Twitter as a data source for (socio)linguistic research

Cornelius PuschmannBerlin School of Library and Information Science /

Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society

Universität Freiburg, 29. November

2. A very brief introduction to Twitter

1. Framing the issue: Big Data in the Humanities and Social Sciences

3. Technical requirements

4. Legal and ethical issues

5. Sample data: a corpus of Nigerian pidgin

This talk

"Big Data"

The proliferation of social media makes large volumes of data available to researchers, leading to new approaches:

• digital methods (Rogers, 2009)

• cultural analytics (Manovich, 2007)

• computational social science (Lazer et al, 2009)

Examples of "Big Data"-style research

• artistic trends in online art communities (Manovich, 2011)

• cooperation and collaboration in Wikipedia edit wars (Yasseri, 2012)

• tracing the geographical spread of neologisms via Twitter (Eisenstein et al, 2012; 44 mio tweets, 500k users)

Features of Twitter

• messages restricted to 140 characters

• semi-synchronous

• mostly public

• content presented as stream

• used to spread news, have (semi-)public conversations

• native features: retweeting, hashtags, @ messages, picture linking

Application Programming Interface (API)

HTTP request

return all data from a given user/hashtag/geolocation/...

Data*

Extracting Twitter data

Software

Collection:

• The Archivist (Windows desktop software)

• yourTwapperKeeper (webserver required)

• 140kit.com (web-based plaform for researchers)

Analysis:

• Excel, Open Office Calc, SPSS, R, Google Docs..

Visualization:

• (Excel, OO Calc, R), Gephi, NodeXL

Legal and ethics issues

• Consider ethical issues when collecting(cf. AoIR Ethics Guidelines)

• Anonymize all data(cf. European Data Protection Directive)

• Don‘t share raw data(cf. Twitter Terms of Service)

• Publish only excerpts/summary statistics

Example: A Twitter corpus of Nigerian pidgin

• collected data since August 17th

• used tweets from and to three users based in Abuja, Nigeria

• 8,151 tweets from 357 different users

• corpus contains both language data and social graph

wiztalib@USER: @wiztalib lolz,make I do leave dat town jor..BM no dey exist again u think so,I miss oooooRT @USER: Som pple ask me, whr av bin l8ly, de tot I fell off, nobody can save me, de playn in d backgrnd, I don't backdwn, so dnt ...

albertteslim@USER d same tin we'v bin hearin...'xamz till further notice'...@USER mai fada nd mai moda

lil_tenucheLMFAO @USER: @lil_tenuche I wan enter keffi 2day sef... I wan write my exams dia since unibuja dey dull meRT @USER: Retweet If you are proud of ur language ☺

Sample tweets

@USER guy u be fool o.dey use my acct tweet rubish ba....ur brain dy shake abi@USER: @USER abi,hw is lifefyn sweet ow jtownAbi@USER: Wish her well bruv....RT @USER: A wish?@USER: Watch out ppl! Goin to be performing wit Wizzy tonyt :DIf you don't know won't you shut up?abi are u a learner@USER loool....abi, when u dey commot that side?U wey knw@USER: Hmmmm!!! D usual abi?@USER: This night.....Lol...abi@USER: Take cover!! RT @USER: Watchu gon' do when shit hits the fan?Lol...just missing u@USER: *raised eyebrow* kabir?? One can now follow twice? Abi what? RT @USER: @USER pls ff bck dear :DI wish o@USER: Kissed u n neva called?@USER: Do u knw wat he did?@USER: Abi...@USER: Oya frgive jorAbi...@USER: Oya frgive jor@USER: @USER I'm really angryLol...abi@USER: Na Ideba tinz oh@USER: Ileya ti ya oLol abi@USER: A 100% is much,at least 50% will do.@USER: Never trust a human being 100%Hmmm okies@USER: Not really @USER: I see u've joined #TeamNoSleep abi @USERI see u've joined #TeamNoSleep abi @USERLoool@USER: Tweetpic my boobs abi? U wee tey for thereAbi@USER: 3 jst in one nyte. Wow dats splendid.RT @USER: @USER yaaaaaaaay...pls ff @USER ...she's our bday mateAbi...@USER: @USER saying nothing, and wishing you had?Abi@USER: I can't dull myslf gaskiyaHmmm dats true o! Lemme see ur hand sef@USER: @USER lol...why dnt u believe me, abi u see ring 4 my hand?Yes o! :D@USER: U abi?@USER: Okene ben 10@USER: @USER abi,hw is lifefyn sweet ow jtown@USER abi,hw is lifeAbi..RT @USER: @USER its dirty!!!U ̶̲̥̅̊ dnt knw abi RT @USER: @USER but y?

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conversational network between three users

Summary

• Twitter can be used to collect language data from a variety of sources

• Combination of linguistic, demographic and interactional data enables new forms of research

• technical challenges must be overcome

• legal/ethical issues should be carefully considered from the onset

Thank you for your attention!