This lab will identify the selected endocrine glands ...

WCJC Biology 2402 Rev 082715 PAGE 1

Biology 2402 The Endocrine System

Purpose: This lab will identify the selected endocrine glands (indicated by *). Gland Hormone Function *HYPOTHALAMUS Releasing hormones Control ant. pituitary

*PITUITARY GLAND

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH

Controls 3 adrenal cortex hormones

Human Growth hormone hGH

Anabolic hormone targets bones, muscles, liver & other tissues

Prolactin

Initiates milk secretion

Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH

Controls the thyroid gland

Follicle stimulating hormone FSH

Stimulates ovarian follicle maturation & estrogen production. Sperm production in males

Adenohypophysis – (6)

Luteinizing hormone LH

Females- triggers ovulation Males- Promotes testosterone production

OT- Oxytocin

uterine contraction, milk ejection

Neurohypophysis (2)

ADH – Antidiuretic hormone

Conserves water thus it, concentrates the urine

*PINEAL GLAND Melatonin

Circadian rhythm & Induces sleep


*THYROID GLAND (model & slide) (2) Follicular cells

T3+T4 Thyroxine

Basal Metabolic rate

Parafollicular cells CT- Calcitonin

Lowers blood calcium levels

PARATHYROID GLAND PTH – Parathyroid hormone

Raises blood calcium levels

Insulin

Lowers blood glucose levels

*PANCREAS (model & slide) (2) Islets of Langerhans

Glucagon

Raises blood glucose levels

*ADRENAL GLANDS: Aldosterone

Retains Na and water. Raises BP

Glucocorticoids

Depresses inflammatory and immune responses

Adrenal cortex (3 )

Androgens

Source of sex hormones in pre and post reproductive years

Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine Prolongs fight or flight response

*TESTES (slide and model) Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)

Testosterone

Anabolic hormone- builds bones, muscles, RBCs, speeds sperm production

*OVARIES (slide & model) (2) Graafian follicle Estrogens

Maintains reproductive organs and breasts. And many more functions

Corpus luteum Progesterone

Maintains the endometrial lining


Biology 2402 The Cardiovascular System - Heart

Purpose: This lab will identify the structures of the human heart and the histology of cardiac muscle. I. Orientation

A. Discuss lab syllabus and schedule B. Discuss expectations and testing procedures

II. Microscopic Anatomy of Cardiac Muscle

A. Identify cardiac muscle tissue (model and slide)

B. Identify structures found in cardiac muscle

tissue (model and slide) III. Gross Anatomy of the Human Heart A. Identify the layers of the heart wall (models) B. Identify the structures of the human heart (models) C. Identify the major arteries of the heart (models) D. Identify the structures of the cardiac conduction

system In addition to the general goals above, specific anatomical structures that the student must be able to identify are listed below. A few select structures may be added to the list at the discretion of the instructor.

The Cardiovascular System: Heart


Description PageCARDIAC MUSCLE HISTOLOGY (slide and/or model) 22intercalated discsstriationsbranched cardiac cellsnucleus

HEART ANATOMYmediastinum --base 102apex 99

Layers of the Heart Wall: 99epicardium (visceral pericardium) myocardiumendocardium

Chambers and Associated Structures: 99-103right atriumright ventricleleft atriumleft ventricletrabeculae carneaeinterventricular septuminteratrial septum

Heart Valves and Associated Structures: 99A. atrioventricular (AV) valves 1. tricuspid valve 2. biscuspid/mitral valveB. semilunar valves 1. pulmonary valve 2. aortic valveAV valve structures:chordae tendineaepapillary muscles

The Cardiovascular System: Heart


Description PageBlood Vessels Entering the Right Atrium: 99-103superior vena cavainferior vena cavacoronary sinus

Blood Vessels Exiting the Right Ventricle to Enter the Lungs: 99-102pulmonary trunk -right pulmonary artery -left pulmonary artery

Blood Vessels Entering the Left Atrium From the Lungs: 99-102right and left pumonary veins (4)

Blood Vessels Exiting the Left Ventricle: 99-102asending aorta -origin of right coronary artery -origin of left coronary arteryaortic arch

Fetal Remnants: 99, 102ligamentum arteriosumfossa ovalis

Coronary Circulation: 99-101A. right coronary artery (RCA) 1. marginal artery 2. posterior interventricular arteryB. left coronary artery (LCA) 1. anterior interventricular artery 2. circumflex artery

Intrinsic Cardiac Conduction System: 103sinoatrial (SA) nodeatrioventricular (AV) nodeatrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)right bundle branchleft bundle branchPurkinje fibers


Biology 2402 The Cardiovascular System - Heart Dissection

Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to dissect a mammalian heart and review important anatomical structures.

Heart Dissection (p. 102)

A. Identify major blood vessels

B. Dissect and identify the major structures of a mammalian heart

List of structures that should be identified depending on the condition of the heart:

Structure Comments superior vena cava inferior vena cava pulmonary trunk pulmonary vein(s) aorta coronary sinus right atrium left atrium right ventricle left ventricle aortic semilunar valve pulmonary semilunar valve interventricular septum tricuspid valve bicuspid valve chordae tendineae papillary muscles trabeculae carneae


Biology 2402 Cardiovascular Physiology: EKG and Blood Pressure

Purpose: This lab will cover many aspects of cardiovascular physiology including: 1) collection and analysis of an EKG, 2) using the scientific method to assess the effect of exercise on EKG, and 3) measurement of blood pressure.

I. Electrocardiography (EKG or ECG) Lab Activity (also see lab copy)

A. Describe sequence of electrical conductivity of the heart B. Use the Spark SLS to collect an EKG:

1. Associate the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave of an EKG with electrical events that occur in the heart

2. Compare EKG results collected after both rest and exercise using the

scientific method.

II. Blood Pressure

A. Identify the instruments used to measure blood pressure use sphygmomanometer and stethoscope

sounds heard through stethoscope are sounds of Korotkoff B. Define the following terms: blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, diastolic

blood pressure, and pulse pressure

blood pressure-force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by its blood

blood pressure is measured in mmHg systolic blood pressure - pressure in arteries at peak of ventricular

ejection diastolic blood pressure - pressure during ventricular relaxation

example of normal healthy blood pressure: 110 <--- systolic 80 <--- diastolic

C. Understand and use proper procedure for measuring blood pressure

1) Clean earpieces w/ alcohol and let dry 2) Make sure all air is out of cuff 3) Place cuff on arm just above elbow; place stethoscope over brachial

artery 4) Close valve on bulb; pump bulb to increase pressure in cuff - up to 160

mmHg (presumably over systolic blood pressure so that the brachial artery will be closed)

5) Open valve slightly to release air --> cuff pressure decreases 6) Listen for first tapping sound. Record as systolic blood pressure. 7) Continue to listen until sound disappears. Record as diastolic pressure.


Biology 2402 The Cardiovascular System (Blood Vessels) and the Lymphatic System

Purpose: The major goals of this lab are to describe the microscopic anatomy of a blood vessel and identify selected arteries and veins in the human body. In addition, selected structures of the lymphatic system will be identified. I. Blood Vessels

A. Identify the three blood vessel layers (tunics) on an artery model

B. Identify selected systemic arteries and veins C. Identify the structures of a neurovascular bundle II. Other Circulations

A. Identify vessels of the pulmonary circulation

B. Identify selected vessels that supply the brain III. Structures of the Lymphatic System

A. Identify the spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels

In addition to the general goals above, specific anatomical structures that the student must be able to identify are listed below. A few select structures may be added to the list at the discretion of the instructor.

The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels


Description PageBLOOD VESSEL HISTOLOGY 111tunica intima/internatunica mediatunica externa/adventitia)

neurovascular bundle -nerve -artery -vein

MAJOR SYSTEMIC ARTERIESI. Branches of the Aorta: 99, 113, 114 A. ascending aorta B. aortic arch 1. brachiocephalic trunk 2. left common carotid artery 3. left subclavian artery C. thoracic aorta D. abdominal aortaintercostal arteries

II. Arteries to the Head and Neckcommon carotid artery A. internal carotid artery B. external carotid arteryvertebral artery

III. Artery Supply to Upper Limbs: 113subclavian arteryaxillary arterybrachial arteryradial arteryulnar arterypalmar archesdigital arteries

IV. Arteries of the Abdomen 114-115celiac trunk A. left gastric artery B. common hepatic artery C. splenic arterysuperior mesenteric arteryrenal arterygonadal artery: -ovarian artery (in female) -testicular artery (in male)inferior mesenteric artery

The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels


Description Page

V. Arteries of the Pelvis: 115-116common iliac artery -external iliac artery -internal iliac artery

VI. Arteries of the Lower Limb: 116femoral arterypopliteal arteryposterior tibial arteryanterior tibial arteryfibular arteryplantar archdorsalis pedis arterydigital arteries

MAJOR SYSTEMIC VEINS 116-117superior vena cavainferior vena cavainternal jugular veinexternal jugular veinsubclavian veinbrachiocephalic vein (right and left)cephalic veinbasilic veinmedian cubital veingreater saphenous vein

SPECIAL CIRCULATIONSI. Pulmonary Circulation: 118pulmonary trunkpulmonary arteriespulmonary veins

II. Arterial Supply of the Brain: 112vertebral arterybasilar arterycerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)internal carotid arteryanterior cerebral arterymiddle cerebral arteryposterior cerebral artery

LYMPHATIC SYSTEMspleenlymph nodelymphatic vessels


Biology 2402 The Cardiovascular System (Blood) and the Immune System

Purpose: This lab will 1) identify the formed elements of blood and their general functions, 2) demonstrate the interrelationship of the immune system and cardiovascular system, 3) demonstrate the procedure of blood typing, and 4) interpret the results of blood typing. I. Blood Cells

A. Identify and discuss general functions of red blood cells (erythrocytes) and platelets (slides and models)

B. Identify the different types of white blood cells (leukocytes) and classify

as a granulocyte or agranulocyte (slides and models) and their general function in immunity.

C. Recognize relationship between plasma, blood

cells, and total blood volume D. Discuss lab procedure for determining hematocrit

and hemoglobin. E. Define anemia and polycythemia in terms of hematocrit

II. Blood Typing

A. Discuss classification of blood type. determined by presence or absence of specific antigens

(agglutinogens) on the surface of red blood cells 3 antigens are particularly important (antigen A, antigen B, antigen

D) the presence or absence of antigen A or B determines whether

a blood type is A, B, AB, or O the presence of antigen D indicates a blood type that is Rh

positive (Rh+) and the absence of antigen D indicates a blood type that is Rh negative (Rh-)

B. Perform the procedure for typing blood (artificial blood and 3-well plate

will be used) plasma contains antibodies (agglutinins) that will attack the

antigens on red blood cells that are “foreign” when antibodies attack it leads to clumping or agglutination of

cells and may lead to hemolysis (lysing of red blood cells)


this is a cross-reaction and an example of what could occur if donor and recipient blood types do not match

typing of blood involves exposure of sample blood to antibodies if a reaction (clumping and agglutination) occurs, then that indicates

that the antigen is present.

B. Interpret the results.

Rxn=agglutination, No Rxn=no reaction Draw a picture in each box showing the result. Write down the blood type of each.

Sample Anti-A antibody Anti-B antibody Anti-D antibody Blood Type James Rxn No Rxn Rxn

Susan Rxn No Rxn No Rxn

Alicia No Rxn Rxn Rxn

John No Rxn Rxn No Rxn

Kate Rxn Rxn Rxn

Mike Rxn Rxn No Rxn

Ann No Rxn No Rxn Rxn

Liz No Rxn No Rxn No Rxn


Blood


Description Page

Formed Elements: 121-123I. erythrocytes (red blood cells)II. leukocytes (white blood cells) A. granulocytes 1. neutrophil 2. eosinophil 3. basophil B. agranuloctyes 1. lymphocyte 2. monocyteIII. platelets


Biology 2402 The Respiratory System

Purpose: This lab will 1) identify the structures of the respiratory system, 2) identify associated lymphatic tissues, and 3) measure pulmonary function using spirometery. I. Anatomy of the Respiratory System

A. Identify the respiratory structures and associated lymphatic tissues of the head, throat and thoracic cavity (models)

B. Observe the histology of a healthy lung and a diseased lung (slides)

II. Spirometry

A. Define tidal volume (TV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), vital capacity (VC).

B. Recognize normal values of variables of pulmonary function tests C. Measure pulmonary volumes and capacities using a wet spirometer

and/or Spark SLS (see additional lab handout).

Step Volume/Capacity Trial 1 (ml) Trial 2 (ml) Trial 3 (ml) Average (ml) 1 Tidal volume

2 Expiratory reserve volume

3 Vital capacity (VC=TV+ERV+IRV)

4 Inspiratory reserve volume

CALCULATE: IRV=VC-(TV+ERV)

5 % normal vital capacity

CALCULATE: Your VC x 100%= Predicted VC


The Respiratory System


Description PageNasal Cavity and Associated Structures: 127external naresnasal cavityhard palatesoft palateuvulainferior nasal conchae/turbinatesmiddle nasal conchae/turbinatessuperior nasal conchae/turbinates

Paranasal Sinuses: 38frontal sinussphenoid sinusethmoid air cells

Pharynx: 127A. nasopharynx 1. opening of auditory tube 2. pharyngeal tonsil "adenoids"B. oropharynx 1. palatine tonsils "tonsils" 2. lingual tonsilsC. laryngopharynx

Larynx: 127-128thyroid artilagecricoid cartilagecricothyroid ligamentepiglottisvestibular folds (false vocal cords)vocal folds (true vocal cords)glottis --vallecula --

Trachea and Associated Structures: 128-129carina --primary bronchi (2)secondary/lobar bronchi (3 right/2 left)tertiary/segmental bronchibronchiolesterminal bronchiolesrespiratory bronchiolesalveolar ductalveolar sacalveoli

The Respiratory System


Description PageLungs: 6, 8, 128thoracic cavityright lung -superior, middle, and inferior lobesleft lung -superior and inferior lobes -cardiac notch --pleural membranes -visceral pleura -parietal pleura

Muscles of Respiration: 57external intercostalsinternal intercostalsdiaphragm

Pulmonary Circulation: 101, 118pulmonary arteriespulmonary veins

Slides:normal healthy lung 129 -alveoli 129 -bronchiole 129anthracosis -- -coal dust (plaque) --emphysema --ciliated columnar epithelium 13


Biology 2402 The Digestive System

Purpose: This lab will identify the structures of the digestive system and study the histology of selected structures (including associated lymphatic tissues). I. Anatomy of the Digestive System

A. Identify the organs and structures of the alimentary canal

B. Identify the structures of the liver,

gallbladder, and pancreas II. Histology

A. Identify the layers and associated structures in the model of a cross-section of the small intestine

B. Identify the structures in models of the

liver and pancreas C. Identify lymphatic tissues associated

with the digestive system In addition to the general goals above, specific anatomical structures that the student must be able to identify are listed below. A few select structures may be added to the list at the discretion of the instructor.

The Digestive System


Description PageMAJOR STRUCTURESI. Oral Cavity 137 A. tongue B. salivary glands 1. parotid gland 2. submandibular gland 3. sublingual gland C. dentition 143 1. central incisors 2. lateral incisors 3. canines 4. premolars/bicuspids 5. molars (1st, 2nd, 3rd) D. hard palate 1. palatine process of maxillae 2. palatine bone E. soft palate 1. uvula

II. Pharynx 137 A. oropharynx B. nasopharynx C. laryngopharynx

III. Esophagus 136lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter or cardio-esophageal sphincter)

IV. Stomach 138 A. regions 1 cardiac region 2. fundus 3. body 4. pylorus B. other structures 1. greater curvature 2. lesser curvature 3. pyloric sphincter 4. rugae C. muscularis externa 1. longitudinal layer 2. circular layer 3. oblique layer



Description PageV. Small Intestine 136, 139, 142-143 A. regions 1. duodenum a. duodenal papilla b. plica circularis 2. jejunum 3. ileum a. ileocecal valve B. mesenteryVI. Large Intestine 136, 139, 142 A. cecum 1. vermiform appendix B. colon 1. ascending colon a. right colic (hepatic) flexure 2. transverse colon a. left colic (splenic) flexure 3. descending colon 4. sigmoid colon C. rectum 1. anal canal 2. anus D. other structures 1. greater omentum 2. haustra 3. teniae coliVII. Liver 114, 136, 139, 143 A. lobes: 1. right lobe 2. left lobe 3. caudate lobe -- 4. quadrate lobe -- B. blood entry and exit: 1. hepatic artery 2. portal vein -- 3. hepatic vein 4. inferior vena cava C. biliary tree: 1. gall bladder 2. right and left hepatic ducts 3. common hepatic duct 4. cystic duct 5. common bile duct



Description Page D. other structures 1. falciform ligament 2. round ligament --

VIII. Pancreas 136, 143 A. regions 1. head 2. body 3. tail B. major structures 1. main pancreatic duct 2. sphincter of hepatopancreatic ampulla (sphincter of Oddi)

HISTOLOGYI. X.S. of Small Intestine 140 A. mucosa (mucous membrane) 1. lamina propria 2. muscularis mucosae 3. epithelium (simple columnar) 4. villus a. capillary of villus b. lacteal of villus c. Intestinal crypt (crypt of Leiberkuhn) B. submucosa 1. Peyer's patches 2. Brunner's gland C. muscularis externa 1. longitudinal muscles 2. circular muscles D. serosa (visceral peritoneum)

II. Model of Liver Tissue 144branch of portal veinbranch of hepatic arterybile ductsinusoidscentral veinsbile canaliculihepatocyteslymphatic vessels --



Description PageIII. Model of Pancreatic Tissue --ductal cells - exocrineacinar cells - exocrineislets of Langerhans - endocrine

IV. SlidesA. pancreas -- 1. islets of Langerhans 2. acinar cellsB. liver 144 1. hepatic lobule 2. central vein 3. hepatocytes 4. sinusoids


Biology 2402 The Urinary System

Purpose: This lab will identify the major structures of the urinary system. I. Anatomy of the Urinary System

A. Identify the organs of the urinary system (model)

B. Identify the structures of the kidney

and bladder (model) C. Identify the blood vessels of the

kidney (model) II. Microscopic Anatomy

A. Identify the regions of the nephron and associated structures (model)

B. Identify the associated structures of

the glomerulus (model and slide) In addition to the general goals above, specific anatomical structures that the student must be able to identify are listed below. A few select structures may be added to the list at the discretion of the instructor.

The Urinary System


Structure Description Page

MAJOR ORGANSI. Kidneys 147,149-151 A. Structures 1. renal capsule 2. renal cortex 3. renal medulla 4. renal column 5. renal pyramid 6. renal papilla 7. renal pelvis 8. calyx 9. hilum B. blood supply 1. renal artery 2. renal vein 3. interlobar artery 4. arcuate artery 5. interlobular artery 6. peritubular capillaries C. Nephrons 1. types a. cortical nephrons -- b. juxtamedullary nephrons -- 2. renal corpuscle a. afferent arteriole b. glomerulus c. glomerular/Bowman's capsule i. visceral layer (podocytes) -- ii. capsular space iii. parietal layer (squamous epithelium) d. efferent arteriole 3. renal tubule a. proximal convoluted tubule b. loop of Henle i. descending limb ii. ascending limb c. distal convoluted tubule d. collecting duct 4. juxtaglomerular apparatus a. juxtaglomerular cells -- b. macula densa --

The Urinary System


Description Page

II. Ureters 147-148

III. Urinary bladder 147-148detrusor musclerugaeurinary trigone

IV. Urethra 148

V. Adrenal glands 147

SLIDE OF KIDNEY 12, 151glomerulusBowman's capsule (simple squamous epithelium)capsular spacerenal tubule (cuboidal epithelium)


Biology 2402 The Reproductive System

Purpose: This lab will 1) identify the organs of the male and female reproductive system, 2) examine the histology of the gonads, and 3) discuss gametogenesis. I. Anatomy of the Reproductive System

A. Identify the structures of the male

reproductive system (models) B. Identify the structures of the female

reproductive system (models)

II. Microscopic Anatomy A. Identify selected structures of the

testis (slide) B. Identify selected structures of the

ovary (slide and models) C. Identify the layers of the uterus

(models)


The Reproductive System


Description PageMALE REPRODUCTIVE

SYSTEMScrotum 155

Testis 155-156

Epididymis 155-156

Spermatic Cord 156vas/ductus deferens pampiniform plexus --testicular artery cremaster muscle

Accessory Sex Glands 155seminal vesiclesprostate glandbulbourethral (Cowper's) gland

Urethra 148, 155prostatic urethramembranous urethraspongy (penile) urethra

Penis 148, 155corpus cavernosumcorpus spongiosumglans penis

Other Structures: 155inguinal canal --ejaculatory ducturinary bladder external urethral orificeurogenital (U-G) diaphragm

Slide-cross section of testis 156seminiferous tubuleinterstitial/Leydig cellsspermatogoniaspermatozoa



Description PageFEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMOvary 159A. primary folliceB. secondary folliceC. Graafian (mature) follicle 1. granulosa cells 2. antrum with follicular 3. corona radiata 4. secondary oocyteovulationD. corpus luteumE. corpus albicans

ovarian ligament

Uterine/Fallopian tube 157-158A. infundibulum 1. fimbriaeB. ampullaC. isthmusfertilization

Uterus 157-158A. regions 1. fundus 2. body 3. cervix a. cervical canal b. internal os c. external osB. layers of uterine wall 1. perimetrium (serosa) 2. myometrium 3. endometriumC. other structures 1. uterine cavity 2. broad ligament

Vagina 157-158anterior fornixposterior fornixrugae



Description PageExternal Female Genitalia 157clitorislabia majoralabia minoraexternal urethral orificevaginal orifice

Other Structures 157urinary bladder urethra rectumvesico-uterine pouchrecto-uterine pouchurogenital (U-G) diaphragm

Slide- Cross-Section of Ovary 159primary follicleGraafian folliclesecondary oocytegranulosa cellsantrum

This lab will identify the selected endocrine glands ...

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