UNIT: NATIONALISM TRIUMPHS IN EUROPE: WHAT EFFECTS DID NATIONALISM AND THE DEMAND FOR REFORM HAVE IN EUROPE?

AIM: HOW DID OTTO VON BISMARCK, THE CHANCELLOR OF PRUSSIA, LEAD THE DRIVE FOR GERMAN UNITY? D O N O W: S T U DY YO U R E S S AY S A N D I N T E R I M A S S E S S M E N T # 2 .

O N I N D E X C A R D : W H AT A R E YO U R S T R E N G T H S ? W H AT A R E YO U R W E A K N E S S E S ? W H AT I S O N E T H I N G I D O T H AT YO U WA N T M E T O C O N T I N U E D O I N G ? W H AT I S O N E T H I N G T H AT I C A N C H A N G E / H E L P YO U BY D O I N G ?

BACKGROUND

1848 = university students passionately demanded national unity and liberal reforms, peasants and workers joined

German States (Frankfurt Assembly) = delegates create a constitution, debate on whether Germany should be a republic or monarchy

offered Prussia’s Frederick William IV the crown of a united Germany

He rejects the offer because it did not come from princes but from the people.

-German speaking people lived in German states, Prussia and the Austrian Hapsburg Empire

STEPS TOWARD UNITY

A. Otto von Bismarck

B. Strengthening the Army

C. Wars with Denmark and Austria

D. Franco-Prussian War

BISMARCK AND GERMAN UNITY

Second Reich! – they believed they were the heir to the Holy Roman Empire

THE GERMAN EMPIRE

AIM: HOW DID GERMANY INCREASE ITS POWER AFTER UNIFYING IN 1871?

D O N O W : H O W D I D G E R M A N Y B E C O M E U N I F I E D ?

-Blood sacrifices made to unify

-Iron the need to industrialize

-Germany becomes an industrial giant!

“BLOOD AND IRON”

1. Campaign against the Church

2. Campaign against the Socialists

THE IRON CHANCELLOR

-new emperor of Germany

-believes strongly in divine rule

-asks Bismarck to step down

-government provides ‘social welfare’ programs to people

-Germany focuses on becoming a ‘military machine’

KAISER WILLIAM II

AIM: HOW DID INFLUENTIAL LEADERS HELP TO CREATE A UNIFIED ITALY?

DO N O W: S UMMAR IZE THE UN IF ICAT IO N O F GER MAN Y.

ITALIAN UNIFICATION

Story of three menGiuseppe Mazzini—publicist “The Heart”Camillo Cavour—stateman “The Head”Giuseppe Garibaldi—soldier “The Sword”

-Until 1850 Italy was dominated by outsiders

-Austrian Empire and Pope led opposition-Many different visions of a united Italy-Many were apathetic to idea

NATIONALISM

Movement spread by a secret society—Carbonari (coal-burners)

Influenced by French RevolutionLed revolts in 1820 and 1831Giuseppe Mazzini—prophet of Italian NationalismFormed new group called Young ItalyCampaigns for national Italian dialect

Unification comes by military and diplomatic means

Primarily under the leadership of the one state in Italy under Italian control, the Kingdom of Sardinia/Piedmont

COUNT CAMILLO CAVOUR

-Prime Minister of Kingdom of Sardinia under King Victor Emmanuel

-Build Sardinia into modern economically sound state

-Clear objectives for Sardinia- Politics of realityNorthern Italy under Sardinia’s control

Not interested in Southern Italy Too different-poor and agrarian

Establish kingdom as a serious European power Fights in Crimean war Negotiates French support in war with Austria

CREATION OF A UNIFIED NORTHERN ITALY-Prompted by Piedmont’s victory over

Austria, several Italian revolt.

-Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Romagna revolt and vote to join Piedmont.

-By 1869, Italy consists of three region, a northern Italian Kingdom, the Papal States and the Kingdom of Two Sicilies

GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI

Leader of a guerilla movement

Expedition of the Thousand (Red Shirts)Venture south into Sicily to bring about revolution

Quickly overthrow the corrupt government of the Two Sicilies

Cavour now invades the south and “takes” (or is it “unites”?) the prize from Garibaldi.

UNIFICATION

-By 1861, all of Italy except Rome and Venetia are united.

-Leadership under King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia

Venetia will be added in 1866

-Rome seized in 1870.

PROBLEMS AFTER UNIFICATION

Italy—poor w/ large illiterate population

Division between church and state

Economic divisions between the North and South

Localism too strong in many areasDevelopment of local strongmenLittle knowledge of and participation in gov’t

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS?

-Industry and trade were fostered by gov’t — transformismo

-Improved agricultural methods developed

-Gov’t encouraged emigration to US—ease over-population due to high birthrate

-High taxes paid to support growing Army and Navy

AIM: HOW DID DESIRE FOR NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE AMONG ETHNIC GROUPS WEAKEN AND ULTIMATELY DESTROY THE AUSTRIAN AND OTTOMAN EMPIRES?

D O N O W: S U M M A R I Z E U N I F I C AT I O N I N B O T H G E R M A N Y A N D I TA LY BY C O M PA R I N G W H E T H E R N AT I O N A L I S M H A D A P O S I T I V E O R N E G AT I V E E F F E C T R E S P E C T I V E LY O N I TA LY A N D G E R M A N Y A N D W H Y ?

AUSTRIAN EMPIRE Holy Roman Empire shifts to Central Europe:

Austria Emperor Francis-Joseph tried to solve problems,

they were too great for one ruler Problems faced by the empire included:

– The great number of national minorities which were living in the empire

– Over-extension of the empire into areas, such as Italy

– Failure to compete with the growing power of Prussia.

– Absolutist, dynastic and agrarian VS. liberal, nationalistic and industrial

Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary

Defeat by Prussia and losses in Italy cause Austria to decline in influence and power

1867: Ferenc Deak »Austria and Hungary under one monarch»Hungarians recognized the emperor and

accepted common policies for finances & foreign policy.

»Hungary given control of its own affairs and control over its own minorities, make its own laws

»Hungarians (Magyars) dominant over other nationalities in region does not give autonomy to other minorities

*Austria faced many revolts between 1860 & 1914

OTTOMAN EMPIRE - STRETCHED FROM EASTERN EUROPE TO THE BALKANS, TO NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST

A. Balkan Nationalism Erupts – Serbia wins autonomy in 1830, southern Greece in 1830s. (1800s full of revolts for independence)

B. European powers divide up Ottoman Empire – “sick man of Europe”. Quadruple Alliance break it apart.

C. War in the Balkans

Russia v. Ottomans (Crimean War)

Joined by Britain and FranceGermany Encourages them, supported by Austria-Hungary

EXIT SLIP

Write a THESIS STATEMENT (single conclusive sentence):

Do you believe the Hapsburgs or the Ottoman Turks could have built a modern, unified nation from their multinational empires?

AIM: WHY DID INDUSTRIALIZATION AND REFORM COME MORE SLOWLY TO RUSSIA THAN TO WESTERN EUROPE?

DO N O W: T HES IS S TAT EMEN T R EV IEW F R O M L AS T CL AS S

1815: Russian colossus (giant)

-immense natural resources

-global influence due to size

-Europeans disliked Russia:

-autocratic government

-feared its expansion

-Russia remained:

-economically undeveloped

-rigid social structure

-rulers with absolute power

CONDITIONS IN RUSSIA

-Alexander II – 1855 – Crimean War

Russia’s defeated by Ottomans: show’s backwardness (TIME FOR CHANGE)

-1861: issues emancipation of serfs freedom brings problems BUT was a turning point (boosted the drive for further reform)

-Other Reforms: set up local governments (zemstvos), trial by jury, eased censorship, military terms reduced, brutal discipline limited

-Radicals (socialists) demand more reform assassinate Alexander II

-Alexander III responds to father’s assassination by reviving harsh methods of tsars, persecuted Jewish population ex: encouraged pogroms

EMANCIPATION AND STIRRINGS OF REVOLUTION

Finally industrializes under Alexander III & Nicholas II by late 1890s:

-encouraged building of railroads

-secured foreign capital

-political and social problems increased

-Socialists waited at factory gates & handed out ideas of Karl Marx

THE DRIVE TO INDUSTRIALIZE

TURNING POINT: CRISIS AND REVOLUTIONR E VO LU T I O N O F 1 9 0 5Causes:

-low spirits after defeat in 1904 Russo-Japanese War

-poverty and bad working conditions

-corrupt government

-“Bloody Sunday”

Effects:

-the “October Manifesto” – Czar Nicholas II announces reforms and new freedoms

-Nicholas II sets up the Duma, which must approve all laws

-Nicholas II dissoved the first Duma when its leaders criticize the government

-Arrests, pogroms, and executions followed

*By 1914, Russia was still an autocracy, but one simmering with unrest

EXIT SLIP

On Index Card:

How did Nationalism contribute to the start of WWI? (Thesis Statement – SINGLE SENTENCE)