This technique is never a “slam dunk” the way that the surgeons … · 2012. 11. 8. · This...

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This technique is never a “slam dunk” the way that the surgeons and nurses think it should be. Remember, “the ideal anesthesiologist is expected to take no time and to use no space in doing what is necessary for the patient.” Unfortunately doing a fiberoptic intubation that is low stress for the patient, TAKES TIME. Try to remember that what we do is about the patient . Do not be rushed into beginning the fiberoptic bronchoscopy before the patient is adequately topicalized. So, start as early as is possible (THIS IS KEY) with topicalization and try not to bring the patient into the operating room before topicalization is complete (unless there is a risk of losing the airway). Once in the operating room, the surgeons and nurses will pace, sigh, roll their eyes, whisper amongst themselves and expect you to “slam dunk” the patient. Awake fiberoptic intubation is never a slam dunk. Disclaimer: There are many ways to do anesthesia. This is my way. Please do not share the way that I do things with other attendings and please (for your own safety) never ever tell another attending “this is the way Dr. Lambert likes to do it.” See also, http://anestit.unipa.it/gta/Fiberoptic_Intubation.html

Transcript of This technique is never a “slam dunk” the way that the surgeons … · 2012. 11. 8. · This...

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This technique is never a “slam dunk” the way that the surgeons and nurses think it should be.  Remember, “the ideal anesthesiologist is expected to take no time and to use no space in doing what is necessary for the patient.”  Unfortunately doing a fiberoptic intubation that is low stress for the patient, TAKES TIME.  Try to remember that what we do is about the patient.  Do not be rushed into beginning the fiberoptic bronchoscopy before the patient is adequately topicalized.  So, start as early as is possible (THIS IS KEY) with topicalization and try not to bring the patient into the operating room before topicalization is complete (unless there is a risk of losing the airway).  Once in the operating room, the surgeons and nurses will pace, sigh, roll their eyes, whisper amongst themselves and expect you to “slam dunk” the patient.  Awake fiberoptic intubation is never a slam dunk. 

Disclaimer:  There are many ways to do anesthesia.  This is my way.  Please do not share the way that I do things with other attendings and please (for your own safety) never ever tell another attending “this is the way Dr. Lambert likes to do it.” 

See also,  http://anestit.unipa.it/gta/Fiberoptic_Intubation.html 

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Up to this point nothing that we’ve done to the patient has been painful or anxiety provoking, so drugs have been unnecessary.  However, from here on, small amounts of midazolam and fentanyl (in incriments and as required) will reduce the discomfort and hemodynamic changes associated with topical anesthesia of the airway and airway instrumentation.  The goal of sedation is to produce a cooperative patient, not an apneic patient! 

 

I use the curved tubing (right), to inject deep into the pharynx near the tonsil pillars, with 4% lidocaine.  I use one ml at a time, alternating left and right.  I tell the patient to swish it around in their mouth for as long as they can and then 

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swallow it.  I use this curved tubing to also numb the turbinates and the nose.  Limit the 4% lidocaine to 5‐6 mls. 

 

I use this atomizer to finish topicalizing the oropharynx by spraying liberally.  I use it also to test for adequacy of topicalization.  I stick the tip gently but way back into the pharynx in a deliberate attempt to gag the patient.  If the patient doesn’t gag then topicalization is adequate.  If the patient gags, I continue spraying until the gag disappears. 

I use this also to topicalize the nares and the turbinates if it is going to be a nasal intubation.  I don’t push it way back into the nose but as deeply as the patient will tolerate without discomfort and I spray liberally. 

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This is one of the mouth gags that the endoscopists use.  It is good to keep the patient from biting the bronchoscope.  I have recently found these on the difficult airway cart and I like them. 

 

This airway is named after Dr. Ovassapian.  It is also used to keep the patient from biting on the bronchoscope.  It is designed to keep the ETT and the bronchoscope in the midline and direct them to the trachea, facilitating finding the larynx with the bronchoscope. 

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Preparing the bronchoscope. 

 

 

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The stopcock is important because in the heat of the battle (doing the bronchoscopy) you will be depressing the suction valve frequently.  Without the stopcock turned off to the injection port, depressing the suction valve will suck all of the lidocaine from the syringe.  Additionally, unless the injection port is block somehow, the suction will NOT work because air will enter the pharynx through the injection port and this air will be suctioned instead of the pharyngeal secretions. 

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Lubricating the bronchoscope is useful to keep the scope from sticking inside the ETT.  The best lubricant is silicone spray. 

 

Caution, if you use this spray do not get it on the floor.  It will make the floor dangerously slippery and it is very difficult to remove from the floor afterwards.  When I apply it to the bronchoscope, I put a paper towel or 4 X 4 in my left hand.  I then cradle the bronchoscope (suspended from the its holder on the tower) in the paper towel or the 4 X 4.  I then spray the bronchoscope with my right hand.  The excess silicone spray ends up in the paper towel or 4 X 4 and not on the floor.   If you get silicone on the floor, someone will slip and fall and injure themselves.  Please be careful with this spray.  Also, please return it to me.  My personal silicone spray has a nasty habit of disappearing into black holes. 

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Do not use Surgilube or similar products to lubricate the scope.  They dry quickly and that makes the bronchoscope even stickier. 

 

We are now ready to start the actual bronchoscopy.  What about sedation/analgesia.  As I stated earlier, the goal of sedation is to produce a cooperative patient, not an apneic patient. Sedation should be administered incrementally, and titrated to drowsiness or slurred speech. Drugs that may be used include fentanyl, midazolam, and propofol (maybe small doses of ketamine). These are the only drugs I like to use. Each drug has advantages and disadvantages. 

Fentanyl or other narcotics reduce the discomfort and hemodynamic changes associated with topical anesthesia of the airway, nerve blocks, and airway instrumentation. Narcotics also decrease respiratory drive and may cause hypercarbia and apnea. This effect can be reversed with small, incremental doses of naloxone. However, hypoventilation is best avoided by incremental titration of sedatives and narcotics, and waiting for the full effect before giving the next dose (it is so hard to wait when everyone in the room is thinking to themselves, “why is this taking so long?”). 

I personally do NOT like infusions of any kind.  They are distracting, hard to control, and often continue to run, when they get forgotten during the intubation attempt. 

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Don’t forget to give lidocaine IV before injecting propofol.  Once the bronchoscope is in the trachea and you are certain you can intubate the trachea a induction dose of propofol is administered as a bolus and general anesthesia instituted.