Topics for Today Pollution, Pollution! (Gaseous Pollutants)

Topics for TodayTopics for Today

Pollution, Pollution!Pollution, Pollution!(Gaseous Pollutants)(Gaseous Pollutants)

Readings for TodayReadings for Today

Section 1.10 Burning Hydrocarbons!

Section 1.11 The parts about SO2 and NOx

Section 1.12Tropospheric Ozone, O3

Section 2.1 Ozone: Where is it?

Topics for FridayTopics for Friday

EXAM 1!

Topics for MondayTopics for Monday

Finish up any gaseous air Finish up any gaseous air pollutants we don’t get to todaypollutants we don’t get to today

Particulate Matter!Particulate Matter!

Assignment #2 is posted!!Assignment #2 is posted!!

Due date = Friday, Feb 23

by the beginning of

lectureI will demonstrate

in class on Monday

Readings for MondayReadings for Monday

Same as today!Same as today!

PLUS, Sections 6.7 through 6.9PLUS, Sections 6.7 through 6.9– SOSOxx and NO and NOx x and acid rain.and acid rain.

Readings for MondayReadings for Monday

Same as today!Same as today!

PLUS, Sections 6.7 through 6.9PLUS, Sections 6.7 through 6.9– SOSOxx and NO and NOx x and acid rain.and acid rain.

What is PM?See page 11

How is it formed?1.11, for example..

Topics for TodayTopics for Today

Pollution, Pollution!Pollution, Pollution!(Gaseous Pollutants)

From Monday From Monday

All combustion reactions produce COAll combustion reactions produce CO22!!

Respiration produces CORespiration produces CO22!!

How else is CO2 produced?


3. (Acid) Rain3. (Acid) Rain


Acid RainAcid Rain– Nitric Acid, HNONitric Acid, HNO33

H+ NO3-


Acid RainAcid Rain– Nitric Acid, HNONitric Acid, HNO33

H+ NO3-

Limestone or marble is partly made of calcium carbonate.

CaCO3

Ca2+ CO3 2-

Reminder!!!Reminder!!!

Review your (Review your (pinkpink) ions worksheet!!) ions worksheet!!

Acid RainAcid Rain

HNO3 + CaCO3 Ca(NO3)2 + H2CO3

Where is the CO2??

H2CO3 H2O + CO2

Acid RainAcid Rain

HNO3 + CaCO3 Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2

Acid RainAcid Rain

HNO3 + CaCO3 Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2

By the way… chemical or

nuclear reaction?

3 ways that CO3 ways that CO2 2 gets into the gets into the

atmosphereatmosphere1.1. Burning things (Combustion)Burning things (Combustion)

2.2. RespirationRespiration

3.3. Acid-Salt ReactionsAcid-Salt Reactions

3 ways that CO3 ways that CO2 2 gets into the gets into the

atmosphereatmosphere1.1. Burning thingsBurning things

2.2. RespirationRespiration

3.3. Acid-Salt ReactionsAcid-Salt Reactions

Is CO2 considered a pollutant?

Criteria PollutantsCriteria Pollutants

Defined by the EPADefined by the EPA– COCO

– SOSO22

– NONOxx

– PM2.5 and PM10PM2.5 and PM10

– OO33 (ozone) (ozone)

– leadlead



– SOSO22

– NONOxx


– OO33

– leadleadLead is not very interesting anymore…



– SOSO22

– NONOxx


– OO33

Carbon Monoxide Carbon Dioxide

O=C=OC O

A colorless, odorless, tasteless gas

Carbon Monoxide, CO

C O

A colorless, odorless, tasteless gas

Carbon Monoxide, CO

C O

Where does CO come

from?

These are nationwide averages

These are nationwide averages

Why is this

somewhat misleading

?

What are the health effects

of CO?


of CO?

CO takes the place of O2 in your blood

versus


of CO?

CO takes the place of O2 in your blood

This reduces the amount of oxygen available to your brain, heart, and other bodily tissue.

versus

Recommended LevelsRecommended Levels

8-hour exposure = 9 ppm8-hour exposure = 9 ppm





What percent is 35 ppm?




What percent is 35 ppm?

35 ppm = 0.0035%

Typical CO levelsTypical CO levels

Global Background

About 0.2 ppm

Urban Background

About 5-10 ppm

Heavy Traffic

Up to 100 ppm

Catalytic ConverterCatalytic Converter

COCOCO

CO2CO2

CO2

Catalytic ConverterCatalytic Converter

COCOCO

CO2CO2

CO2

Where does the CO come

from then?

““Pounders”Pounders”

One of these emitters can account for about 500-1,000 cars in “normal” condition

How much CO is in cigarette smoke?

About 2500 ppm!

1,600 ppm: Headache, dizziness, and nausea within 20 minutes. Death in less than two hours.

3,200 ppm: Headache, dizziness and nausea in five to ten minutes. Death within 30 minutes.

How is CO produced in

nature?

Decomposition of Chlorophyll


nature?

Incomplete combustion


nature?

How is CO produced by

people?

Incomplete combustion

How is CO produced by

people?

Incomplete combustion:Incomplete combustion: Occurs when Occurs when there isn’t enough Othere isn’t enough O22 around to completely around to completely

convert the C in the fuel to COconvert the C in the fuel to CO22

ReviewReview

+

O2+C CO2

This is the COMPLETE combustion of carbon!

+

O2+C CO

Incomplete Combustion of Carbon

+ ½

½ O2+C CO


+

O2 +2C 2CO

2 2


C + O2 CO2

C + ½ O2 CO

Complete Combustion

Incomplete Combustion

More CO in oxygen depleted environments!

Was there any CO formed when we

burned the splint in pure

O2?

ReviewReview

Complete combustion of methaneComplete combustion of methane

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

Let’s write the equation for the Let’s write the equation for the incomplete incomplete combustion combustion of methane, CHof methane, CH44..

How do we start??


CH4 + O2 CO + H2O

Balance

!


CH4 + 3/2O2 CO + 2H2O

Balance

!

If you don’t like fractions, then

multiply through by 2!


2CH4 + 3O2 2CO + 4H2O

Your turn! Write the reaction for the Your turn! Write the reaction for the incomplete combustion incomplete combustion propane, Cpropane, C33HH88……

Balance the C and

H first!


C3H8 + O2 CO + H2O


C3H8 + 7/2O2 3CO + 4H2O

OR

2C3H8 + 7O2 6CO + 8H2O



– SOSO22

– NONOxx


– OO33

A colorless and choking gas

Sulfur Dioxide, SO2

EXTREMELY soluble in water!!

Why is it a “choking”

gas?

What are the sources of

SO2?

How is SO2

produced in nature?

Volcanoes!

How do people

produce SO2?

How do people

produce SO2?

Mainly from burning fossil fuels. . . Especially coal!

Sulfur is about 1.7% of coal.

The US burned 1,125,000,000 TONS of coal

in 2005

That’s 19,000,000

TONS of sulfur released from the burning of

coal.

+

O2+C CO2

Coal is mostly carbon…

How about the combustion of

sulfur?

CombustionCombustion

+

O2+S SO2

CombustionCombustion

+

O2+S SO2

DEMO!!

= oxygen (O2)

= nitrogen (N2)

What does the SO2 do in the

air?

= Other

Reacts further …Reacts further …

2 SO2 SO22 + O + O2 2 2 SO 2 SO33

21% O21% O22


Sulfur Trioxide, SO3


Reacts further …Reacts further …

2 SO2 SO22 + O + O2 2 2 SO 2 SO33

21% O21% O22SO?




gas?

SO3 and SO2 react

with water!

SO2 + H2O H2SO3

SO3 + H2O H2SO4

SO2 + H2O H2SO3

SO3 + H2O H2SO4

Sulfurous Acid

Sulfuric Acid

SO2 + H2O H2SO3

SO3 + H2O H2SO4

Sulfurous Acid

Sulfuric Acid

2H+ SO42-

Hydrogen Ion Sulfate Ion

SO2 + H2O H2SO3

SO3 + H2O H2SO4

Both are components of acid rain!

Acid RainAcid Rain

H+

SO42-

H+H+

SO32-

H+

H+

SO32-

H+

H+

SO32-

H+

H+

SO42-

H+

H+

SO32-

H+

H+

SO42-

H+

H+

SO42-

H+

H+

SO32-

H+

Do N2 or O2

wash out in the rain?

Do N2 or O2 wash out in

the rain?

Let’s hope not!

OO22 + H + H22OO

NN22 + H + H22OO



– SOSO22

– NONOxx


– OO33

NOx =NOx =

NONO NONO2 2

nitrogen monoxidenitrogen monoxide nitrogen dioxide nitrogen dioxide

X = 1 X = 2


Nitrogen Monoxide (nitric oxide), NO

Poisonous Gas

Irritates lungs

Highly reactive!

Making NOMaking NO

N2 + O2 2NOHigh Temperature!

How is NO

produced in nature?

How is NO

produced in nature?

Anywhere in the atmosphere you find HIGH

TEMPERATURES!!

How is NO

produced by people?

How is NO

produced by people?

Anywhere in the atmosphere you find HIGH

TEMPERATURES!!

Why do motor vehicles

account for more than ½ of

the NO emissions?

How is NO2 produced naturally?

How is NO2 produced naturally?

From NO!

2NO + O2NO + O22 2NO 2NO22

Demo!!

++

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