REVIEWFINAL EXAM REVIEW

SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP

CONFERENCE (SCLC)• Civil Rights organization founded

in 1952 by Southern African American ministers.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

• Civil Rights organization founded in 1942 who advocated equal rights and change through peaceful protest

FREEDOM RIDES

• Civil Rights workers traveling on interstate buses to protest segregation at busing terminals and to see if companies were abiding by Supreme Court rulings.

SIT-INS

• Technique used by civil rights workers who occupied a segregated establishment and peacefully demanded service

LYNCHING

• Murder of an accused person by a mob without a trial

DEFACTO SEGREGATION

• Actual or factual segregation

DEJURE SEGREGATION

• Legal or by law segregation

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964

• National law that banned racial, ethnic, national or religious discrimination in public places

VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965

• Enables more African Americans to register to vote by banning literacy tests and other practices at polling places.

Roe v. Wade

• Legalized abortion based on the 9th Amendment privacy rights.

POLL TAX

• Fee or tax paid to vote

AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT (AIM)

• Group that fought for Native American treaty rights and self-government

BLACK POWER

• The idea that African Americans should unite and take pride in their heritage

NATION OF ISLAM

• Founded by Elijah Muhammad to teach self-help and separation to African Americans.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Commission

(SNCC)

• Gave young people a voice in the Civil Rights Movement.

MIGRANT WORKER• Person who moves from farm to

farm planting and harvesting crops.

CESAR CHAVEZ• Co-founder of the United Farm

Workers

DENNIS BANKS• Chippewa activist and co-

founder/member of AIM

PHYLLIS SCHLAFLY• Conservative political activist who

opposed the feminist movement

GLORIA STEINEM• Founder of Ms. Magazine which

publishes feminist themes.

ROSA PARKS• Reused to give up her seat on a

public bus.• Her arrest sparks the Montgomery

bus boycott.

BETTY FRIEDAN• Author of the Feminine Mystique

Japanese-American Citizens League (JACL)

• Group that worked to compensate Japanese who were interned during WWII

EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT (ERA)

• Constitutional law that would have made discrimination based on one’s gender illegal.

Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA)• Federal agency that is concerned

with air and water pollution.

National Organization for Women (NOW)

• Organization that formed in the 1920’s to bring women into the mainstream

FEMINISM• Theory that men and women are

politically, socially, and economically equal.

Boland Amendment• Made it illegal for the CIA and the

Defense Department to aid the Contras in Nicaragua

Sandinistas• Marxist revolutionaries who took

control of the Nicaraguan government.

TOWER COMMISSION• Group that reported on the Iran-

Contra affair. They reported that President Reagan knew about the arms sales to Iran but not the diversion of funds.

WHITEWATER• Clinton real estate venture that

goes bankrupt

KEN STARR• Independent prosecutor

investigating the Whitewater scandal.

JANET RENO• Attorney General during the

Clinton Administration

Jim and Susan McDougal

• Friends of the Clinton’s• Own Madison Guaranty Savings

and Loan that failed.

PERJURY• False statements under oath

Robert MacFarlane• National Security Advisor under

Ronald Reagan who is later pardoned by George H.W. Bush.

MADISON GUARANTY SAVINGS AND LOANS

• Financial institution with questionable lending practices.

• Shutdown by the federal government

PARDON• Official forgiveness of person for a

crime

SATURDAY NIGHT MASSACRE

• Series of resignations and firings during the Watergate investigation

INDEPENDENT COUNCIL

• Appointed by a panel of federal judges for investigative purposes.

CONTRAS• Marxist revolutionaries who took

control of the Nicaraguan government

DIRTY TRICKS• Plan to discredit and to sabotage

or discredit Democrats or enemies of Nixon.

IMPEACHMENT• Formal charge of wrong doing by a

public official.

NEW RIGHT• Coalition of conservative groups in

the 1970’s/1980’s producing several electoral victories for the Republican Party.

STRATEGIC DEFENSE INTIATIVE

• “Star Wars”• Massive Satellite shield to protect

the U.S. from ICBM’s.

OLIVER NORTH• General responsible for making

arrangements from sale of arms to Iran and diversion of funds to the Contras in Nicaragua

ENEMIES LIST• People on a list who were

unsympathetic to the Nixon administration

TELEVANGELISM• Religious conservatives who used

television to raise funds

AIDS• Discovered in 1981• Threatening disease that attacks

the immune system

ENTITLEMENTS• Programs that residents of the U.S.

are “entitled” to.• Social Security, Medicare,

Medicaid

NEW FEDERALISM• Reagan’s plan for giving more

responsibility to the states to run social programs.

DOWNSIZING• Cost-cutting technique used to cut

costs in the 1980’s

STRATEGIC ARMS REDUCTION TREATY

(START)

• Reduction of long range nuclear weapons between the USSR and the U.S.

INF TREATY• A 1987 agreement calling for the

destruction of 25,000 Soviet and American missiles in Europe.

PERSIAN GULF WAR• UN forces liberated Kuwait from

Iraqi invasion

SUPPLY-SIDE ECONOMICS

• Reagan’s plan to cut taxes to make the economy grow by putting money in the hands of business.

OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM

• Operation that overthrows Saddam Hussein

Taliban• Ruling group in Afghanistan that

allowed al-Qaeda to train terrorist groups.

OSAMA BIN-LADEN• Leader of Al-Qaeda terrorist

network.

OPERATION JUST CAUSE

• To arrest Noriega in Panama for drug trafficking

ANWAR SADAT• Leader of Egypt who signed the

Camp David Accords

MANUEL NORIEGA• Ruler of Panama who is arrested

by the U.S. for drug trafficking

YASSIR ARAFAT• Former leader of the PLO and

leader of Palestinian Authority. • Dies in 2004

Dayton Agreement• Agreement to end the conflict in

Bosnia

Kuwait• Invaded by Iraq (1990) in attempt

to seize their oil.

DOME OF THE ROCK• Muhammad’s “Night Journey”• Built in 691• Believed that Muhammad

ascended to heaven here.

NAFTA• North American Free Trade

Agreement• Agreement to eliminate tariffs

between North American countries.

WTO• World Trade Organization• Replaces GATT to resolve trade

disputes

SADDAM HUSSEIN• 1979-2003 leader of Iraq

What is significant in the Supreme Court case of Plessy v.

Ferguson?

• “Separate but Equal”• Formally legalizes segregation

What did W.E. B. DuBois encourages students to seek in

school? Why?

• A liberal arts education• To reach economic equality in

professional careers.

Why was the NAACP founded?

• To fight discrimination in the courts

What are three civil rights issues of women

in the late 1800’s?

• Higher education• Suffrage• Active public role

What helped women take their first step toward

public life?

• Rise of organized national women’s groups.

Why does MLK target Birmingham, Alabama for demonstrations?

• The most segregated city in the country

Where does President Truman order the end of discrimination after

WWII?

• Armed forces

Why does President Eisenhower use the Arkansas National

Guard in 1957?

• End discrimination by allowing school integration through court orders

MLK, Jr. believed in what kind of protest?

Non-violent protest

What did Freedom Summer and the Selma

March call attention to?

Voting rights

What did the Warren Commission declare?

• A lone shooter (assassin) killed JFK

What did several of the decisions of the Warren Court focus

on?

• Individual rights• Protecting the constitutional rights

of citizens accused of crimes.

What effect did the Supreme Court

decisions on apportionment have

on society?

• Electoral districts had to be redrawn to reflect “one person-one vote”

Name three frustrations of women in the 1950’s/1960’s

• Post-WWII frustrations to return to traditional roles

• Gender job discrimination• Inability to pass a constitutional

amendment

Why did some women reject the women’s

movement?• Preferred traditional or

conservative family roles of the wife and mother.

What prevented the ERA from becoming

law?

• Failed to be ratified in enough state legislatures.

Review your Civil Rights Leadership Chart and be

ready to identify the leadership perspective

on African American rights and what

organization founded by Booker T. Washington, W.E. B. Dubois, Marcus Garvey, Malcolm X, and Martin Luther King Jr.

Who does President Nixon the wiretaps on

whose phone?

• His staff

Because of the leak of the Pentagon Papers,

Nixon orders the creation of what White

House group?

• “The Plumbers”

What were the Watergate burglars

doing when they were arrested?

• Wiretapping the phones of the Democratic National Headquarters in the Watergate Office Complex.

Why did President Nixon have the special

prosecutors fired?

• Demanded the release of the secret Oval Office tapes.

Why did President Nixon resign?

• Faced impeachment• Pressure to resign

What is considered the most controversial action of the Ford administration?

• Pardon of Richard Nixon

What is the Iran-Contra Affair?

• Secret operation to sell weapons to Iran and to arm rebels in Nicaragua

What was Reagan’ goal in Nicaragua?

• To stop the spread of Marxism (communism)

How did most Americans find out about the United

States aiding the Nicaraguans?

• Plane shot down caring supplies and the pilot told television cameras.

• By Oliver North at the Iran-Contra hearings

Why was it illegal to sell arms to Iran?

• U.S. had an embargo against Iran because of the 1979 hostage crisis.

Where did the money from the sales of arms

to Iran go to?

• Aid the contras in their revolution against the Sandinistas.

What did the Tower Commission determine?

• They reported that President Reagan knew about the arms sales to Iran but not the diversion of funds.

What effect did the Iran-Contra affair have

on Reagan’s presidency

• Very little• Ronald Reagan left the presidency

with one of the highest approval ratings of any president since FDR

Why was President Clinton impeached?

• Perjury• Obstruction of Justice

What is the outcome of President Clinton’s

impeachment?

• Impeached by the House of Representatives but not removed by the Senate

Why do Conservatives criticize the New Deal and the Great Society?

• Very costly• Expanded the size of the

government

What was the leading factor into President

Carter’s defeat to President Reagan in

1980?

• Iran-Hostages Crisis

What are the main goals of President

Reagan’s presidency?

• Cut taxes• Cut government regulation• Cut the size of the federal

government.

During the Reagan presidency, what part of the budget saw an increase in spending?

• Military

What do critics charge that Reagan’s

conservative policies lead to?

• Larger gap between rich and the poor.

How did the Soviet policies of perestroika

and glasnost help bring an end to the Cold War?

• Help cause the fall of communism in Eastern Europe.

Why does George H.W. Bush order the use of

force after Iraq invaded Kuwait in

1990?

• To protect the flow of oil to the West

Why did the Conservatives join the

American Liberty League in the 1930’s?

• Oppose FDR’s New Deal programs

What post-WWII presidents saw an

increase in the size of the federal

government?• Truman• Eisenhower• JFK• Johnson• Nixon• Carter• Reagan

What does Ronald Reagan do too many of

Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society

programs?

• Grew slightly, as cuts to programs nearly equalled increasing numbers of recipients.

What did Ronald Reagan’s foreign

policy call for?• To take an active role against

stopping the spread of communism

During the Reagan administration, what

happens to the federal deficit?

• Rose dramatically

How did the United States help Panama

gain its independence?

• Naval support

Why does the United States invade

Afghanistan before Iraq?

• Taliban was allowing al-Qaeda to operate in Afghanistan

What is another name for the Panama Canal

Treaty?• Torrijos-Carter Treaty

Who was the president when the Iranians took

Americans hostage?

• Jimmy Carter

Who helped negotiate the release of the

American hostages in Iran?

• President Carter

How many U.S. casualties did the Persian Gulf War

cause?

• Around 300 UN/US troops were killed

• Iraqis lost tens of thousands

Which two countries signed the Camp David

Accords in 1978?• Egypt and Israel

Why did OPEC put an oil embargo on the

United States in 1973?• Because the U.S. sided and

aided Israel in the Yom Kippur War.

What country in the Middle East do many

Arab countries believe shouldn’t legally exist and is a root cause of

terrorism in the 1970’s?

• Israel

Where is the Sinai Peninsula?

• Between Israel and Egypt

What are the major causes of the rise of radical Islamist

movements in the past 50 years?

• Defeat of Arab nations in 1967• Rise of secular dictators in the

1950’s-1970’s• Soviet invasion of Afghanistan• Persian Gulf War

Timeline A• 13th Amendment (1865)• 14th Amendment (1868)• 15th Amendment (1870)• Compromise of 1877 • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)• W.E. B. DuBois organizes the Niagara

Movement (1905)• NAACP is formed (1909)• Formation of CORE (1942)• Brown v. Board of Education (1954)• Civil Rights Act is signed (1964)• Baake v. University of California (1978)• Gratz v. Bollinger (2003)

Timeline B• Rosa Parks is arrested (1955)• Montgomery Bus Boycotts (1955-6)• JFK urges affirmative action be taken in

hiring minorities (1962)• March on Washington (1963)• Great Society programs (1964) • MLK’s Poor People’s Campaign (1968)• AIM leads standoff at Wounded Knee

(1973)• Richard Nixon resigns (1974)• Ronald Reagan becomes President (1981)• Republicans introduce the Contract of

America (1994)

UNITED STATES UNITED STATES HISTORY CHISTORY C

FINAL EXAM REVIEWFINAL EXAM REVIEW