Topic Four by Dr. Ong Tze San [email protected]

7
Topic Four by Dr. Ong Tze San [email protected] Cost-Volume-Profit Relationships

description

Cost-Volume-Profit Relationships. Topic Four by Dr. Ong Tze San [email protected]. Break-even point (400 units or $200,000 in sales). CVP Graph. Profit Area. Dollars. Loss Area. Units. Contribution Margin Ratio. Contribution margin = sales –variable costs - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Topic Four by Dr. Ong Tze San [email protected]

Page 1: Topic Four by Dr. Ong Tze San tzesan@econ.upm.my

Topic Fourby Dr. Ong Tze San

[email protected]

Cost-Volume-Profit Relationships

Page 2: Topic Four by Dr. Ong Tze San tzesan@econ.upm.my

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin

CVP GraphD

olla

rs

Units

Break-even pointBreak-even point(400 units or $200,000 in sales)(400 units or $200,000 in sales)

Break-even pointBreak-even point(400 units or $200,000 in sales)(400 units or $200,000 in sales)

Profit Area

Loss Area

Page 3: Topic Four by Dr. Ong Tze San tzesan@econ.upm.my

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Contribution Margin Ratio

• Contribution margin = sales –variable costs

• CM ratio = Total CM / Total sales

• Or, in terms of units, the contribution margin ratio is = unit CM/ unit selling pricesales

Page 4: Topic Four by Dr. Ong Tze San tzesan@econ.upm.my

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Break-Even Analysis

Break-even analysis can be approached in two ways:

1. Equation method

2. Contribution margin method

Page 5: Topic Four by Dr. Ong Tze San tzesan@econ.upm.my

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Equation Method

Profits = (Sales – Variable expenses) – Fixed expenses

Sales = Variable expenses + Fixed expenses + Profits

OR

At the break-even point At the break-even point profits equal zeroprofits equal zero

Page 6: Topic Four by Dr. Ong Tze San tzesan@econ.upm.my

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Contribution Margin Method

The contribution margin method has two key equations.

Fixed expensesUnit contribution margin

=Break-even point

in units sold

Fixed expenses CM ratio

=Break-even point intotal sales dollars

Page 7: Topic Four by Dr. Ong Tze San tzesan@econ.upm.my

Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Key Assumptions of CVP Analysis

Selling price is constant.Costs are linear.In manufacturing companies,

inventories do not change (units produced = units sold).