Nationalism in Europe What is nationalism and how did it both break up and unify countries in...
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Transcript of Nationalism in Europe What is nationalism and how did it both break up and unify countries in...
Nationalism in Europe What is nationalism and how did it
both break up and unify countries in Europe?
Austria-Hungary
RussiaOttomanEmpire
Germany Italy
Nationalist Thought Three different types of political thought in 1800s Europe:
1) Conservatives - wanted to keep everything the same and allow absolute monarchs to rule (nobles, landowners)2) Liberals – wanted more power for Parliaments and only the educated or landowners vote (middle class, merchants)3) Radicals – favored drastic change, all people should vote & government should follow Enlightenment (poor, workers)
Other people in Europe were also upset that their country was ruled by a foreigner or they weren’t united
People should be loyal to a country not a king People should unite into countries based on their nationality Since many people shared a common culture and history,
the idea of Nationalism emerges Nationalistic Revolutions will breakout in Europe The Congress of Vienna fails to stop nationalist revolutions
Positives – people overcome differences, overthrow imperial rule, democratic governments, competition leads to advance
Negatives – Forced assimilation of minority, extreme nationalism, competition leads to war
Nation-State
CultureCulture – shared way of life
History -History -a common past
Language-Language-shared communication
TerritoryTerritory – land belongs to group
NationalityNationality – shared ethnic ancestry
Religion- shared by most
Nationalism
Nationalism Challenges Conservative Rule Three empires will begin to weaken due to nationalism1) The Austrian Empire ruled by the Hapsburgs The Austrians controlled at least 12 different ethnic groups
1866: Austria loses Seven Weeks War to Prussia. Prussia would gain much of Austria’s northern German States
Revolutions begin to breakout in the empire starting in 1848 (Czechs). Hungary also wants to split from Austria (1866) Emperor Franz Joseph creates two countries but unites them as one kingdom Empire is now called Austria-Hungary.
2)The Ottoman Empire ruled by Muslim Turks The Ottomans controlled Greeks, Arabs, Armenians, and several other Balkan
(Slavic) areas Revolutions breakout in Greece (1827) & the Balkans
3) The Russian Empire ruled by the RomanovsThe Romanovs begin a policy called Russification, which forced Russian culture/language on all other ethnic groups Nationalistic revolution starts in Poland in 1830, Czar Nicholas I tries to expand Russia in Crimean War and losesAlexander II tries to reform Russia but is assassinated, Alexander III strengthens absolutism – more nationalist revolts
Greeks aided by Britain, France, Russia. After losing war, Ottomans are pressured to grant equal citizenship to all
Radicals in France Louis-Philippe(XVIII) returns to power after Napoleonic Wars After 18 years of rule, French people grow tired of a
monarchy (again!) and violence erupts New constitution is created (again!) calling for a president to
share power with the assembly. Monarchy abolished (again!) French people elect a new President named Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon’s nephew) Four years later he takes the title of Emperor Napoleon III People welcome a strong ruler & Napoleon III begins to modernize France and creates jobs
Unification of Italy
In the N. Italian state of Sardinia, King Victor Emmanuel II (liberal) named Camillo di Cavour as his Prime Minister
Cavour wants to unify all Italians. He will convince Napoleon III to help drive Austria out of Northern Italy The combined armies of Cavour & Napoleon III will win & gain all of Northern Italy except for the Venetian Region
Sardinia
King Victor Emmanuel II
Camillo di Cavour
So. Italy- nationalists were led by Giuseppe Garibaldi From Sicily, Garibaldi leads his “red-shirts” against
conservatives in S. Italy & would unite So. Italian Kingdoms King & Cavour meet with Garibaldi. Decide to unite all Italy Victor Emmanuel would be King - Constitutional Monarchy The two remaining states, Venice & the Papal states would join the rest of Italy in 1866 & 1870 The Pope could still control the Vatican but Rome would now become the capital of the Kingdom of Italy
Garibaldi Pope Pius XI
Textbook: Page 260 Ques 1 & 2. Page 261 Ques 1-3
Rome
Unification of Germany Rioters in Berlin, force a liberal constitution for the Kingdom
of Prussia (new King and Parliament) Wilhelm I would become new King of Prussia
Wilhelm appoints a junker (landowner) named Otto von Bismarck to become his Prime Minister Bismarck was a master of “real politik” which means the politics of reality (tough) Bismarck runs the country w/o Parliament’s consent – rule by blood & iron Bismarck’s goal is to expand Prussia’s territory & unite all of the German states
First, Bismarck convinces Austria-Hungary to join him in a war against Denmark
Wilhelm I
Otto von Bismarck
Weak will be
devoured by the strong!
Prussia would then turn against Austria-Hungary and starts the Seven Weeks War
The loss humiliates Austria & gives Prussia N. German states
Second, Prussia would then go to war with France to gain control of southern German states Prussia will win the Franco-Prussian War – humiliation for Napoleon III
Third, Prussia unites all of the new territory into the Second Reich (2nd German Empire)
Wilhelm becomes Kaiser of the German Empire – Bismarck is Prime Minister (Chancellor)
Page 263 – Ques 1 & 2