The Roaring Twenties. The Republican Presidents Warren Harding 1921-1923: Refused to join the League...
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Transcript of The Roaring Twenties. The Republican Presidents Warren Harding 1921-1923: Refused to join the League...
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The Roaring Twenties
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The Republican Presidents
Warren Harding 1921-1923:• Refused to join the League Nations, enacted high tariffs, lowered
taxes, and restricted immigration• Supported anti-lynching bill • Pursued arms reduction by sponsoring the Washington Naval
Conference and supporting US membership in the World Court• Appointed friends to the Cabinet
Teapot Dome Scandal – Secretary of Interior, leased oil-rich government land at Teapot Dome, Wyoming in exchange for personal bribes.Charles Forbes – stole millions from the construction of hospitals for returning war veterans.
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The Republican Presidents
Calvin Coolidge 1923 - 1929:• Continued Harding’s pro-business policies• Nickname was Silent Cal• His laissez-faire approach to the economy as
encouraging the over-speculation that may have resulted in the crash of 1929
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The Republican Presidents
Herbert Hoover 1929 – 1933:• Skilled engineer and self-made millionaire• Oversaw U.S. food production during the war• “Rugged Individualism” – equal opportunities,
free education, and a will to succeed• Too much government interference would
undermine the nation’s prosperity
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Reason for Prosperity of 1920s
Rise of the Automobile• Henry Ford - assembly line making
automobile cheaper• Standardize parts• Gave people greater mobility• Stimulated the economy with auto-related
industries
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Reason for Prosperity of 1920s
Age of Mass Consumption• Buying on Credit – buyer had to pay small
down payment, take the item home, then pay the rest off in small monthly payments with interest
• Advertising – stimulated demand for products
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Reason for Prosperity of 1920s
Rise of other New Industries• Improvements in transmitting electricity• Trans-Atlantic telephone service• Household appliances - vacuum cleaners,
refrigerators, toasters, etc• Radio and motion pictures became widespread• Start of Navy’s 1st aircraft - Glenn Curtiss - early
aviation pioneer - 1st sea plane
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Reason for Prosperity of 1920s
Speculation Boom• Purchase of any item, not for personal use,
but in the hope of selling it later at a higher price
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Reason for Prosperity of 1920s
Uneven Prosperity• 0.1% of Americans had a combined income
equal to that of the bottom 42%. They also controlled 1/3 of all savings, while more the ¾ of Americans had no savings at all.
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Cultural Values of the 1920sProhibition
• Frances Willard most outspoken voice the Temperance Movement
• 18th Amendment banned the sale, making, and transporting of alcohol
• Led to a growth of lawlessness and a rise of organized crime
• 21st Amendment repealed the 18th
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Cultural Values of the 1920s
The Scopes “Monkey Trial” of 1925• Tennessee passed a law banning the teaching of
evolution • William Jennings Bryan was the special
prosecutor• Clarence Darrow defended John Scopes, who
was arrested• Scopes was convicted for teaching evolution,
but his $1 fine was later set aside
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Cultural Values of the 1920s
New Restrictions on Immigration• Immigration Acts of 1921, 1924, and 1929 basically
designed to keep immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe.
• These laws established quotas for each separate nationality based on America’s existing ethnic composition
• Under this system Northern and Western Europeans were allowed in great numbers, Eastern and Southern Europeans were severely limited, and Asians were barred altogether
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Cultural Values of the 1920s
Eugenics• Leading supporter - Charles Davenport• Pseudo-scientific belief that the human race
could be improved by breeding. It was supposed that superior parents would have even better children. It was closely tied to Social Darwinism.
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Emergence of New Values in 1920s
Women • started to smoke and drink in public, rejected
restrictive clothing and adopted the new look called the “flapper”
• Flappers wore short dresses that revealed body shape, hair was short, and wore lots of make up
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Emergence of New Values in 1920s
Tin Pan Alley • a section of New York City, was the area where
song-writing and musical ideas mixed together to form American popular music.
• Vaudeville show became the most popular form of stage entertainment.
• Famous songwriters - Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, Scott Joplin and George and Ira Gershwin
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Emergence of New Values in 1920s
The Lost Generation• Rejected the desire for material wealth, they
believed they did not fit in after the horrors and brutality of WWI
• Famous authors – – Ernest Hemingway – A Farewell to Arms, The Sun Also
Rises– Sinclair Lewis (1st American to win the Nobel Prize in
Literature) – Main Street , Babbitt– F. Scott Fitzgerald – The Jazz Age, The Great Gatsby
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Emergence of New Values in 1920s
The Harlem Renaissance• General awakening of African-American
culture sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age• Poets and writers – Langston Hughes, Alain
Locke, Countee Cullen, Zora Neale Hurston• Marcus Garvey, political activist, Back-to-
Africa Movement
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Emergence of New Values in 1920s
Popular New Heroes• Babe Ruth - baseball• Jack Dempsey - boxing• Charles Lindbergh – 1st person to fly across the
Atlantic Ocean in 1927 in “The Spirit of St. Louis”. It took 33 hours
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Key Individuals• Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti – convicted and executed of a robbery in part because of the hysteria against foreigners
• Henry Ford – early auto manufacturer who pioneered new production techniques
• Glenn Curtiss – Aviation pioneer who developed airplanes that landed on water
• Clarence Darrow – Represented Scopes at the “Monkey Trial” on evolution on 1925
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Key Individuals• William Jennings Bryan – helped prosecute John Scopes at the “Monkey Trial”
• Langston Hughes – African American poet and writer during Harlem Renaissance
• Marcus Garvey – believed in black-owned businesses; led Back-to-Africa Movement
• Charles Lindbergh – 1st person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean; became an international hero
• F. Scott Fitzgerald – his works, like The Great Gatsby, captured the spirit of the Jazz Age