Unit 4. The secondary sector 1. The secondary sector - Industry is the activity that transforms raw materials into manufactured products. Industry requires raw materials, energy sources (provide the force) and production

factors (employees, capital, machinery, technology…)

-Mining is the process of extracting rocks and minerals from the ground. Mining uses prospecting methods to locate minerals, extraction techniques (open cast mines or subterranean mines) and refining systems

- Energy production transforms energy sources into heat and electricity that allow industrial work to be undertaken - The construction industry creates buildings and infrastructure

2. Raw materials -According to their origin they can be classified as: a) Plant – sourced raw materials: provide by agriculture and forestry. b) Animal – sourced raw materials: provide by livestock farming and the fishing industry c) Geological raw materials: minerals or rocks

- The main producers of raw materials in the world are Canada, Australia, Russia, Brazil, USA, China and South Africa. In addition, Middle Easter countries concentrate a big portion of oil production and the Democratic Republic of the Congo concentrates coltan production (phone batteries)

COLTAN: THE BLOOD MINERAL

• 1) Which minerals are in D.R. Congo?

• 2) Who mines the minerals?

• 3) What happens to the minerals?

• 4) Who profits?

• 5) What is the effect on the country and the people?

• 6) What initiatives have been taken to end the conflict minerals?

• What are conflict minerals? ‘Conflict minerals’ are minerals mined in conditions of armed conflict and human rights abuses, most notably in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, by the Congolese National army and various armed rebel groups.

3. Traditional energy sources. They are the most widely used. This group includes oil (31%), coal (29%) natural gas (21%) and nuclear fission energy (5%). They are all non-renewable. This group also includes hydroelectric energy (2,5%), which is a renewable energy source.

- Oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons found in subterranean deposits. It is a product of the decomposition of animals and plants buried millions of years ago. Natural gas has the same origin and is often associated with it. The main producers of oil and gas are Russia, Saudi Arabia, USA, Iran. Also Canada (oil) and Algeria (gas).

- Oil and gas reserves may run out in 40-70 years. Oil is criticized for its green house emissions. Fracking is a new method to extract gas and oil and it can cause environmental damage.

- Coal is a mineral produced by the the decomposition of plant remains buried underground for millions of years. It is used to produce electricity in power stations.

- Nuclear fission power is obtained from the separation or fission of the atoms of radioactive minerals such as uranium. It is used to produce electricity in nuclear power stations. It is criticized because it can cause nuclear accidents and it produces highly polluting waste.

- Hydroelectric energy. It is obtained from water contained in a dam. It uses the movement of water to produce electricity in a hydroelectric power station.

Energy sources Advantages DIsadvantages Candidate for the future?

Hidro-electric energy

No pollution, cheap, abundant, easy to build

Only available to certain countries

Yes

Nuclear energy

Petroleum

Gas

Coal

Tidal / wave energy

Solar energy

Wind energy

Geothermal

5. The world´s energy. - They main global energy consumers are the most developed countries: USA, Europe and Japan). These countries have 20% of the global population but consume 60% of the world´s energy production.

¿it would be environmentally sustainable if everybody has the level of energy consumption that we have in rich countries?

- Some emerging countries that are undergoing a rapid industrialization, such as China (19%), are also major consumers.

- The European Union has adopted a renewable energy action plan with a target of 20% energy consumption from renewable sources by 2020.

6. Industrial development - Modern industry began in Great Britain with the First Industrial Revolution (1770-1850) and continued during the Second Industrial Revolution (1870 – 1950). Machines (steam engines) were powered by coal during the first industrial revolution and by petrol and electricity during the second.

- During the First Industrial Revolution, industries were located near mining regions. The industrial landscape was marked by factory chimneys, unsanitary housing for workers and railways.

- During the Second Industrial Revolution, there was more flexibility and ports attracted oil refineries, industries and dockyards. Industries that preferred to be near consumers were located on the outskirts of cities.

1 st Industrial Revolution 2 nd Industrial Revolution

Period

Energy Sources

Machines / Inventions

Basic Industries

Transport

Market

Manpower

Countries

1 st Industrial Revolution

2 nd Industrial Revolution

Period

1750 onwards

1870 onwards

Energy Sources

Water power - coal

Electricity - Oil

Machines / Inventions

Steam engine / spinning Jenny Dynamo / Car

Basic Industries

Textile - Steel

Chemical industry – Automobile

Transport

Trains – Steamships Car

Market

Internal European

Manpower

Unskilled, unorganized workers Unskilled and skilled, organized proletariat

Countries

Great Britain Germany, USA , Japan

- Contemporary industry emerged after 1970 thanks to the technological revolution: computer systems, robots, telecommunications (mobile phones, internet…), new energy sources, biotechnology... Manufacturing takes place in small establishments and the different production phases are distributed between them.

7. Contemporary Industry a) Types of industry - According to its size, they can be small (less than 50 workers), medium-size

(between 50 and 250) or large (more than 250).

-According to their position in the production process: - Heavy industry produces semi-finished products (iron and steel industry). - Capital goods industry transforms semi – finished products into equipment needed by other industries or transport and construction. - Consumer goods industry manufactures products directly for consumers.

b) Factors of industrial location - High – tech industries are located in the most developed countries as they require advanced infrastructure and qualified labour. However, it is growing in developing countries such as China and India

- Low – technology industries tend to move to emerging or underdeveloped countries as they take advantage of low – cost labour force.

8. The world´s industrial areas. Main industrial areas in the world are located in: a) Historical industrial regions (high tech and traditional) - USA: the east and west coast, the great lakes region and the Gulf of Mexico (Texas). - Japan - Western Europe. - South of Australia

b) BRICS (high tech and traditional) - West Russia - Pacific China - Brazilian coast - India - South Africa

c) Other emerging areas (mostly traditional) America: - Central Mexico - Buenos Aires (Argentina) Africa: Nigeria, Egypt Asia: - Turkey. - Southeastern countries: Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Philippines… - South Korea (high tech and traditional)