Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

Ch.22

Building a German Nation

Sec. 1

Otto von Bismarck• Who: Prime minister of Prussia • What: King William I made him Prime Minister, he

hoped to bring more power to the Hohenollerns (Prussian kings) by uniting Germ

• When: 1871• Where: Prussia, Germany• Why: used Realpolitik to create a powerful Prussian army –

starts wars w. nearby powers (Austria & France) to solidify Prussian power & bring Germanic ppls together he unites the Germanic states into large empire “2nd Reich” = Germany is largest, most powerful country in Europe

Chancellor

• Who: Otto Von Bismarck• What: the highest official of a monarch• When: 1862• Where: Prussia• Why: King William I made Bismarck Prime

minister = soon became this high official w. all the real leading power

Realpolitik• Who: Otto von Bismarck • What: real politics based on the needs of the state,

“Blood and Iron”• When: 1860s-1870s• Where: Prussia, Germany• Why: in this strategy power was more important than

principles; Bismarck used this policy of “Blood & Iron” (the blood of men in war & build up your industry) to unite G through war & make it into a powerful empire

Annex• Who: Bismarck, Prussians • What: take control of other land• When: 1866• Where: Prussia, north German states• Why: Bismarck dissolved the Austrian-led

German Confederation- went to war w. Austria – Prussia won = took north German states & made a new Prussian-led confederation = kicking Austria out

Kaiser

• Who William I• What: German title for Emperor• When: 1871• Where: Germany• Why: German people b.c of the victory over

France = convince William I to take this title when the German Confederation was united under one central power in the Second Reich (or Empire)

Reich• Who Germans, nationalists • What: German empire• When1871• Where Germany • Why: This united Germany into one central Empire;

Bismarck set up a two-house legislature; Bundesrat (upper house) appointed by rulers, Reichstag (lower house)- elected by universal male suffrage; Bundesrat could veto any decisions of the Reichstag= power remained w. Emperor

Germany Strengthens

Sec. 2

Kulturkampf• Who: Bismarck • What: “Battle for Civilization” between Catholics &

Lutherans• When: 1871-1878• Where: Germany• Why: Bismarck was a Lutheran, 1/3rd of Germany was

Catholic = he distrusted them = wanted them to put loyalty to the state instead of church = passed laws that gave the state the right to supervise Catholics = Catholics united agnst Bismarck = he tried to make peace w. them

William II• Who: German Kaiser, grandson of William I • What: succeeded William I, the 1st Kaiser;

confident ruler who believed his right to rule was from God

• When• Where• Why: (on the next slide..)

Why…

• shocked Europe by asking Bismarck to step down b.c. he wanted the pwr;

• resisted Democratic reforms but provided social welfare programs;

• Built up German military, the greatest in Europe (…WWI…)

• Expanded German navy• His nationalism & aggressive military stance =

increased tensions = WWI

Social Welfare

• Who: William II• What: programs to help certain groups of

people• When: 1888• Where: Germany• Why: William II’s gov’t provided services such as

cheap transportation & electricity; an excellent system of public schools taught students obedience to the Emperor

Unifying Italy

Sec. 3

Camillo Cavour• Who: Italian politician & unifier• What: watned to unify Italy under a monarchy, unified

Northern Italy• When: 1860s• Where: Italy• Why: He reformed Sardinia’s economy- improved agriculture,

built railroads, free trade; Long term goal: end Austrian control in Italy & annex Lombardy & Venetia (provinces near him); provoked war with Austria = independence = unified Northern Italy; joined with Garibaldi= one complete unified Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi• Who: Italian nationalist • What: led “Red shirts” & wanted Italian unification

under a republic, unified Southern Italy• When: 1860s• Where: Italy• Why: led “Red Shirts” (army) in controlling Sicily

then joined Cavour’s forces & united Southern Italy= turned over S. Italy to Emmanuel (in the North) for one complete unified Italy

Anarchist• Who: Socialists, Anarchists• What: people who want to abolish all government• When: late 1800s• Where: Italy• Why: Left wing radicals were struggling agnst the

Conservative govt- eventually Anarchists emerged b.c. they believed the gov’t no longer was a functional system= they turned to sabotage & violence = eventually the govt extended suffrage to more men & improved social conditions

Emigration• Who: Italian peasants • What: to move away from your homeland, people

that leave to live in another country• When: 1900s• Where: Italy to US, Canada, Latin Am• Why: many Italians left & went to Americas

because of the divisions (poor vs rich) & political probs (Lib vs. Conserv.); by 1914, Italy was much better off than 1861 but still had probs

Russia: Reform and Reaction

Sec.5

Colossus

• Who: Russia• What: giant in size• When: 1800s- present• Where: Russia• Why: Russia was giant in size = Europeans

feared her autocratic govt & expansion; but even though Russia had immense natural resources she remained economically undeveloped = there was a need to modernize

Crimean War

• Who: Russians vs. Ottoman Turks• What: a war the broke out after Russia tried to

seize Ottoman Lands along the Danube River • Where: Crimean Peninsula• When: 1855• Why: Britain & France helped Ottomans invade the

Crimean penin; Russia was defeated = revealed Russsia’s backwardness = Russia had only a few miles of RR, military was inefficient = many felt dramatic changes were needed to modernize

Alexander II• Who: Tsar of Russia • What: A tsar who believed in reform and

repression • When: 1855• Where: Russia• Why: (on next slide)

Why:• liberals demanded dramatic changes so he:– In 1861 he emancipated all serfs;– He also set up a system of local gov. Elected assemblies

(zemstovs) ; – discussed road repairs, schools, and agriculture– Legal reforms like trial by jury– Eased censorship– Reduced military service terms– encouraged growth of industry

• Reforms still didn’t please the majority = he became more strict = assassinated 1881

Emancipation• Who: Alexander II, Russian serfs• What: freeing of the serfs• When: 1861• Where: Russia• Why: Alexander II reformed Russia in order to improve it-

this freedom brought probs. = – former serfs had to buy the land they had worked, but were 2

poor; – the land allotted to peasants were 2 small to efficiently support

a family/make a living* Peasants stayed poor = DISCONTENT!

Zemstov

• Who: Alexander II, Russians • What: elected assemblies• When: 1861• Where:Russia• Why: Alexander II reformed Russia by giving a

form of elected gov’t = they were responsible for road repairs, schools, & agriculture= this gave Russians some experience w. self-government at the local level

Alexander III

• Who: Tsar of Russia, son Alexander II• What: revives harsh methods of Nicholas I,

focused more on repression & gets rids of Alex II’s reforms

• Where: Russia • When: 1881-1890s• Why:

Why:

• Increased power of secret police • Restored strict censorship• Exiled critics to Siberia• Russification= suppressed non-Russian

cultures= increased persecution of the Jews• Finally entered the industrial age

Pogrom

• Who: Jewish, Russians • What: violent mob attacks on Jewish people &

their homes• When: 1800-1914• Where: Russia• Why: Under Alex III, persecution increased = Jews not

allowed at universities or in certain professions, forced to live in certain places; gangs beat & killed Jewish people, looted & burned their homes & stores= most Jews fled in large #s to the US

Refugees

• Who: Russian Jews • What: people who flee their homeland to seek

safety elsewhere• When: 1800s-1900s• Where: Russia- US• Why: official persecution of Jews encouraged

pogroms = gangs beating, killing, burning Jews & their homes = many left Russia for safety = large #s went to the US

Nicholas II• Who: Tsar of Russia, son of Alexander III• What: focused on economic development• Where: Russia• When: 1894-1917• Why: (on next slide)

• encouraged industrialization– encouraged building of RR; secured foreign capital to

invest in industry & transportation (Trans-Siberian RR)

• = political & social probs increased- peasants & nobles feared rapid changes & poor working conditions =

• = Revolution of 1905 = tried to please the people w. Duma & changes but still not happy

• = Rev. of 1917 = executed = end to the monarchy in Russia

Duma

• Who: Nicholas II, Russians• What: an elected national legislature• When: 1905• Where: Russia• Why: peasants are angry & revolt in the Rev of

1905 = terrorists target gov’t officials = Nicholas II summons the Duma to appease the ppl saying no law would go into effect w.o their approval

Peter Stolypin• Who: Russian prime minister under Nicholas II • What: Russian prime minister that sought to restore

order after Revolution of 1905• When:1906• Where: Russia• Why: he wanted to reform Russia; wanted to gain

peasant support w. moderate land reforms, strengthened zemstovs & improved education; - reforms too limited for most = was assassinated 1911