The Walled Garden and its Buildings (2010)

Penllergare: The Walled Garden Report on the standing buildings 2010

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Penllergare - The Walled Garden and its Buildings The Perimeter Wall - Exterior The north west corner of the perimeter wall of the Walled Garden, on its exterior face, has quoins with pecked tooling, well weathered, and it is clear that originally the wall which surrounds the Kennel Yard was abutted against the west face of the wall at this angle, since there is a clear mortar fillet and scar visible 53 cm back from the north-west angle, and rising from at least 1.6 m above the top of the present ruin. The but-joint clearly indicates that the Kennel Yard wall at this point is a secondary feature, of

later (though probably only slightly later) date than the Walled Garden.1 The extensive

tumble of loose stone immediately to the south of the line of the Kennel Yard wall must represent the southward collapse of the structure, and would be commensurate with the height suggested by the scar. This north-western angle of the Walled Garden wall may retain its coping stone, giving the overall height of the structure at this point. The north exterior elevation A regular series of putlog holes begins 2.48 m east of the north-western angle on the exterior of the north elevation, the western pair being centred 2 m apart and 1.3 m above ground level, the next lift being 87 cm above this. These holes are relatively small and shallow - usually around 10 cm square and 20 cm deep - some retain loose blocking. They are not precisely vertically aligned, suggesting that they were tied in to opposite side of a relatively narrow standard. There is little or no sign of a third row at high level, suggesting that the whole construction scaffolding was of only two lifts, and

1Bear in mind also that the northern 25 metres or so of the Walled Garden is probably an

extension of the original extent of the enclosure. Its original extent is probably marked by the line of the spine-wall of the Vinery.


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that the wall top is at or near its original level. A little over half way along the wall (proceeding eastwards) there is a vertical settlement crack, across which the courses appear not to carry, suggesting that this is the line of a construction phase - in which case, judging from the line of the profile, work may have proceeded from east to west. The presence of a diagonally growing tree makes it difficult to sight along the line of the putlog holes, but it would appear that at least the lower sequence are roughly aligned across the break, thus suggesting that the scaffolds were continuous and that the break-line merely represents the natural phasing of the work of construction. It is worth noting, however, that the putlogs to the

east of this point are slightly larger than those of the western part of the wall.2

Approximately 4.5 m back from the north-eastern corner of the perimeter wall is a round-headed doorway, now blocked with brick set in cementitious grey mortar (probably hard Portland cement), for which a ?pennant slab threshold can be seen at the foot of the wall. The extant flight of steps beginning approximately 4 m out from the wall to the north is not quite aligned on this doorway, but presumably originally served it. The eastern exterior elevation The north east angle of the perimeter wall is obtuse and the eastern wall at this point and for several metres to the south, has a 6 cm deep offset three courses up from the present ground level, with a further off-set of a similar depth immediately above ground. The putlog hole visible immediately south of the north-eastern angle lies roughly at the height of the springing of the door - this probably aligns with the putlogs further to the west along the north elevation. Approximately 4 m south on the east elevation is a segmental arch headed doorway, its position matching that on the west elevation of the Walled Garden perimeter wall, and clearly being part of a symmetrical plan. The putlog holes are positioned symmetrically to either side of this opening, indicating that it is part of the original planned configuration, rather than a subsequent insertion. The lower three-quarters of the opening is filled with coursed local rubble stone, set in a hard ?ashy-lime mortar,

2The first such hole is 12 cm high x 14 cm wide and 27 cm deep. These eastern holes also

tend to blocked with brick rather than small rubble stone, as is the case to the west.


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suggesting a relatively early blocking. On this elevation there are three lifts of putlogs, the lower pair centred 108 cm apart vertically, the upper 104 cm apart, and at roughly 2 m apart horizontally. The coping to the wall survives over a considerable part of its length on this elevation. Approximately 10 m south of the blocked doorway just described, there is a clear vertical joint in the wall, a great deal more regular than that noted near the centre of the north elevation (which represents a build-hiatus), this apparently being the junction of an extension to the pre-existing southern part of the wall, since alternate large quoin stones project beyond the consistent masonry of the southern part of the elevation, and a mixture of single block and smaller rubble elements have been inserted into the toothed end. evidently the east-west return blocks of the original quoin have been excised, and the northward extension of the wall toothed in. That these are different structures also can be seen from the position of the putlog holes: the lowest tier disappearing altogether to the south; the middle tier being positioned one course below those to the north; and the upper sequence being positioned one block above those to the north. The form of the masonry is also slightly different, with less large block to the north, and few instances of stones bridging courses - a feature visible in the southern masonry. This break occurs approximately 2.5 m to the north of a rise in the coping of the wall top, which ascends by 4-5 courses over a length of just over a metre. Approximately two-thirds of the way along the eastern elevation of the perimeter wall is a further doorway, its jambs surviving, but the arch and the wall above it having collapsed. The base of its opening retains partial brick blocking, the bricks on each elevation apparently of different date and form, suggesting that the blocking took place in two phases. The jambs currently rise 1.12 m above the top of the uppermost brickwork, at which point, on both sides, the faces of the rubble stones above are angled back indicating the position of the springing of a segmental arch-head. Above this on both sides rubble stone project beyond the innermost point of the chamfer. The fabric of the wall over this southern extent of the elevation appears more carefully built, almost all consisting of coursed, neatly squared masonry, the putlogs considerably less obtrusive (if visible at all). It survives to its full height over much of its length, with the projecting coping stones still present, and only at its southern end is its height substantially reduced. The south-eastern corner and the ‘Gothic Cottage’


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The relationships of the walls at the south eastern corner is obscure, in part because of the joining together of secondary structures at this point, and in part because of the collapsed rubble and the remaining over-growth. The corner incorporates the structure of the ‘Gothic Cottage’ abutting the perimeter wall of the Walled Garden on its eastern face, at the point that the perimeter wall turns westwards - the ‘Gothic Cottage’ is therefore clearly secondary, though the relationship of the southward continuation of the perimeter wall beyond its westward return is less easy to be certain of. The narrow northern room of the ‘Gothic Cottage’ has a small square brick-framed opening on its north wall, close to the western side; while the western wall of the structure (the continuation of the line of the east wall of the Walled Garden southwards) has a simple ‘Gothic’ arched doorway (the blocking of its eastern elevation retaining a considerable amount of ashy-lime render with a white plaster surface bearing the imprint of a horizontal ?shelf), and to the south of this can just be seen the inner part of the brick-lined oculus which is more readily visible on the western elevation of the wall. Other areas of render on this wall below the oculus suggest the position of a vertical post, which (given the presence of the oculus above) seems unlikely to have coexisted with it if it rose for the full height of the wall (though it could represent a partial partition). This seems likeliest to have been the position of a partition defining the east-west line of a northern room to the right of the doorway in the eastern wall of the Cottage, erected when the oculus had already been blocked. No plaster survives on the inner face of the eastern wall, so it is unclear whether this partition ran fully across the room. Both northern and southern cross-walls of the Cottage abut the continuation of the Walled Garden perimeter wall - showing that the whole building is secondary. The continuation of the Walled Garden perimeter wall retains its coping over the southern half of the extent of the structure, and above the line of the possible partition just described there is a recess in its eastern face which may well be a beam-slot for the roof of the Cottage, which would have been supported by the masonry to the north of the entrance door on the east wall. Plant growth obscures the remaining part of the upper part of the wall within the Cottage to the south, so no matching beam-slot is visible. The continuation of the wall southwards is of a poorer quality build than the Walled Garden wall; and this terminates with a vertical face beyond which (apart from a few tumbled blocks) no evidence of further walling is visible. To the south, lying on the ground approximately 4 m east of this termination, are the remains of an iron gridwork


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structure, possibly from a gate. The two doorways visible on the east elevation of the southward continuation of the wall are quite clearly seen on the west elevation as well: the southern with a segmental

head and brick blocking set in hard ?Portland cement;3 and approximately 6.5 m to the

north of this the two-centred Gothic arch, filled with coursed rubble, which incorporates one brick, the bonding mortar being a grey ashy-lime, quite soft, and evidently earlier than the blocking of the southern door. The oculus above and to the south of it has brick lining over its northern arc, and the shape of the infill is all that defines the curvature of its southern margin. There is a possible hiatus in the construction approximately 2 m to the south of the centre of the Gothic arch - though this is by no means as clear as those previously described. The southern exterior elevation The well-built coursed masonry of the south elevation of the south perimeter wall of the Walled Garden appears to terminate with the southward wall sliding across its eastern face - they are clearly of different constructional phases, but it is difficult to see from the exterior how the line continues northwards, the suspicion being that the southward extension is built against the face of the angle of the perimeter wall at the south-eastern corner of the walled garden. Much of the top of the south wall of the Walled Garden has been reduced at this end. The coursing of the square rubble is accurate, though often much narrower than is seen elsewhere on the wall, and putlog holes are seldom seen. There are a great many nails projecting from the wall-face: these presumably being related to the tying of plants against this sunny elevation. Approximately half way along the southern wall is an opening, and to the south of this, approximately 1.5 m from the jamb is a small window with a shallow segmental head formed of three blocks, the opening 59 cm wide and with a maximum height also of 59 cm. This has been infilled with a very similar coursed rubble fabric to that in which it has been made, the infilling having being pointed with a fairly hard pale mortar,

3The bricks 22.8 cm x 6.5 cm x 12 cm and of fairly irregular shape, evidently nineteenth century

in origin.


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though much of what is visible in the joints being a dark, hard material, similar to that seen in the surrounding masonry. The interior of this opening is visible on the north elevation of the wall - though here there is no neatly formed arch-head, suggesting that the south elevation was the one expected to be seen. There is minimal evidence for the existence of a structure against the wall at this point, though there is tumbled masonry on the north side projecting from the eastern jamb of the opening. The form of the masonry of the north elevation of this wall - the coursing less regular, and the rubble stone less well squared - also suggests that the south elevation was the ‘show’ elevation. The opening through the wall is framed on its eastern side by a projection some 6 m long, of somewhat more coarsely built rubble, terminating in a vertical face to the south end of the wall, and apparently not part of a further structure, and apparently but-jointed against the fabric of the Walled Garden perimeter wall. There is no evidence for a matching wall to the west, and the western jamb of the opening through the perimeter wall has clearly been rebuilt, since the coursing becomes much more irregular, and rather than a mortared finish most of the joints appear to be filled with earth. Over its remaining westward extent the perimeter wall continues with the same general form of fabric, though approximately one third of the way west from the opening is a feature formed in yellow ?Halifax brick, which appears to be an external flue erected against the wall-face, its base still visible at ground level, and an area where it has been recessed into the fabric at the top of the wall having brick-toothing projecting from the face, the interior of the flue being blackened, and with traces of blackening still remaining on the vertical line of the lost structure between. It is unclear as to what structure this may have belonged, since there are no obvious walls of buildings in the immediately vicinity this may have served an external burner. At the western end of the perimeter wall is the complex of greenhouses and bothies, of which only the north-western bothy actually impinges upon its structure. Here again it appears that the additional feature is secondary - though the junction of its western wall with the south-western angle of the perimeter wall is obscured by ivy. However, its westward projection from this face suggests that it has been built on. Certainly the eastern wall of the bothy abuts against the south elevation of the south wall of the Walled Garden, and, although the upper part of this wall of the bothy has been lost, the difference in colour and texture of the surface of the perimeter wall above it, together with the lime plaster remaining on the surface, and the position of recesses probably for housing the purlins and ridge of the roof show that this structure must have been a single-storey lean-to structure with a fireplace set diagonally in its north-western corner keyed into the face of the perimeter wall.


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The western exterior elevation Approximately 4 m northwards on the western elevation of the perimeter wall of the Walled Garden is a segmental headed doorway with a brick lintel and springer,

conceivably an insertion into the original fabric, but the brick of fairly early form.4

There is hard ashy lime over some of the jamb surfaces. The exterior elevation of the west wall is of much more random coursed block, mostly squared, but of very variable size, unlike the fine facing of the south exterior elevation. A hole punched through the wall-face exposing the core suggests that this of an earth-lime mix, and that the exterior face was pointed (or may have been subsequently repointed). The more random nature of the construction makes it difficult to judge whether there are breaks in the fabric or whether these are merely the natural concomitant of the form of the build, but there are at least two places where a possible toothed joint exists, suggesting phases of construction. Both of the most obvious possible break lines now lie adjacent to the main trees south of the major break in the wall near the western end of the Vinery. This wall, like the south wall has a multitude of nails projecting from its face - again presumably associated with espalier trees and other planting. Five or six metres to the south of the major break in the wall three iron hooks, regularly spaced, project at approximately 2.5 m above the present ground surface, the northern having associated ferrous wire depending from it, and below these, at two levels, are further iron projections. To the north of the hooks is a fourth stub (perhaps a broken hook), and the lower two series are also in sets of four, though the lower sequence lacks its north-centre component. These are each centred approximately 2 m apart, the lower set lying at approximately 1.75 m. The overall distribution of the irons extent to around 3 m of the major break in the wall. The major void in the western perimeter wall occurs at a position opposite the western end of the spine wall of the Vinery, and could conceivably represent the position of the earliest return of the wall, since the break visible on the east elevation of the perimeter wall appears to align with the continuation of the Vinery’s spine wall, suggesting that it may originally have formed the northern wall of the first phase of the Walled Garden.

422.3 cm long x 6.7 cm high x 10.7 cm deep.


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The break in the west wall shows a toothed profile with a sequence of roughly alternating large and small courses, which could conceivably represent the transition to the angled quoins, though the quoin stones themselves would probably have lain to the north of the break line. To the north of this the wall has been reduced in height to around a metre, much of the face being obscured by tumbled masonry and detritus, for a length of more than ten metres, and it is difficult to judge whether the form of the fabric is the same as that of the wall to the south. Even further to the north, where the wall remains probably to near its full height, the extent of the ivy growth renders it difficult to assess whether the fabric is radically different to that of the southern extent of the wall. Matching the segmental headed opening on the eastern perimeter wall there is a similar opening approximately 4-5 m from the north-western corner of the walled garden, its head constructed from local pennant voussoirs rising off an angled face above the jambs (rather than having the brick construction seen at the southern end of this wall. The opening has been blocked with coursed pennant rubble, which retains some hard white mortar, suggesting a relatively early phase of blocking, and that the blocking has probably taken place in two phases, since there is a mortar fillet with an edge 18 cm back from the outer wall-face. The western interior elevation, northern sector On the interior elevation of the west wall the regular coursed masonry appears to be continuous throughout, but at the point where projecting the Vinery wall westwards would meet the perimeter wall there is a void with tumbled stone within, and the relative heights of the courses (although of similar form and finish) appear not to match across the hole - those to the north being of slightly shallower coursing than those to the south. This tends to confirm the hypothesis that the northern extent of the Walled Garden beyond this point is secondary. Four metres to the north of this hiatus in the wall is the base of a blocked doorway 1.16 m wide, and barely visible on the exterior because of the extent of the collapsed masonry. It has been blocked with regular coursed rubble, its masonry matching the surrounding coursing fairly accurately, but bearing considerably fewer nails than the surrounding walling. The northern interior elevation


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The interior face of the north wall is of well-coursed squared rubble masonry, with constructional putlog holes being visible (as they are on the exterior), some having brick blocking, and generally (like the masonry itself) better formed than those on the exterior elevation. Nonetheless, these putlogs are clearly visible, unlike the other areas of well-formed squared masonry on the southern extent of the Walled Garden perimeter wall. The round-headed doorway near the north-eastern corner has had its voussoirs robbed, and there is partial collapse above the centre of the void of the arch. The brick blocking appears to be only one brick thick, but it has presumably saved the collapse of the outer part of the arch and the total loss of the wall above. The eastern interior elevation On the east wall the stone voussoired segmental headed arch of the doorway adjacent to the angle is of a similar form to that seen on the west elevation, and to the south of this the disjunct in the masonry is quite plain, even though here the form of the fabric is generally better finished and of well-squared coursed rubble stone. The masonry of the southern extent of the wall is very similar to that seen on the west wall, and the change between the two forms is clearly aligned on the line of the spine wall of the Vinery, even though there is little or no sign of the eastward continuation of the latter to meet the external wall at this point - presumably the wall had been demolished to allow access around its eastern end. Approximately 10 m to the south of this point two blocks are missing from the inner elevation of the perimeter wall, one at the base, and one near the apex, possibly representing keying points for a cross-wall in this position - though there are no signs of a scar or mortar fillet on the wall, or of residual masonry on the ground. There are a few other places where blocks are missing from the wall face, but these appear much more random. Hiatuses in the construction are considerably more difficult to identify on the interior of the walls - given their better coursed finish. At the south-eastern angle the regular coursed small-block rubble of the eastern wall gives way to much more coarsely finished large-block semi-coursed rubble on the south wall - the southern elevation of this is the well-finished face. This angle is a good candidate for a change in the phase of construction, and could conceivably


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represent the start-point for the building of the perimeter wall. The southern interior elevation The loss of the upper part of the south wall near the south-eastern angle is largely due to the fall of a tree growing from its apex, whose root system has brought down the upper 1-2 m. The western interior elevation - southern sector The doorway adjacent to the south-western angle in the west wall has open joints in the stonework around its jambs, and there are traces of hard white-lime mortar particularly visible in the upper part of the northern jamb, which suggest that this opening could be a subsequent insertion, particularly given the use of brick to form its segmental head.


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The Vinery Spine-wall South Elevation This consists of at least two distinct fabrics:

- that which comprises the greater part of the wall to within approximately 4 m of the western end, consisting of finely-coursed well-cut squared rubble, similar to that of the Walled Garden perimeter wall itself, though with evidence of rebuilding over the upper 1-1.5 m

- the second comprising the western end of the wall, from the position of the major void westwards, which is of considerably coarser construction, with more roughly worked stone of more mixed colouration and being barely coursed.

The junction between the two fabrics lies at the deepest point of the major void in the wall, and is obscured by fallen masonry and ivy growth. At its eastern end the wall terminates in a ragged diagonal break, but its coursing appears to be consistent to its termination. There is a vertical toothed break, which could conceivably represent a phase-break in the masonry, which coincides with the line of the eastern end of the brick-structure defining the extent of the Vinery building. At the eastern end, along a horizontal line 2.5 m above the top of the projecting structure at the base of the wall, just within the Vinery building, there is a clear change in the form of the masonry from the well-trimmed squared coursed rubble of the lower masonry to irregular, semi-coursed stonework with deep voids between the blocks - a form which persists throughout the eastern two-thirds of the structure, to the point where the vertical iron rods begin, and beyond which the stonework is also different above this height, but differs in respect of being regularly coursed but bearing no trace of the residual limewash / lime-render which characterises the stonework beneath. Thus it would appear that the upper 1 - 1.5 m has been rebuilt, apparently in two phases. This rebuilding has clearly taken place prior to or contemporaneously with the erection of the Vinery roof, since associated with the top of the extant walling are angled iron braces at regular intervals, centred approximately 1.2 m apart, 11 of which can still be seen south of the void, and two further examples have fallen from the wall top. One of


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these fallen irons is still fixed to a masonry block, showing that the inner ends were stapled to the masonry of the wall, some 45 cm back from their angle, and are therefore presumably built into the masonry rebuilding of the wall-heads. Beyond the angle the iron projection has been hammered flat and accommodated four iron fixings which were presumably driven into the sides of the rafters supporting the roof-structure. Just below the level of the rebuilding, over the eastern half of the Vinery wall was inserted a series of braced iron supports, projecting from the wall-face by approximately 40 cm, and centred approximately 1.6 m apart, which appear to have supported a continuous shelf. Below this are three dog-cramps with down-turned ends projecting from the wall-face, at 1.2 m above the brick structure at the base of the wall. Two of these lie to the west, and one to the east, of what appears to have been a cross-wall forming an approximately square chamber at the eastern end of the Vinery, there being traces of a brickwork partition running north from the southern brick wall of the Vinery building, and aligned on a part of the Vinery spine-wall which has three (now) irregularly shaped voids, more or less vertically placed above each other, which could represent the cutting-in of bonders for the northern end of this cross-wall. It is notable that the eastern dog-cramp lies at a slightly lower level than the pair to the west. Against the Vinery spine-wall at this position is a tumble of brick, which, if there was indeed a cross-wall at this point, may represent part of this structure or alternatively (if the wall did not span the whole width of the Vinery building) could relate to heating arrangements. That the heating system impinged on the structure at this point is evident from traces of disruption to the masonry of the Vinery spine-wall to either side of the suggested position of the cross-wall: that to the west having brick blocking inserted into a square hole; that to the east being less well-defined but apparently incorporating rubble stone and red and yellow brick. The existence of two areas of disruption (one to either side of the probably line of the partition) suggests the presence of heating ducts serving two separate rooms. There is a patch of hard ?cementitious render, its lower part apparently consisting of a dark ashy-lime, above the wall base in the eastern third of the eastern room. There is a discontinuous mounding of material against the base of the wall over much of its length, and within the eastern room, 1.3 m out from the face of the spine-wall, are two vertical iron stanchions projecting from the ground by roughly 30 cm, each with a pierced hole near the tip. These lie closer to the wall than the iron-framing in the western room of the Vinery.


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Evidence for the further sub-division of the Vinery is provided by a series of slots, one above the other, coinciding with the change in the form of the rebuilding of the upper part of the wall, and also with the change from the area bearing shelf-supports to the east, to the area bearing vertical iron rods to the west. There is also a considerable baulk of brickwork remaining immediately to the east of the suggested position for this cross-wall. The extent of remaining undergrowth and tree debris prevents access to much of the area to the south of the spine-wall in this vicinity, but it is evident that there is a significant change in the ground level here, with a considerable drop to the west. The room to the west has ten vertical iron bars fixed to the wall with iron rings, while at a height a little below that of the shelf brackets in the room to the east, is a series of projecting iron bars (whose function is obscure) and a little below this at least three projecting iron dog-cramps with down-turned ends, all lying in the same courses. That the fabric of the wall in its lower extent is fully coherent throughout the eastern four-fifths of its structure is demonstrated by the continuity of the line of putlogs at two heights. The traces of the structure against the base of the Vinery spine-wall are presently covered with earth and detritus, but in some areas where they are more exposed they appear to be of brick construction, and approximately 3 m east of the change in the floor level (the central partition) there appears to be a bridged void (does this communicate through the wall base?). Despite the obscuring effect of the overlying fallen tree and overgrowth, it would appear that the southern wall of the Vinery follows the same alignment from east to west - though the floor level changes significantly over its western third. Here, it is clear that the structure against the base of the wall is a brick, and in the two western chambers it projects from the spine-wall face by a considerable distance (1.5 m with a further offset at the base), and evidently was retaining a raised bed. Evidence for a further cross-partition may exist immediately to the east of the major void at the west end of the wall, where again there are two stones cut out vertically above each other, and there is additionally some evidence of lime-staining on the same vertical alignment. A few scattered bricks are visible on the ground on the same line near the south wall. This subdivision, however, coincides neither with the change in the fabric, nor with the last of the vertical iron attachments - therefore, this could be an earlier subdivision of the structure. There is, however, a change in the form of the building to the west, since there is a hiatus in the brick-bed, and the odd rubble-built central raised bed of the western room also terminates near this point, which would allow circulation within the room between


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its eastern end and the line of the partition at this juncture - giving a passageway of approximately the same width as that at the western end of the room against its west wall. This western room has the spine-wall of the later form of masonry - indicating rebuilding - and this form of the masonry is carried onto the remaining part of the west wall of this end of the Vinery. The west wall retains the northern jamb of a doorway still preserved to a height of 1.4 m, above which the end of wall is ragged and presumably represents the collapse of the masonry above the opening. Within, the spine-wall has a series of regular recesses, some of which retain loose stone and brick blocking, at three levels above the raised brick bed. These sockets extend onto the inner face of the west wall, and apparently having another tier of them above those on the spine-wall. The centre of the room was occupied by a rubble-built raised bed of fairly rustic construction, its corner slightly curved, while in front of the raised brick bed in front of the spine-wall is a surviving iron framework - could this have supported heating pipes? The spine-wall bears one relatively small patch of cementitious render above one of the open slots of the upper tier of recesses. There are projecting irons at high level below the fifth course down at centre and mid-west; another visible immediately below the upper sequence of recesses at mid-east; and directly below the latter, one course above the middle set of recesses, and directly below that at upper mid-west, a matching pair of round-ended irons completes this sequence. The Vinery: buildings to the north of the spine-wall The western room The western end of the Vinery spine-wall (the rebuilt section) tends to have an alternating wide/narrow coursing, and contains a plethora of square recesses, much too closely aligned to represent constructional putlogs, but also too closely vertically spaced to represent a coherent joist pattern. They lie in two registers, centred at 1.8 m and 2.4 m up from the present ground surface, the two sets lying in vertical


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alignment (indicating that they are not putlogs) the westernmost pair set against the internal face of the western cross-wall of the range. A single hole below this series exists centred 1.1 m above the present ground surface, the two rows each consisting of six holes around 10 centimetres square and 20 cm deep, and centred around 70 cm apart. Above the upper set the wall rises for approximately a further 1.3 m with no further visible sockets. At the west end of this room is a blocked doorway infilled with coursed pennant rubble 1.06 m wide. The west wall is butted against the Vinery spine-wall; the rebuilt north-western quoin of the latter retaining pecked tooling, and pecked tooling also exists on the north-western quoin of the building to the north. The north wall also appears to have a doorway (this time apparently still open), 95 cm wide. The second room from the west To the east, the next room incorporates the large void in the spine-wall, which on this elevation, within the confines of the room, consists largely of brick refacing, apparently in two phases, since at the eastern margin of the room there appears to be an inserted brick flue approximately 80 cm wide, and to the west of this is a narrow band of (apparently original) pennant rubble fabric little more than half a metre wide, beyond which the base of the large void consists entirely of brickwork. The fabric is currently

inaccessible for direct measurement, but the bricks may be of different sizes.5

The southern cross-wall of this part of the structure appears to lie above the eastern margin of the brick-arched boiler room which lies beneath the eastern of the two rooms described thus far - though there are only minimal indications of the presence of a partition on the north face of the Vinery spine-wall. Immediately to the east is a flight of steps down to the below-ground chamber - four still being visible - and it is possible that the void for the steps is now wider than it originally was, since the steps lie in the eastern half of the void and only the upper step traverses the western half; however, the brick-built arch which supports the masonry on the western side of the void was clearly never cut into the Vinery spine-wall to a position any further to the east, and it is possible that the area to the west of these steps always was open.

5Logging the dimensions of the bricks within the individual areas of brick construction and

insertion in the building complex may well assist in clarifying the phasing of the structures.


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The subterranean boiler room The brick arch is four-centred, composed of alternating headers and stretchers, it rises off a rubble-built wall on the north side, and is cut into the Vinery spine-wall on the south. Within, the arch runs westwards for more than 2 metres, and then its northern half is filled with a brick- and rubble-built structure, partially collapsed over its eastern elevation; while to the south of this the chamber continues westwards for a further metre and a half, to a wall with an arched recess occupying its lower half (all constructed of brick), and at the south-western corner of the chamber a large iron pipe rises from the floor and curves southwards to pass beneath the Vinery wall. This may originally have been contained within a brick-housing, since the ragged scar of brickwork remains around the recess which houses it, and there is an iron lintel across the line of the south-western recess running to the partially collapsed north-western baulk of brickwork. On the east wall of the stair-pit, adjacent to its junction with the Vinery spine-wall, is a round-headed brick-arched recess with a ferrous cross-bar near its innermost face, evidently also part of the heating-system. The third room from the west end The third room to the east lies beyond these steps, and was also served by a door in the centre of its northern wall, of which the eastern jamb survives but the western is obscure (but may lie 90 cm to the west). Here the Vinery wall has a series of roughly-made sockets in two vertical alignments, one of which lies approximately 80 cm east of the face of the stair pit, and could represent the position of a cross-partition against which the small subsidiary boiler just described could have been erected; while the second series lies 2 metres to the east, and shows no sign of an associated stone-built partition - though its line lies close to the presumed position of the western jamb of the doorway. If this represents a stone-built partition it may relate to a building which preceded the present range. Alternatively, given the apparent close alignment of the holes to the series described to the west, they could conceivably represent fixings of a regular series of horizontal members against the wall of the room. In the south-eastern corner of this room the Vinery wall has been refaced in brick over a vertical band which coincides with the angle, suggesting that a flue has been inserted here. It is possible that this was fed from the small subsidiary boiler in the stair pit, since it lies closer to this than to the main boiler in the eastern rooms. The three inserted brick-flues on the north elevation of the Vinery spine-wall are probably


Page No. 17

equally spaced.6

Immediately to the east of this inserted flue is a cross-wall closing off the eastern end of the third of the northern rooms, and at this point there is a considerable drop in the ground level within the range, suggesting that the flue could not have been served by the eastern boiler. There are fragments of brick structure in the two eastern corners of the upper room - though these could conceivably both be erratics. This cross wall contains a blocked doorway more or less at its centre, with a width of 80 cm. The fourth room from the west The fourth room has two openings in its northern wall, the western with its western jamb formed by the angle of the room to the west being 1.12 m wide, running to a baulk of masonry 1.48 m wide, beyond which is a further opening 1.39 m wide with more masonry running 1.43 m to the next north-south partition. This room had a second storey, for which joist sockets survive centred 2 metres above the present ground surface, with 56 cm centres, of which 8 can be identified, running from the eastern partition to around 2 m from the western end, at which point the floor appears to have risen by approximately 50 cm, since the three western joist sockets lie at a higher level. Approximately 1.8 m above this series of joist sockets there is a second series of much more widely spaced, roughly cut sockets in the wall, which could represent either a second floor, or conceivably the anchor points for raking rafters for a lean-to. The height of the baulk of masonry at the north-eastern corner of this range suggests that if the latter were the case it might enclose usable space above the ceiling formed by the joists described above. Various other recesses exist in the wall, but these do not appear to form a coherent pattern, and may relate to its original construction, rather than to features of the building erected against it. The fifth room from the west (boiler room)

6Check this from plan.


Page No. 18

To the east of this is a boiler room with a wide opening in its north wall, some 2.09 m wide, the southern jamb incorporating both brick and pennant rubble (one of the bricks being an air brick indicative of a relatively late date). The remnants of the boiler are housed within a brick structure occupying the south-eastern area of the room against the Vinery spine-wall, and directly above it is an inserted brick flue, the lower part of which has been pierced; while to the east is a recess at the base of the Vinery spine-wall with an iron lintel and partial brick jambs supporting the structure above. At the same height as the series of joist sockets described in the room to the west is a further series of sockets which are absent across the position of the inserted flue (possibly because part of the structure in this area has been lost, removing the ends of the joists). Immediately to the east of the boiler structure is another north-south cross-partition, defining the western end of the easternmost room of the range north of the vinery spine-wall, and this ends against the brick structure of the boiler - it appears also to abut the north wall, suggesting that it may be a relatively late creation. This assumption is supported by the fact that one of the joist holes belonging to the sequence which defines the ceiling of the eastern room lies in the Vinery wall at the top of the cross-partition. This is part of a series of ?ten joist sockets which lie at a slightly lower level than those of the boiler room itself to the west. It is possible that


Page No. 19

The south-western complex of buildings Introduction Group of buildings at south-west corner of walled garden, consisting of a continuation southwards from the south-west corner of the perimeter wall, with two buildings to the west, and a series of rooms (most with fireplaces) built against the eastern elevation of this wall (the ‘bothies’), with a complex of ?greenhouses standing parallel to the line of the south wall of the walled garden, a little to the east of these. The north-western of the bothies has been partly described in the consideration of the walled garden perimeter wall where this impinges upon its south elevation at the westernmost extremity. The spine-wall As at the south eastern corner of the walled garden a secondary wall has been erected at the angle of the perimeter wall running southwards for approximately 22 metres, at which point it turns to the south-east and disappears adjacent to the present perimeter fence. The wall is relatively narrow (42 cm), and it may be of two phases of construction since the section still attached to the angle of the walled garden appears to be bonded with an earthy lime mortar where the core is exposed in the break which occurs 3-4 m to the south of the walled garden, whereas the bulk of the wall at the southern end appears to have been built using a white lime mortar - the junction between these two builds has been obscured by the major loss to the wall occurring between approximately 4 and 10 metres south, and the fact that much of the much reduced wall in this section has still retained its cloaking of ivy. The southern section of the wall is of similar construction, and of similar width (47 cm), and the difference in the mortars may be no more than a change in the construction medium during the course of a single phase of building. However, during clearance and consolidation it would be of value to note where the junction between the two mortars occurs and the circumstances of their relationship.


Page No. 20

The Bothies Room 1 (north) Parts of the northern bothy have been described previously. It consists of a room just over 3 metres wide with an inserted angled fireplace at its north-western corner constructed from the same local pennant rubble as the rest of the buildings, but with an iron lintel (its eastern end upturned between two blocks) supporting a shallow brick arch (or rather a series of bricks placed in voussoir fashion) along the top of the iron, and with a horizontal groove 6 cm high and 11 cm deep marking the former position of a mantel-shelf centred 35 cm above the iron lintel. The fireplace is evidently secondary, and its structure seals an area of lime render at upper east. Further traces of the lime render adhere to the wall over a considerable area to the east and above this, with squirl patterning in several places, and this appears to represent the plastering of the wall beneath a sloping lean-to roof whose line appears to coincide with the extreme area of distribution of the plaster. At the eastern margin the plaster retains a vertical fillet which coincides with the line of the inner face of the east wall of the building, and clearly indicates the position and original height of the interior of the room. At the level of the mantel-shelf of the inserted fireplace, on the north wall of the bothy (the south elevation of the perimeter wall) there is one in-situ wooden plug set into the course, and two other voids in the same course which may represent the previous position of similar plugs, suggesting the presence of a dado coinciding with the height of the mantel-shelf. This, however, may equally represent a part of a more general panelling of the wall, since above and slightly to the east of the extant plug is a second hole containing the but-end of a timber, and above the second void, on the same course, is a further square recess which also appears to pierce the plaster. The middle recess on the level of the mantel-shelf has a third hole directly above it on the

same line as the last two.7 Since these plugs pierce the plasterwork, which is also

sealed by the inserted fireplace, it seems likely that the fireplace and the ?dry-lining of the north wall were roughly contemporary. There are four voids in the perimeter wall of the walled garden in this area, which

7From which ivy stems have emerged - so it is possible that this latter is adventitious and

caused by plant-growth, however it seems more likely given the symmetry of the distribution to belong to the pattern of plugs.


Page No. 21

appear to preserve the positions of the timbers forming the roof of the lean-to bothy:

- one (the highest) above the inserted chimney; - the second positioned relatively close to this, just outside the line of the eastern jamb of the inserted fireplace; - the third, slightly to the east of the mid-line of the room; - and the fourth, probably marking the position of the outermost eaves of the roof, just outside the eastern line of the east wall of the room (the latter being quite shallow).

Their disposition and the relationship to the surviving plaster suggests that the third of these (that on the mid-line of the room) formed a purlin which was visible within the structure, whereas the others may have been above the ceiling. Accurate plotting of their positions would probably clarify this. The bricks of the fireplace ‘arch’ are coarse and laid end-on, unlike those in the southernmost fireplace. The joints of the south elevation of the walled garden’s perimeter wall within this room are pock-marked with a multitude of nail holes, suggesting that this wall has been used for securing plants. Indeed, the number of nail holes here is much greater than those on the exterior - could this room have served as a greenhouse prior to its conversion? The holes are not visible in the surviving plasterwork, suggesting that if this were the case it was an early use. Above the sloping roof-line, towards its eastern end, two (perhaps three) courses have had a metal flashing inserted along the horizontal joints. The east wall of this building has a butt-joint with the perimeter wall of the walled garden, and there may be a trace of the position of a doorway 3 metres out to the south, at the position that the wall currently disappears, since the single surviving course has a continuous face through the thickness of the wall. The tumble of masonry which coincides with the break in the spine-wall (forming the southern extension from the south-west corner of the walled garden) may mask the position of a cross-wall at this point, since there is a clear face to either side running along the crest of the mound of fallen masonry (this being 46 cm wide - the same width as the eastern wall of the room and of the southwards spine-wall itself). Nonetheless, it would appear that despite their similarity in planning the southwards spine-wall is secondary to the walled-garden, and the bothies of a slightly later campaign, since as far as can be seen the walls are not fully bonded into the southward spine-wall. The angled fireplace is presumably later still.


Page No. 22

Unlike the southward spine-wall at its northern extent (with its earth-lime bonded core), the walls of the northern room are lime-mortar bonded. Room 2 (next south) To the south is a second rectangular room, which may have communicated with the northern room (Room 1) through a doorway against the eastern wall (since the remnant of the wall between them is present to a height of a metre running east from the southern spine-wall, and it is unclear at the present whether this occupied the full 6 metres or so to the surviving tall cross-wall which roughly divides the sequence of rooms into two, or whether it was subdivided again at around 3 metres south - since there is a considerable amount of ivy and tree growth remaining and a tumble of masonry, in part at least associated with the collapse of the southward spine-wall. The east wall of the building at this point contains the lines of the vertical jambs of a blocked doorway 1.02 m wide, and blocked to only half the depth of the wall (the eastern half), its inner face retaining much of the plaster covering presumably applied when the blocking took place. It is noteworthy that little survives of the plaster elsewhere on the wall. This doorway would have lain within the 3 metre northern room if this area was subdivided by a cross wall; and this subdivision is rendered all the more likely by the presence of a second blocked opening of the same 1.02 m width, similarly positioned hard against the major surviving cross-wall at the southern end of this (?double) room. Each of these three rooms, therefore, would have been similarly planned, with a doorway immediately to the north of the cross partition walls, positioned in the east wall. The disposition of the ruined, tumbled, cross-walls, with their solid fabric visible only over their western extent, and the void or minor tumble of block at the east, suggests (by analogy with the surviving masonry of the southern cross-wall of this complex of three rooms) that a doorway existed in each instance near the east wall, perhaps forming a north-south passageway. There may be some very slight evidence for the structural junction of such a passage adjacent to the jamb of the surviving doorway in the mid cross-wall, where there are voids adjacent to the quoins. This mid-length cross-wall, although incomplete, retains a suggestion of its original lean-to form - but there is no visible evidence of a fireplace in the south-western corner symmetrical with that of the northern room. A large void near the top of the wall probably represents disruption from ivy growth, rather than a structural feature. Opposite the jamb of the doorway there is a vertical scar on the interior elevation of


Page No. 23

the east wall, suggesting that the east wall and the cross-wall were contemporary, and that the bonding stones belonging to the eastern jamb of the opening have been withdrawn from this position. The central-southern room To the south of this central cross wall were two further rooms, each with a fireplace - that in the northern room in the north-western corner, that in the southern room in the south-western corner, both placed diagonally. The fireplace in the northern room has its eastern brick jamb built into the wall; an iron lintel with two courses of brick laid with the headers exposed to form a shallow arch; there is a brick jamb inserted into the spine-wall to the west. As in the northernmost room there is groove for a mantel-shelf centred 52 cm above the lintel of the fireplace, 8 cm high and 11 cm deep. It is much less clear that this element is secondary to the structure - though it would appear to be secondary to the spine-wall, it may be part of the same build as the cross-wall. There are occasional fragments of a white ashy plaster on the south face of the cross-wall, but none of the squirl-patterned plaster or evidence for dry-lining seen in the northern room. Here again an opening through the eastern wall has been blocked, adjacent to the position of the partition between the two southern rooms, but this opening is considerably wider than those of the northern part of this range, at 1.57 m. The blocking of this opening is to the full depth of the wall (as is the blocking in the room immediately to the north of the main cross-wall). There has also been an opening through the west wall of this room (the southern spine-wall), also placed against the partition which forms the south wall of the room - this apparently being 95 cm wide, its jamb disappearing below the extensive rubble tumble in the south-west corner of the room, and rendering it difficult to be certain whether this was a doorway or a window. The partition between the two southern rooms is narrow (only 31 cm), and, while it appears to be partly bonded into the spine wall, it seems to abut the eastern wall. The jamb of the wide opening in the east wall is adjacent to its junction. This very wide opening suggests that the original function of the room was more likely to be a store, and that the blocking of the opening probably took place at the time when the fireplace was inserted - since heating a room ventilated by such a wide opening seems unlikely.


Page No. 24

The southern room The southern room also possessed a wide opening, in this case located centrally in the east wall and measuring 1.82 m overall, also now blocked to the full depth of the wall with a similar pennant rubble infill laid in courses. This southern room also possesses a fireplace with an iron bar forming its lintel supporting brick in a shallow arch - in this case formed with the bricks set vertically. Here there is no trace of a mantel-shelf recess; almost all of the south wall of the room is lost, but there are two bricks at the eastern margin of the remaining fabric, which appear to be laid to form a quoin, and could represent the position of the jamb of a doorway. The exposed mortars of the chimney stack and the south wall at this point both appear to be a similar grey ashy lime; whereas the spine-wall has a paler lime mortar on the surface, and perhaps an earth lime in the core - this material appearing more similar to that in the northern part of this wall. The southern spine-wall which forms the western elevation of the south room incorporates a pair of recesses, formed a little above two metres above the present ground surface, which appear to represent the seating for beams supporting the ceiling, and projecting their line across the room to the east wall would see them resting on the masonry to either side of the wide opening in that elevation. Given the known form of the roof at the north end of this range it seems unlikely that a second storey existed above this, and it is probable that a triangular roof-space existed here, giving a lean-to form throughout the length of the range (rather than postulating a two-storey structure of which the greater part of its eastern wall has been lost. and for which the amount of collapsed masonry extant on the site would not suffice). The room to the north of this southern range of the bothy also has a small recess on the east elevation of the southern spine-wall, its position to the north of the blocked opening on the east wall, and it seems likely that this carried the ceiling of the northern room of the south range of bothies. On the west side of the southern spine-wall the exterior structure of the fireplace at the south-west corner of the southern room can be seen emerging - two courses of brick surviving at the top of the broken flue, the wall above this having been destroyed, but presumably the brick structure originally continuing upwards from here originally to the apex of the wall and terminating in a chimney. There is no trace on the exterior of the chimney for the northern room of the southern half of the bothy range.


Page No. 25

The buildings to the west of the spine-wall The northern room The rooms to the west of the southern spine-wall are less easy to discriminate. The northernmost, a rectangle approximately 3 metres wide east-west and 5 metres north-south, has a doorway remaining open on its north elevation, 94 cm wide, leading to a room with a recess in the south wall 72 cm wide and 73 cm deep, with a brick-framed recess in the south wall to the east, running into the corner, with an iron lintel suggestive of a fireplace though with little trace of a flue-structure rising from it (though this could be blocked with fallen masonry). The room retains traces of plaster, including some in the recess on the south wall - but most of this is concentrated on the interior face of the west wall and the western part of the south wall - it retains a red overlayer in places. Its north wall abuts the southern spine-wall; the remaining walls appear to be in bond. The relationship of the south wall and the spine-wall is obscured by tumbled rubble and foliage, but the upstand of the south wall where the spine-wall has collapsed strongly suggests that it abutted the latter. Beyond this to the south the line of the west wall steps back in by 1.2 m and continues southwards for approximately 14 metres. Beyond the extent of the alcove in the south wall of the northern room this wall appears to be a secondary build - though it is evident that it was intended at the point that the northern room was constructed. Coincident with the south face of the northern room the west wall consists of alternating taller and narrower courses, the long courses projecting beyond the quoin of the wall-face to produce a toothed joint against which the southern extent of the wall has been constructed. The southern range of rooms This range appears to have been subdivided with a cross wall running east-west just to


Page No. 26

the south of the line of the subdivision of the two southern rooms of the bothy range to the east, and the form of the northern room thus defined (which communicated with the central-southern room of the bothy range) retains conflicting structural evidence. The original ground level within this room is difficult to establish because of the extent of the collapsed masonry within it, but it appears to be approximately equal to that of the range of buildings to the east. Centred at a height of 1.6 m above the lowest point of the ground surface of the northern room, on the west elevation of the spine-wall, is a series of four recesses cut into the fabric, centred between 55 and 65 cm apart, which would appear to represent the seatings for joists forming a ceiling. These are mirrored on the east elevation of the west wall where they appear to be at 64 cm centres, and positioned directly opposite their eastern counterparts. Below this, a little to the north of the mid point of the wall is a blocked opening 67 cm wide and at least 88 cm high, which now lies (at least in part) below the ground level of the path to the west. This clearly has splayed jambs, and the overall splay would appear to be something in the order of 10 cm, since on the exterior face of the wall the blocking appears to be only roughly 50 cm wide, extending above ground level for 30 cm. This would make sense as a window related to the height of the ceiling as indicated by the line of joist seatings inserted in the eastern wall, and built into the western. However, two other windows clearly exist in this wall at a considerably higher level, their sills being preserved in both instances - though the southern has only fragmentary remains of the jambs. The northern of these two windows is positioned only 62 cm south of the junction with the northern room, it is 52 cm wide, its northern jamb surviving to a height of 68 cm. The southern window is approximately 4 metres south of this, and appears to have had a width of 53 cm. In both instances the sill has a slate watershed remaining. The height of the surviving fabric of the northern window takes it well above the position of the ceiling, though it would appear that the timbers of the joists were present in the interior of the window jambs on both sides, since on the north there is a mortar-faced recess, and on the south the jamb steps back and there is a slate spacer on the bed joint similar to the slate spacers seen in the two joist-sockets to the south. The final joist socket is visible hard against the face of the north wall. There are plentiful traces of white lime render over the east elevation of the west wall. There are no signs of seatings for joists for an additional upper ceiling or roof structure in the surviving fabric of the spine-wall, which survives to a height of a further 2 metres above the line of the lower ceiling, and whose top surviving course retains traces of plaster on its face.


Page No. 27

The southern cross-wall of this room is 43 cm wide (the same width as the west wall), and its lower part survives against both side walls. Against the central spine-wall the bonding-in technique (seen also in the Vinery) can be seen: with a roughly cut recess approximately a metre above the top of the surviving fabric of the wall, and a second square recess approximately 45 cm square has been cut into the face of the wall another metre above this. The southern loggia The southern extent of this range is much reduced, and may have formed an open loggia, since the western wall projects only approximately a metre to the south of the southern cross-wall, and then a wide opening 1.53 m wide is framed to the south by a pier 75 cm north-south, beyond which is a second 1.53 m wide opening terminating in another 75 cm pier. There is some slight evidence that a structure was bonded onto the west elevation of the spine-wall opposite this southernmost pier - though a considerable part of the disruption here may be the result of the collapse of the flue in the south-west corner of the southern bothy range. There is no indication of a floor having existed in this southern part of the western range. South-western greenhouses Constructed parallel to the south elevation of the walled garden perimeter wall, and running at a slight angle to the bothy range to the west, is a range of ?greenhouses of mixed rubble and brick construction, occupying an area approximately 15 metres square, with the more solidly constructed building occupying the northern 10 metres of this area, and the southern 5 metres consisting of much less well defined structural remains. The main northern building survives in places to a height of 1.7 metres, and appears to have been served at its north-eastern corner by a boiler house excavated beside its wall, where the overall height of the rubble structure remains to well over 2 metres. This boiler room is approached by a flight of steps at its eastern end, of which three can be seen and at least another three must exist beneath the accumulated detritus. The below-ground structure is approximately 4 metres long and 2 metres wide (its long axis running east-west) and its eastern end is of brick construction (including yellow Halifax fire-brick) and the top of a curved boiler opening is visible within the leaf-litter.


Page No. 28

There is an offset in the wall of the main building on the south elevation of the boiler pit, at what is probably foundation level for the remainder of the structure, and the well-faced continuation of the wall below this suggests that the boiler pit and the greenhouse structure are contemporary and integral. There is blackened brickwork integrated into the north-western corner of the greenhouse (now disrupted by plant-growth), which suggests the presence of a flue (presumably integral with the heating-scheme). There is also an area of brickwork on the west elevation adjacent to the north-west quoin on the exterior, which may infill a slot of some description at this point. Much of the west wall now consists solely of masonry tumble or voids, and at the south-west angle the quoin is of brick (as is the upper part of the return of the south wall on the exterior). This southern wall survives to less than a metre in height, and from approximately 3 metres west of its western end has an almost continuous level top surface, suggesting the possibility that it had a glass superstructure at or near this level. The south-east angle is lost, and little survives of the eastern wall over much of its length, but the north-eastern quoin exists to a height of around a metre overall, its lower part concealed by detritus, but its southern edge ending in a vertical face suggesting a door or window jamb. The north wall of this building is the best preserved, and retains a series of nine (possibly ten) arch-headed brick-framed recesses, the central with a slightly wider brick pier, the remainder with piers of a single brick width. Only the westernmost recess retains much in the way of the original arch, with its western arc surviving to nine bricks above the springing, its eastern to four. In front of this is a second wall between 1.17 and 1.40 m to the south of the northern wall-face, which presumably defined a raised bed. Immediately to the east of the wider central pier in this second wall is an area of brick construction, the remainder being built of coursed pennant rubble. The central part of the structure has a floor at a considerably lower level, an area 3.5 metres wide between the wall just described and a wall to the south, having rubble construction over its lower part, with some brick admixture, including what may be a large area of brick insertion east of the centre. Much of this wall is covered with ?cementitious plaster. The southern three metres of the building has its floor level around 80 cm higher, the ground being retained by the wall to the north. The fragmentary remains of the structure further to the south consist of a brick and rubble mixed footing a little over a metre south of the main building; a continuation in the form of a brick scatter along the line of the east wall of the main building; and a sunken area running westwards from the south-eastern corner with a cement outer kerb and traces of the line of an inner rubble-built wall.


Page No. 29

A further five metres to the south of this subsidiary building is the retaining wall of the southern perimeter of this area.

The Walled Garden and its Buildings (2010)

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