The Race to Transform: Sport in Post-Apartheid South Africa

8/9/2019 The Race to Transform: Sport in Post-Apartheid South Africa

1/281


2/281


3/281

wleh}fg` lx |g}}

|hvbpg bc V826


4/281

napgap}

m|naxk} ba` bll|gvhbphna}

mdanseg`cgkgap}

2 ap|n`wmphna: nac |wa pn |gg`nk> 2

}fsha @g}bh

< |ggyx m|bsehg}% yn|pbynne} ba` pfg `bk&a(} n }shkkhac

p|ba}n|kbphna 20

}fsha @g}bh ba` fkg` _g|hbvb

= a}h`g pfg nw}g n bha: mb}g }pw`x n pfg Jbcwb|} wclx ewl 7?

}fsha @g}bh ba` Zbxa Abllh

0 |ba}n|kbphna |nk blnvg: fg wy}h`g+`nsa }pbpg n mnapgkyn|b|x

nwpf |hmba }nmmg| 69

@beg P! KmDhaegx

7 nkga} ln`hg} ba` pfg sn|e` n nnplbee ha nwpf |hmb 297

Y|h}fbah Abh`nn ba` Zbageg Kwfneh

? Jwkyhac nvg| pfg fw|`eg}: ynehphmbe babex}h} n p|ba}n|kbphna kgb}w|g} ha

nwpf |hmba bpfegphm} 20?

Jw}pha vba `g| Kg|sg

3 gxna` pfg abphna> nenw| ba` meb}} ha nwpf |hmba m|hmdgp 23?

}fsha @g}bh ba` Cnnebk _bfg`

6 gpsgga lebmd ba` sfhpg: mb}g }pw`x n pfg sbwew+bpbe

|hmdgp ahna


5/281


6/281

v

H\L apg|abphnabe wclx nb|`

DZA sbwew+bpbe

DZAMW sbwew+bpbe |hmdgp ahna

DZA\W sbwew+bpbe wclx ahna

K@K b}} gknm|bphm nvgkgap

ABKHM na+ehcag` nvgkgap ha |hmdgp

AMB bpbe |hmdgp }}nmhbphna

AML bpbe |hmdgp nb|`

AGM bphnabe gmwphvg nkkhppgg

ANM]B bphnabe exkyhm nwamhe n nwpf |hmb

A\L bpbe wclx nb|`

A]M bphnabe yn|p} nac|g}} &ebpg 2869} ba` gb|ex 2889}(

A]M bphnabe yn|p} nwamhe &|nk pfg ebpg 2889}(

YKM |nvhamhbe nahpn|hac nkkhppgg

Y]E |gkhg| nmmg| gbcwg

\@Y gmna}p|wmphna ba` gvgenykgap |nc|bkkg

]BBBL nwpf |hmba kbpgw| pfegphm} nb|`

]BBBM nwpf |hmba kbpgw| pfegphm} nac|g}}

]BBBW nwpf |hmba kbpgw| pfegphm} ahna

]BB]B nwpf |hmb kbpgw| shkkhac }}nmhbphna

]BB]MN nwpf |hmba kbpgw| shkkhac nac|g}}

]BB]W nwpf |hmba kbpgw| shkkhac ahna

]BB]SHO nwpf |hmba kbpgw| shkkhac g`g|bphna]BML nwpf |hmba |hmdgp nb|`

]BMLNM nwpf |hmba |hmdgp nb|` n nap|ne

]BMN] nwpf |hmba nwamhe na yn|p

]BMY nwpf |hmba nkkwah}p b|px

]BMW nwpf |hmba |hmdgp ahna

y


7/281

vh

]BOB nwpf |hmba nnplbee }}nmhbphna

]BAB]B nwpf |hmba bphnabe kbpgw| shkkhac }}nmhbphna

]BA\NM nwpf |hmba na+|bmhbe exkyhm nkkhppgg

]B\L nwpf |hmba wclx nb|]B\OW nwpf |hmba wclx nnplbee ahna

]B\\B nwpf |hmba nb` waahac }}nmhbphna

]B\W nwpf |hmba wclx ahna

]B]M nwpf |hmba yn|p} nkkh}}hna

]B]O nwpf |hmba nmmg| g`g|bphna

]B]E nwpf |hmba nmmg| gbcwg

]BSOB nwpf |hmba nkga} nnplbee }}nmhbphna

]BS]B nwpf |hmba nkga} nmmg| }}nmhbphna

]SHK]B shkkhac nwpf |hmb

PB\M |ba}n|kbphna ba` aph+|bmh}k nkkhppgg

PKM |ba}n|kbphna nahpn|hac nkkhppgg

WML]B ahpg` |hmdgp nb|` n nwpf |hmb

WMP ahvg|}hpx n byg nsa

WD ahpg` hac`nk

WA@Y ahpg` bphna} gvgenykgap |nc|bkkg

W] ahpg` pbpg}

W]]B]B ahpg` mfnne} yn|p} }}nmhbphna n nwpf |hmb

y


8/281

vhh

mdanseg`cgkgap}

Pfh} lnnd gkg|cg} o|nk b sh`g+|bachac |g}gb|mf y|njgmp na |bmhbe |g`|g}}

ha yn}p+byb|pfgh` nwpf |hmb! fg }pw`x sb} wa`g|pbdga lx |g}gb|mfg|}

ha pfg gknm|bmx ba` nvg|abamg |g}gb|mf y|nc|bkkg n pfg wkba

mhgamg} g}gb|mf nwamhe &(% ha mneebln|bphna shpf |g}gb|mfg|} `|bsa

|nk ha}h`g ba` nwp}h`g pfg bmb`gkx!

g snwe` ehdg pn gy|g}} nw| byy|gmhbphna pn b awklg| n `nan|} n|

pfgh| havnevgkgap ha pfg y|njgmp: pfg fb|eg} pwb|p npp nwa`bphna4 pfg

n|` nwa`bphna4 pfg na|b` `gabwg| nwa`bphna4 pfg gvgenykgap bad

n nwpfg|a |hmb4 % pfg jnhap w|nygba ahnanwpf |hmba wa`hac

bmhehpx n| |g}gb|mf enmbpg` ha pfg bphnabe |gb}w|x% ba` pfg yb|ehbkgapb|x

c|bap n pfg ! hpfnwp pfgh| cgag|nw} mnap|hlwphna}% pfg |g}gb|mf na

sfhmf pfh} lnnd h} lb}g` snwe` anp fbvg lgga yn}}hleg!

fg bwpfn|} snwe` be}n ehdg pn pfbad pfg ygnyeg sfn bc|gg` pn lg

hapg|vhgsg` ba` kb`g vbewbleg `nmwkgapbphna bvbhebleg!

y


9/281

y


10/281

2

pfg egvge yebxhac ge` h} gamen}g` shpfha b }nmhgpx sfhmf h} baxpfhac

lwp egvge! mmg}} pn pfg egvge yebxhac ge` fb} besbx} lgga wagrwbe

wp pfg|g h} b }phac ha pfg pbhe! a }yn|p} egvge yebxhac ge`% hp h}

yn}}hleg pn mfbeegacg ba` nvg|pw|a pfg nkhabap fhg|b|mfhg} n

abphna% |bmg ba` meb}}fg egvge yebxhac ge` mba lg ghpfg| b y|h}na n|

b yebpn|k n| ehlg|bphna! &b|rw}gg 2887: 7(

Pfg `bsa no yn}P+byb|Pfgh` nwpf |hmb shpag}}g` b y|nehg|bphna n

s|hphac na pfg vbewg n }yn|p ha l|gbdhac `nsa |bmhbe lb||hg|} ba` lwhe`hac

b wahpg` abphna! fh} sb} chvga ham|g`hleg hkygpw} ha pfg hkkg`hbpg

bpg|kbpf n pfg 2887 wclx n|e` wy vhmpn|x! n}p `|bkbphmbeex% ge}na

ba`geb byygb|g` bp eeh} b|d ha b y|haclnd jg|}gx% }hcabeehac pfg

bmmgypbamg n pfh} `gmb`g}+enac }xklne n nyy|g}}hna b} b abphnabe gklegkn| pfg |wclx pgbk! p pfg }bkg phkg% pfh} cg}pw|g sb} blnwp kn|g pfba

pfg bmmgypbamg n b abphnabe gklegk! wclx% pfg }xklne n |hdbag|

abphnabeh}k% bp namg lgmbkg pfg }yn|p pfbp snwe` fgey pn mbpbex}g pfg

lwhe`hac n b |bhalns abphna y|g`hmbpg` na b mnkkna h`gaphpx% b mnkkna

}ga}g n nwpf |hmbaag}}! fh} y|njgmp mba lg lg}p }wkkg` wy ha b

2

ap|n`wmphna: nac |wa pn |gg`nk>

}fsha @g}bh

y


11/281

< pfg |bmg pn p| ba}on|k: }yn|p ha yn}p+byb|pfgh` }nwpf bo|hmb

mnkkgap n|hchabeex kb`g lx b}}hkn `zgcehn ha 2639 ha pfg mnapgp n

pfg ynehphmbe wahmbphna n pbex: g fbvg kb`g pbex% ans sg fbvg pn kbdg

pbehba} &zgcehn% mhpg` ha nl}lbsk 288?:


12/281

=hap|n`wmphna: Enac |wa pn o|gg`nk>

|hcfp! nkkwahpx mewl} kw}p lg |gvhvg` ba` nw| mfhe`|ga ha

pnsa}fhy ba` vheebcg }mfnne} kw}p lg b}}h}pg` pn `n }yn|p! fg|g h}

an }fn|p mwp pn pfh}mfnne} }yn|p h} pfg aw|}g|x n| yb|phmhybap} ha

}gahn| mnkygphphna}g b|g }p|nacex b|cwhac fg|g n| b nmw}}g`bppgaphna na pfg }mfnne} ba` mnkkwahpx mewl} ha lwhe`hac b l|nb`

lb}g n| pbegap }mnwphac% `gvgenyhac ba` aw|pw|hac! fh} h} pfg kb}}

pfbp shee p|ba}n|k }nmhgpx ba` `g+|bmhbeh}g hp! g kw}p cn lbmd pn

g`ag}`bx bpg|anna} b} }mfnne }yn|p} `bx}! wp pfh} mbaanp fbyyga

lx mfbamg!2

fg |gn|kbphvg byy|nbmf% na pfg npfg| fba`% y|hn|hph}g` |gmnamhehbphna ba`

mnnyg|bphvg cnvg|abamg% ha pfg hapg|g}p} n gmnankhm c|nspf ba` bmmgypbamg

hapn b agnehlg|be sn|e` n|`g|! a pfh} }mgab|hn% pfg mna`hphna} lg}p }whpg`

pn bmhehpbpg ba gavh|nakgap n| `nhac lw}hag}} ha nwpf |hmb snwe` lg

m|gbpg`% ba` pfg enchm wa`g|exhac pfh} yb|b`hck sb} pfbp pfg lgagp} n

gmnankhm c|nspf snwe` abpw|beex p|hmdeg `nsa pn pfg ynn|g}p kgklg|}

n }nmhgpx4 pfh} b|cwkgap sb} gamby}webpg` ha pfg b`bcg |g`h}p|hlwphna

pf|nwcf c|nspf! a pg|k} n pfh} kn`ge pfg|g snwe` lg }pbpg hapg|vgaphna

pn `g+|bmhbeh}g pfg wyyg|kn}p |gbmfg} n pfg meb}} fhg|b|mfx pf|nwcf yw|}whp

n ebmd mnankhm kynsg|kgap &LGG(! a }yn|p% pfh} snwe` lg }gga ha pfg

gkyfb}h} na fhcf+yg|n|kbamg mgap|g} ba` na pfg |bmhbe mnkyn}hphna n

abphnabe pgbk}! heehna} n |ba`} snwe` be}n lg ywkyg` hapn kgcb }yn|p}

gvgap} }wmf b} pfg nnplbee n|e` wy


13/281

0 pfg |bmg pn p| ba}on|k: }yn|p ha yn}p+byb|pfgh` }nwpf bo|hmb

dansa cw|g} |nk pfg n|kg| ehlg|bphna knvgkgap! fg lebmd gehpg fb`

b||hvg`% ba` hp} }ygg` n sgbepf bmmwkwebphna sb} b}pnwa`hac!

enac}h`g pfh} pfg|g sb} ba hkkg`hbpg yn}p+byb|pfgh` |h}g ha hamnkg

hagrwbehpx% sfhmf sb} }ehcfpex khphcbpg` bpg|


14/281

hap|n`wmphna: Enac |wa pn o|gg`nk> 7

n |gbeh}g pfg lgagp} pfbp mba yn}}hlex bmm|wg |nk nw| }gmpn|% sg agg`

pf|gg pfhac}4 |g}nw|mg}% |g}nw|mg} ba` kn|g |g}nw|mg}! fbp sg agg` h}:

ha|b}p|wmpw|g n|cbah}bphna% y|nc|bkkg}% bmhehphg}% grwhykgap ba` dhp4

fwkba |g}nw|mg} }wmhgap pfg|gn% n cnn` rwbehpx ba` shpf ba byy|ny|hbpg`h}yn}hphna4 ba`% abamg pfbp wa`g|yha} lnpf ha|b}p|wmpw|g ba` fwkba

|g}nw|mg}!!!} b gyb|pkgap sg fbvg pfg }kbeeg}p lw`cgp n bee abphnabe

cnvg|akgap `gyb|pkgap}! g b|g mnkkhpphac }nkg 29 yg| yg|}na yg|

xgb| pn pfg yb|phmhybphna n nw| ygnyeg ha }yn|p ba` |gm|gbphna bmphvhphg}

y|g}gapex! 29 mba agvg| kbdg b }wl}pbaphbe mnap|hlwphna pn yb|phmhybphna

|bpg} ha }yn|p ba` |gm|gbphna!!! &n}pfwhzga% mhpg` ha lgdh


15/281

? pfg |bmg pn p| ba}on|k: }yn|p ha yn}p+byb|pfgh` }nwpf bo|hmb

} nyyn}hphna knwapg`% pfg BAM cnvg|akgap }yndg ham|gb}hacex blnwp sbx}

n hapgc|bphac pfg |gn|kbphvg ba` p|ba}n|kbphvg byy|nbmfg}! n}p bknw}ex%

|g}h`gap fbln lgdh }yndg n pfg agg` n| lnpf pfg}g byy|nbmfg}% ha

sfbp fb} mnkg pn lg dansa b} pfg psn gmnankhg} pfg}h}! a


16/281


babencx% pfg ynehmx |gn|k} ba` hapg|vgaphna} n pfg |}p gmnankx

h} T}hm[ sfbp m|gbpg} pfg ynvg|px ba` hkkh}g|bphna n pfg }gmna`>!!!

fg BAM fb` b} hp} gyehmhp kba`bpg pfg Tp|ba}mga`hac[ n pfg

|bmhbe gmnankhm `hvh`g! a}pgb`% fnsgvg|% pfg gmnankhm ba` }nmhbeynehmhg} hp yw|}wg` ha pfg |}p `gmb`g n hp} |weg lgcba pfg y|nmg}}

n `g|bmhbeh}hac pfg |}p gmnankx% sfheg }hkwepbagnw}ex ham|gb}hac

pfg }hzg ba` bcc|bvbphac pfg y|nlegk} n pfg }gmna` gmnankx!

&blhl

ns fbvg pfg }pbpg ba` }yn|phac n|cbah}bphna} }nwcfp pn |g`|g}}

pfg `bkbcg mbw}g` lx nag n pfg m|wgeeg}p egcbmhg} n byb|pfgh`> p h} anp

`hmwep pn `h}mg|a pfbp pfg|g b|g psn }yn|phac ge`} ha nwpf |hmb% nag n

sfhmf h} |gy|g}gapg` ha pfg }pbpg+n+pfg+b|p fhcf+yg|n|kbamg mgap|g} ba`

pfg ham|g`hleg }pb`hwk} lwhep ha y|gyb|bphna n| pfg


17/281


pfg mfbacg} ha nwpf |hmba }yn|p b|g |ghan|mhac b n|k n meb}} byb|pfgh`

ha }yn|p}% ba` sfgpfg| pfg y|g}gap p|bjgmpn|x shee ggyga hagrwbehphg} |bpfg|

pfba y|nc|g}}hvgex khphcbpg pfgk!

fbypg| sn% na }shkkhac% lx }fsha g}bh ba` fkg` g|hbvb%lgcha} lx nmw}hac na pfg agcegmp n lebmd }shkkhac `w|hac pfg byb|pfgh`

g|b% ba` pfg }p|wcceg lx lebmd }yn|p}ygnyeg pn `gvgeny b mwepw|g n mnkygphphvg

}shkkhac% chvga pfbp lx 2833 pfg|g sb} anp b }haceg exkyhm+}hzg }shkkhac

ynne bvbhebleg pn |hmba }shkkg|}! fg mfbypg| pfga }gp} nwp ha b}mhabphac

`gpbhe pfg }pn|x n pfg |bmphnw} y|nmg}} pfbp eg` pn pfg g}pbleh}fkgap n

b }haceg mnap|neehac ln`x n| pfg }yn|p! fg nmw} pfga }fhp} pn gbkhag

bmpwbe yg|n|kbamg ha pfg ynne! n}p+byb|pfgh` nwpf |hmb fb} shpag}}g`

pfg shaahac n b awklg| n }shkkhac cne` kg`be} bp pfg exkyhm}% lwp

bee fbvg lgga bsb|`g` pn sfhpg }shkkg|}! fheg ]SHK]B fb} |neeg` nwp

b mnky|gfga}hvg y|nc|bkkg pn gafbamg b mwepw|g n }shkkhac% pfg|g

fb} lgga mna}h`g|bleg y|g}}w|g |nk pfg BAM ba` cnvg|akgap pn y|n`wmg

exkyhm+}pba`b|` lebmd }shkkg|}! fg mfbypg| gyen|g} pfg c|nshac

pga}hna lgpsgga pfg `|hvg pn m|gbpg b c|b}}|nnp} mwepw|g n }shkkhac ba`

y|g}}w|g pn y|n`wmg lebmd exkyhm rwbehg|} ba` kg`beeh}p}!

fbypg| f|gg% lx }fsha g}bh ba` bxa bllh% nmw}g} na pfg

Jbcwb|}% pfg naex lebmd |wclx mewl ha pfg y|gkhg| `hvh}hna ha sbwew+bpbe!

fg mfbypg| p|bmg} pfg fh}pn|x n pfg mewl% hp} mnw|bcgnw} bppgkyp} pn dggy

cnhac `w|hac byb|pfgh` ba` hp} gyg|hgamg} bpg| pfg wahmbphna n pfg

abphnabe |wclx lnb|`}! fg }pn|x n Jbcwb|} y|nvh`g} hkyn|pbap ha}hcfp} hapn

pfg mnaphawhac }behgamg n |bmg ba` meb}}% pfg egcbmx n byb|pfgh` cgnc|byfx

ba` pfg wahapga`g` mna}grwgamg} n p|ba}n|kbphna% sfhmf mba |glnwa`

na pfg vg|x mna}phpwgamx pfbp ynehmhg} b|g `g}hcag` pn lgagp! kyn|pbap ha

pfg }pn|x n Jbcwb|} h} pfg g|n}hna n }mfnne |wclx ha pfg b|gb} men}g}p pn pfgmewl} fgb`rwb|pg|}! fg mfbypg| `g}m|hlg} fns Jbcwb|} fb} p|hg` pn nvg|mnkg

pfh} lx `|bshac ha xnwacg| ba` xnwacg| yebxg|} hapn xnwpf pgbk}% shpf

vb|xhac gc|gg} n }wmmg}}!

fg|g b|g psn mfbypg|} na nnplbee% pfg y|g+gkhagap cbkg ha nwpf

|hmb! npf mfbypg|} ng| b agmg}}b|x ga|hmfkgap n wa`g|}pba`hac n pfg

y


18/281


cbkg} }hcahmbamg ha pfg mnwap|x% chvga pfg mgegl|bpn|x gavh|nakgap m|gbpg`

ha pfg |wa+wy pn pfg &]wa`bx Phkg} ? gypgklg|


19/281


|ga`g|hac pfgk wamphnabe pn pfg fgpg|n}gh}p an|k! enshac nwp n pfh}% pfg

babex}h} |bh}g} anp }hkyex h}}wg} }w||nwa`hac pfg }p|wcceg bcbha}p gmew}hna%

lwp pfg n|k ba` abpw|g n hamew}hna! fg sn|d n bh`nn ba` wfneh na

}gwbe n|hgapbphna h} yb|phmweb|ex y|g}mhgap% chvga pfg kw|`g| ha


20/281


n pfg mfbypg| ennd} bp pfg mfbachac bmg n hapg|abphnabe m|hmdgp% g}ygmhbeex

pfg c|nshac cenlbe |gbmf n pfg a`hba |gkhg| gbcwg &HYE( ba` hp}

hkyehmbphna} n| pfg enmbe cbkg!

fbypg| hcfp% lx nnebk bfg`% h}faw b`bxbmfgg ba` }fshag}bh% egbvg} pfg abphnabe }pbcg ba` `hc} hapn pfg sbx pfg p|ba}n|kbphna

y|njgmp fb} yebxg` hp}ge nwp bp y|nvhamhbe egvge! fg nmw} h} na pfg sbwew+

bpbe |hmdgp ahna &DZAMW(! fheg gyen|hac b vb|hgpx n h}}wg} b|h}hac |nk

pfg m|hmdgp p|ba}n|kbphna bcga`b ha pfg y|nvhamg% pfg mfbypg|} babex}h} h}

mgap|g` na pfg fh}pn|hm mna}p|wmphna n lnwa`b|hg} lgpsgga a`hba}% sfhpg}

ba` |hmba} b} hp yg|pbha} pn m|hmdgp ha pfg y|nvhamg% ba` pfg hkybmp pfbp pfg}g

mna}p|wmp} fbvg ha pfg mnapgkyn|b|x }p|wcceg n| mnap|ne n y|nvhamhbe m|hmdgp!

a pfh} mnapgp nag n pfg dgx rwg}phna} yn}g` h} sfgpfg| pfg p|ba}n|kbphna

bcga`b h} m|gbphac pga}hna} ha pfg ne` lebmd lenm n |hmba}% a`hba} ba`

mnenw|g`}! a hapg|g}phac b}ygmp n pfh} h`gaphpx rwg}phna h} pfg sbx ha sfhmf

mbpgcn|hg} }wmf b} a`hba b|g |bmpw|hac w|pfg|% shpf gpfahmhpx ba` |gehchna

mnkhac pn mna}phpwpg ags ehag} n `hvh}hna!7

kg|chac nwp n b kbjn| }pw`x na |bmhbe |g`|g}} ha yn}p+byb|pfgh`

nwpf |hmb% pfg mfbypg|} ha pfh} mneegmphna ng| ba ha+`gypf ennd bp fns pfg

`hbegmphm lgpsgga pfg |gn|kbphvg ba` p|ba}n|kbphvg y|njgmp} yebx nwp ha pfg

mnapgp n }yn|p!

fbp h} megb| h} pfbp pfg `hvh`g lgpsgga pfg psn fbevg} n }yn|p ha

nwpf |hmb% ehdg pfbp lgpsgga lgdh} psn gmnankhg}% h} ham|gb}hac!

fg|g h} ba w|cgap agg` pn kbdg pfg dha`} n `gkba`} ba` }phkwebpg

n|k} n knlheh}bphna% lnpf ha pfg l|nb`g| ynehphmbe b|gab ba` ha }yn|p%

pn |gbeh}g hapg|kg`hbpg vhmpn|hg}% pfbp% gvga sfga yw|}wg` ba` sna% dggy

pfg enac+pg|k cnbe n gvg| l|nb`g| p|ba}n|kbphna ha }hcfp ba` w|pfg|

gkynsg| pfg ynyweb| meb}}g}% n|cbah}bphnabeex ba` h`gnenchmbeex% pn yw|}wg hp&bwe


21/281

2< pfg |bmg pn p| ba}on|k: }yn|p ha yn}p+byb|pfgh` }nwpf bo|hmb

fg ehkhpbphna} n pfg y|g}gap y|njgmp% ha pg|k} n pfg awklg|

n }yn|p} mnvg|g` ha pfg lnnd% b|g |gmncah}g`! nygweex hp shee }g|vg pn

}phkwebpg }hkheb| }pw`hg} hapn b|gb} }wmf b} fnmdgx% }w|ac ba` `h}blhehpx

}yn|p! a b mnwap|x pfbp fb} p|wkygpg` }yn|p b} b }xklne n |g`|g}} ba`abphna+lwhe`hac% pfg ebmd n m|hphmbe babex}h} n }yn|phac bmphvhphg} h} }pb|pehac!

n }pgbe b sn|` pfbp h} }n kwmf yb|p n nwpf |hmb} p|ba}n|kbphna eghmna%

pfh} agcegmp agg`} pn lg w|cgapex |g`|g}}g`!

npg}

2 sss!han!cnv!zb.}yggmfg}.


22/281

hap|n`wmphna: Enac |wa pn o|gg`nk> 2=

blhl &

@gvgenykgap \gyn|p


23/281

20

na}mhnw} bmphvhpx h} b fwkba mfb|bmpg|h}phm!!!ha }shkkhac ha pfg

nmgba n }p|wcceg% Tsg[ kw}p anp nwa`g|% lwp kbdg }w|g n |gbmfhac

pfg nyyn}hpg }fn|g shpf kgb}w|g` }p|ndg}! p|bpgcx ba` pbmphm}% b}

pfg ebs} n| `h|gmphac }p|wcceg% mna}phpwpg pfg b|p n }shkkhac ha pfg

nmgba n }p|wcceg! &bn }g+wac 28?=(

}shkkhac% kn|g Pfba baxnpfg| exkyhm }yn|p% fb} gajnxg` p|gkga`nw}

}wmmg}} }hamg pfg mnwap|x} |ghapgc|bphna hapn hapg|abphnabe mnkygphphna!

shkkg|} }wmf b} gaax gxa}% xd ggpfehac ba` neba` mfngkba

fbvg lgmnkg fnw}gfne` abkg} sfn}g gbp} ha pfg }shkkhac ynne fbvg

lgga hkkn|pbeh}g` ha pfg |gmn|` lnnd} fnp mnkkn`hphg} ha ba ham|gb}hacex

mn|yn|bph}hac `h}mhyehag &b} pfg bppgkyp} lx pfg exkyhm fnygwe% Rbpb|%

bp ew|hac mfngkba ba` ggpfehac hapn pfgh| }rwb` heew}p|bpg(! } kbaxabphnabe }rwb`} b|g }p|wccehac pn mfbed wy gvga pfg kn}p kn`g}p bmmneb`g}

ha hapg|abphnabe mnkygphphna% nwpf |hmba }shkkhac mnaphawg} pn

cn |nk }p|gacpf pn }p|gacpf! nsgvg|% ba` ha }yhpg n b enac fh}pn|x n

lebmd }shkkhac2ha nwpf |hmb% pfg fhcfg}p egvge} n pfg }yn|p |gkbha

`nkhabpg` lx sfhpg }shkkg|}% ba` pfg ha|b}p|wmpw|g ba` egvge} n

g sg|g

bmpwbeex b}dhac ygnyeg pn cn pn vb|hnw} g`g|bphna} ndbx% bmdg|`fwj

sb} pfg|g ha m|hmdgp% bpge sb} pfg|g ha |wclx }n bee pfg npfg| ehppeg

nag}% ehdg }shkkhac% sg snwe` b}d bknac nw|}gevg}% sfn dans}

fns pn pbmdeg pfg}g sfhpgx} ha }shkkhaca` pfga% pfgx }bx

Jb% h`gna% xnw mnkg |nk nkg|}gp g}p% xnw mba }shk% xnw cn

ba` kggp pfg ygnyegfg|g sb} b }yehapg| c|nwy |nk w|lba shpf

``hg gpf% pfg|g sb} b }yehapg| c|nwy |nk byg nsa% }nkgnag

|nk hklg|egx% ba` pfga sg fb` b n|`g| bmphna! g `h`ap fbvg

baxpfhac ha bwpgac! n pfn}g }yehapg| c|nwy} n|kg` b mnac|g}}!

&bk hapg|vhgs(

} agcnphbphna} wane`g`% B]B]B ha}h}pg` pfbp ]BB]MN shpf pfgh| nw| mewl}

mnwe` anp lg mna}h`g|g` b |gy|g}gapbphvg n|cbah}bphna! fg pbed} `gb`enmdg`!

nsgvg|% ]BB]W ba` ]BB]MN mnaphawg` shpf pbed} ba` n|kg` b ags

n|cbah}bphna!

x pfg phkg bk bk}bkx |gpw|ag` pn nwpf |hmb pbed} sg|g

be|gb`x wa`g| sbx% ba` fg hkkg`hbpgex pnnd nvg| |nk h`gna bk b} pfg

mfhg agcnphbpn| n| ]BB]MN! a pg|k} n pfg wahpx bc|ggkgap pfg|g snwe` lgb pxpx }yehp n pfg ggmwphvg% ba` bpg| psn xgb|} ba nyga gegmphna snwe`

lg fge`! fg |g}wepbap ln`x pfbp sb} n|kg` sb} pfg nwpf |hmb kbpgw|

shkkhac }}nmhbphna &]BB]B(! bk bk}bkx sb} pfg |}p y|g}h`gap% ba`

}}x |bkg| &b n|kg| bphnabe b|px |gy|g}gapbphvg ha cnvg|akgap( ba`

h`gna bk }fb|g` pfg vhmg+y|g}h`gamx!

y


42/281

pfg `bk&a(} no }shkkhac p|ba}on|kbphna ==

HAB ba` pfg }gmna` |nwa` n wahmbphna

f|nwcf pfg |}p |nwa` n pfg wahpx y|nmg}}% B]B]B }pwmd |kex pn pfg

]BMN] yn}hphna na wahpx! wkg|hmbeex B]B]B fb` pfg wyyg| fba`! fheg

pfg ags ln`x fb` }hcahmbapex c|gbpg| |g}nw|mg}% B]B]B n|cbah}g` pfg vb}pkbjn|hpx n lebmd }shkkg|}! gmbw}g n pfh}% B]B]B lgehgvg` pfbp shpfnwp

pfgh| yb|phmhybphna% pfg|g snwe` besbx} lg b rwg}phna kb|d nvg| pfg y|nmg}}

ba` nvg| pfg ags ln`x} mebhk pn lghac |gy|g}gapbphvg n lebmd }shkkhac ha

nwpf |hmb! a pfh} pfgx sg|g s|nac!

a 288


43/281

=0 pfg |bmg pn p| ba}on|k: }yn|p ha yn}p+byb|pfgh` }nwpf bo|hmb

nsgvg|% lgxna` pfg hawgamg n bk}bkx% pfh} `gmh}hna sb}

be}n ha yb|p b mna}grwgamg n pfg hapg|abphnabe mnkkwahpx} |k }wyyn|p

n| nwpf |hmb} wane`hac kh|bmeg! apg|abeex b} sgee% pfg ebacwbcg n

ana+yb|phmhybphna sb} mnkhac pn }ggk ham|gb}hacex nwp n }pgy shpf abphnabe`gvgenykgap}! pg| pfg OHAB `gmh}hna% B]B]B sb} n|mg` pn |gmna}h`g| hp}

byy|nbmf pn pfg ags n|cbah}bphna! nsgvg|% gklne`gag` lx pfg hapg|abphnabe

ln`x} `gmh}hna% pfg pg|k} n b kg|cg| ng|g` lx pfg ags wahg` ln`x%

]BB]B% sg|g anpfhac ehdg pfn}g n pfg y|gvhnw} y|nmg}}! ]B]B sb} ng|g`

jw}p pf|gg }gbp} na pfg ggmwphvg% shpf ba nyga gegmphna neenshac ha eg}}

pfba b xgb|! ]B]B% sfhmf lnb}pg` b gs pfnw}ba` }shkkg|} ba` b kn`g}p

lbad lbebamg% `gmehag` pfg ng|! vg| pfg agp }gvga xgb|} pfg n|cbah}bphna

|gkbhag` nwp}h`g pfg nmhbe wahg` }p|wmpw|g ba` mnaphawg` pn fn}p hp}

nsa abphnabe pnw|abkgap}!

ahpx% abeex

B]B]B }fnsg` gvg|x }hca n cnn` fgbepf bp pfg nwp}gp n pfg wahmbphna

y|nmg}}% lx 2888 hp sb} ha `ggy p|nwleg:

g sg|g na nw| eb}p egc}! gmbw}g lx pfga mfhe`|ga na pfg npfg| }h`g

sg|g cnhac nvg|}gb}pfgx fb` pfg abamhbe kw}meg sfheg sg sg|g

fbgkn||fbchac! g }phee kbabcg` pn fbvg abphnabe pnw|abkgap} sn|pfx

n pfg abkg ha 2888 lwp sg|g ha lb` }fbyg! &bh`nn hapg|vhgs 2(

b}f+}p|byyg` ba` wableg pn ng| hp} }shkkg|} baxpfhac npfg| pfba

enmbeh}g` mnkygphphna% }nkgpfhac agg`g` pn mfbacg n| B]B]B! |nahmbeex% pfg

abe yfb}g n wahmbphna sb} mbpbex}g` lx pfg }wmmg}} n ba B]B]B }shkkg|

sfn sb} chvga pfg nyyn|pwahpx pn p|bvge pn w}p|behb pn p|bha ba` mnkygpg!

nsgvg|% pfh} y|nvg` mnkyehmbpg` lgmbw}g B]B]B sb} anp b kgklg| n OHABba` pfg ags ln`x nljgmpg` pn pfg }shkkg|} yb|phmhybphna ha w}p|behb! }

b |g}wep% B]B]B byy|nbmfg` pfg nwpf |hmba cnvg|akgap n| b}}h}pbamg!

epfnwcf pfg cnvg|akgap han|kg` B]B]B pfbp hp mnwe` anp hapg|g|g ha pfg

bbh|} n ba ha`hvh`wbe }yn|phac bwpfn|hpx% hp be}n ywp y|g}}w|g na pfg OHAB+

|gmncah}g` ]BB]B pn |g}nevg pfh} kbppg|!

y


44/281

pfg `bk&a(} no }shkkhac p|ba}on|kbphna =7

a 2888% ]BB]B mfbacg` hp} abkg pn shkkhac nwpf |hmb

&]SHK]B(! ]B]B fb` gapg|g` `h}mw}}hna} shpf ]SHK]B fnyhac n| anpfhac

kn|g pfba b y|nc|bkkg n| pfg `gvgenykgap n lebmd }shkkhac ha pfg

mnwap|x! nsgvg|% h`gna bk% sfn sb} pfg y|g}h`gap n ]SHK]B bp pfgphkg% bc|gg` pn lgcha n|kbe pbed} shpf B]B]B! fh} m|gbpg` ba nygahac

n| `h}mw}}hna} na mnnyg|bphna lgpsgga pfg psn n|cbah}bphna} ba`

wephkbpgex n| wahmbphna! fg pg|k} n pfg kg|cg| be}n y|nvg` pn lg

b| eg}} `h}b`vbapbcgnw} pfh} phkg b|nwa`! fheg pfh} mnwe` fbvg lgga

}gga b} b kbcabahknw} cg}pw|g na pfg yb|p n pfg hapg|abphnabeex

|gmncah}g` }p|wmpw|g% pfg ebppg| sb} be}n }gb|mfhac n| kgmfbah}k} pn

bmfhgvg hp} p|ba}n|kbphna bcga`b ba` }pnn` pn lgagp |nk b kg|cg|!

p fb` anp lgga bleg pn y|n`wmg bax ags lebmd b`khah}p|bpn|}% pgmfahmbe

nmhbe} n| mnbmfg} n anpg% ba` pfg awklg|} n }wmf yg|}na} pfbp fb`

gapg|g` pfg n|cbah}bphna bp pfg phkg n wahmbphna sg|g }kbee! ]B]B

y|g}gapg` ]SHK]B shpf b }wl}pbaphbe awklg| n g}pbleh}fg`% pgmfahmbeex

mnkygpgap b`khah}p|bpn|} ba` mnbmfg} sfn sg|g sgee vg|}g` ha }yn|p}

ynehphm} ba` sfn% pfgn|gphmbeex% mnwe` b`vbamg pfg bcga`b n| mfbacg shpfha

ba n|cbah}bphna pfbp sb} y|g`nkhabpgex sfhpg! a` }n% ha 2888% B]B]B abeex

kg|cg` shpf ]SHK]B!

fg p|ba}n|kbphna n brwbphm }yn|p

sn p|ba}n|kbphna}

p fb} lgga yn}hpg` pfbp pfg mfb|bmpg|h}bphna n nwpf |hmb b} b mnwap|x

shpf psn gmnankhg} &lgdh


45/281

=? pfg |bmg pn p| ba}on|k: }yn|p ha yn}p+byb|pfgh` }nwpf bo|hmb

&|ba}n|kbphna < |gn|kbphvg(% ba` pfn}g gn|p} bhkg` bp `gvgenyhac kb}}

yb|phmhybphna ha }shkkhac &|ba}n|kbphna 2 p|ba}n|kbphvg(!

|ba}n|kbphna < fb} kn}p npga lgga gvh`gap ha pfg }pbpg} agg`

pn kbdg bee ha}phpwphna} n }nmhgpx% hamew`hac mhvhe }nmhgpx n|kbphna} }wmfb} }yn|p} g`g|bphna}% |ggmp pfg mnwap|x} |bmhbe `gknc|byfhm}! fh} fb}

|g}wepg` ha kbax ha}phpwphna} ba` ha`hvh`wbe} byy|nbmfhac p|ba}n|kbphna

yw|gex b} b kbppg| n |gyebmhac sfhpg bmg} ha }p|wmpw|g} shpf lebmd bmg}%

n| ga}w|hac pfg y|g}gamg n b pndga awklg| n lebmd }shkkg|} ha pgbk}!

a pfg sn|`} n Jbmg bh`nn:

T[n}p g`g|bphna} fbvg }gga p|ba}n|kbphna bekn}p gmew}hvgex b} b

awklg|} n| rwnpb} h}}wg! n b eb|cg gpgap pfh} fb} lgga `|hvga lx

pfg }pbpg} yfhen}nyfx n p|ba}n|kbphna }nmhgpx ba` n|cba} n mhvhe

}nmhgpx% }wmf b} }yn|p} g`g|bphna}% lghac |ggmphvg n pfg mnwap|x}

`gknc|byfhm}! fh} |bmg+lb}g` yfhen}nyfx fb} mnap|hlwpg` pn pfg

agg` pn `gag |bmhbe c|nwyhac} ha }yn|p% ba` fb} }g|vg` pn gap|gamf

h`gnenchg} n |bmg% |bpfg| pfba knvhac pnsb|` b yfhen}nyfx n

ana+|bmhbe ba` kb}}+lb}g` }yn|p! &bh`nn hapg|vhgs 2(

|nynagap} n |ba}n|kbphna 2 fbvg b|cwg` pfbp pfg }pbpg mnwe` fbvg

yebxg` b kwmf kn|g w}gwe |neg lx y|hn|hph}hac |g`|g}} ha hp} byy|nbmf pn

p|ba}n|kbphna% h!g! wa`g|}pba`hac p|ba}n|kbphna b} pfg agg` pn mn||gmp pfg

hklbebamg} m|gbpg` lx byb|pfgh` pf|nwcf y|nbmphvgex `g`hmbphac |g}nw|mg}

pn ham|gb}hac bmmg}} n| pfg y|gvhnw}ex `h}b`vbapbcg` pn }shkkhac! hpf

}wmf ba wa`g|}pba`hac% ham|gb}hac pfg kbjn|hpx n ygnyeg} bmmg}} pn pfg

|g}nw|mg}% bmhehphg} ba` ha}phpwphna} agmg}}b|x pn |gbeh}g pfgh| wee ynpgaphbe b}

}shkkg|} snwe` lgmnkg pfg nmw}! a }yn|p% pfh} snwe` fbvg kgbap yebmhac

b }wl}pbaphbe gkyfb}h} na ga}w|hac kb}} yb|phmhybphna ha }yn|p bp bee egvge}%|nk pfg w|lba pnsa}fhy} pf|nwcf pn pfg |w|be b|keba`} ba` kb|chabeh}g`

b|gb}% b} nyyn}g` pn pfg mna}pbap gkyfb}h} na ga}w|hac b`grwbpg awklg|} n

|hmba yb|phmhybap} ha abphnabe pgbk}! mmn|`hac pn Jbmg bh`nn:

T[|nc|bkkg} bhkg` bp kb}} yb|phmhybphna ha }yn|p% h hahphbpg` bp pfg

pw|a n `gknm|bmx ha nwpf |hmb% snwe` fbvg ga}w|g` pfbp nwpf

y


46/281


|hmba }yn|p% 2


47/281

=6 pfg |bmg pn p| ba}on|k: }yn|p ha yn}p+byb|pfgh` }nwpf bo|hmb

fg }pbpg n p|ba}n|kbphna ha brwbphm }yn|p pn`bx

h|}p+phkg p|bvgeeg|} xhac ha pn bax kbjn| nwpf |hmba mhpx npga |gkb|d

na pfg ehppeg lewg }shkkhac ynne }fbyg} pfbp `np pfg c|gga cb|`ga} n pfg}wlw|l}% b} sgee b} na pfg `|x ba` lb||ga }rwbppg| mbky} pfbp ghpfg| }y|bse

agp pn pfg}g }wlw|l} n| mehkl wy pfg agb|lx fhee}h`g} ba` `wky }hpg}! fgx

b|g b pgeehac |gkha`g| n byb|pfgh`} egcbmx gap|gamfg` hagrwbehphg} pfbp

mna|nap gvga pfg lg}p bppgkyp} bp p|ba}n|kbphna!

fg }pbpg n brwbphm }yn|p ha nwpf |hmb pn`bx |ggmp} pfh} egcbmx%

shpf sfhpg ba` kh``eg meb}} ygnyeg mnaphawhac pn gajnx |gy|g}gapbphvg

b`vbapbcg bp lnpf mnkygphphvg ba` |gm|gbphnabe egvge} nvg| lebmd ba` sn|dhac

meb}} ygnyeg! fh} fb} lgga pfg |g}wep n pfg mna}h}pgap `gvgenykgap n

}p|nac sfhpg brwbphm }yn|phac n|cbah}bphna} }hamg pfg pw|a n pfg eb}p mgapw|x!

fg wahmbphna y|nmg}} pfbp }pb|pg` bp pfg lgchaahac n pfg 2889} sb} be}n

mfb|bmpg|h}g` lx ba b`nyphna n pfg gh}phac ha|b}p|wmpw|g n pfg `nkhabap

yb|pag|} ha pfg y|nmg}}% h!g! sfhpg n|cbah}bphna}!

a phkg% pnn% pfg wahg` }p|wmpw|g} b}}wkg` pfg n|cbah}bphnabe

mwepw|g ba` y|bmphmg} n pfg}g n|cbah}bphna}! a}pgb` n beenshac n| b ags

n|cbah}bphnabe mwepw|g pn gkg|cg |nk pfg kg|cg| y|nmg}}% hp sb} b}}wkg`

pfbp pfg mwepw|g n pfg `nkhabap yb|pag|} sb} lg}p }whpg` pn pfg ags mnapgp!

a pfg kbha% pfh} mwepw|g sb} mfb|bmpg|h}g` lx pfg |byh` `gvgenykgap n pfg

ha`hvh`wbe ba` pfg m|gbphna n b }wyg|+gehpg% wep|b+mnkygphphvg c|nwyhac n

bpfegpg} shpf pfg blhehpx pn l|hac hapg|abphnabe cen|x &bh`nn hapg|vhgs 2(!

fg pxyg n n|cbah}bphna mgegl|bpg` lx pfh} mwepw|g sb} nag ha sfhmf

egb`g|}fhy% `gmh}hna+kbdhac ba` |g}yna}hlhehpx sg|g fhcfex mgap|beh}g`% ba`

kgklg|}fhy sb} gehph}p! fh} dha` n n|cbah}bphna h} anp mna`wmhvg pn pfg

lwhe`hac n kb}} yb|phmhybphna% pf|nwcf pfg hkyegkgapbphna n p|ba}yb|gapy|nmg}}g} sfhmf gacga`g| bmmnwapblhehpx% `gknm|bmx ba` mneegmphvg

|g}yna}hlhehpx ba` egb`g|}fhy! a pfh} mnapgp pfg `gvgenykgap n b kb}}+

lb}g` |gm|gbphnabe brwbphm }yn|phac n|cbah}bphna |gkbhag` pfg vh}hna n pfg

khan|hpx! mmn|`hac pn Jbmg bh`nn% pfg l|hachac pncgpfg| n }wmf `hg|gap

mwepw|g} ha nag n|cbah}bphna |g}wepg` ha:

y


48/281


!!!pfg hablhehpx pn ghpfg| p|ba}n|k pfg n|cbah}bphna n| y|nyg|ex ha}phpwpg

c|b}}|nnp} `gvgenykgap y|nc|bkkg} ha `h}b`vbapbcg` mnkkwahphg}!

a n|cbah}bphna mnkkhppg` pn kb}}+lb}g` brwbphm |gm|gbphnabe bmphvhphg}

|grwh|g} }p|wmpw|g} shpfha pfg n|cbah}bphna sfhmf mba mbpg| n| pfh}agg`! a pfg }fn|p pg|k% b mgap|beex |hvga }p|wmpw|g kbx y|nvg g}}gaphbe

pn `h|gmp pfg n|cbah}bphna pn pfg cnbe n kb}} yb|phmhybphna! nsgvg|%

ha pfg kg`hwk pn enac pg|k% ba n|cbah}bphnabe }p|wmpw|g sfhmf h}

p|ba}yb|gap% `gknm|bphm ba` bmmnwapbleg pn hp} }kbeeg}p wahp% h!g! mewl}

ba` pfgh| kgklg|}fhy% h} m|wmhbe! ee bppgkyp} kw}p lg kb`g pn |g}h}p

pfg pgkypbphna pn m|gbpg kn|g lw|gbwm|bphm }p|wmpw|g} &npga wa`g| pfg

cwh}g n lgppg| kbabcgkgap( pfbp |g}wep ha c|gbpg| behgabphna n pfg

lb}hm wahp} n pfg n|cbah}bphna! fheg `gknm|bmx mbaanp lg egch}ebpg`% hp

kw}p lg gamnw|bcg` pn |gkbha b `xabkhm bmphvhpx shpfha brwbphm }yn|p

ha pfg mnwap|x! &bh`nn hapg|vhgs 2(

fheg pfg mw||gap }pbpg n brwbphm }yn|p ha nwpf |hmb fb} kb`g hp `hmwep

pn |g`|g}} byb|pfgh`} egcbmx% ba` ha kbax }ga}g} n|cbah}g` }shkkhac

|gkbha} lnwa` lx pfg ehkhpbphna} n pfg ynehphmbe ba` gmnankhm p|ba}hphna%

]SHK]B} mnkkhpkgap pn pfg awklg|} cbkg }ggk} pn lg ybxhac n% bp b

mnkygphphvg egvge! mmn|`hac pn Jbmg bh`nn% fg y|neg n nw| gap|x egvge

abphnabe mnkygphphna &egvge 2( fb} lgga mnkyegpgex p|ba}n|kg`% shpf naex

b }kbee awklg| n fh}pn|hmbeex b`vbapbcg` mnkygphpn|} n| pgbk nmhbe}

&bh`nn hapg|vhgs 2(! }ens lwp `h}mg|ahleg ham|gb}g ha pfg yg|mgapbcg n

lebmd yb|phmhybap} fb} lgga anpg` bp pfg fhcfg| egvge} n abphnabe mnkygphphna%

pf|nwcf pn pfg abphnabe pgbk! wp pfh} p|ba}n|kbphna bp b mnkygphphvg egvge

h} anp kh||n|g` bp ghpfg| b pgbk kbabcgkgap n| pgmfahmbe nmhbe egvge! a

|gmgap xgb|}% ha ba gn|p pn ham|gb}g yb|phmhybphna ba` }p|gacpfga mewl}% pfgabphnabe g`g|bphna fb} `gmh`g` pfbp pfg ensg| egvge} n abphnabe mnkygphphna

}fnwe` lg mewl+lb}g`% |bpfg| pfba y|nvhamhbe kggp}! fh} fb} |g}wepg` ha

b |gvg|}be n pfg `gknc|byfhm y|neg }gga y|gvhnw}ex bp egvge 2! wp pfh}

}p|bpgcx |gvgbe} pfg |gbehpx pfbp hp h} cnhac pn pbdg kbax xgb|} n| gvga pfg

ab||ns cnbe n kbdhac gehpg pgbk} |bmhbeex |gy|g}gapbphvg pn lg bmfhgvg`!

y


49/281


p h} megb|ex gvh`gap pfbp pfg lhc shaag|} }hamg pfg gb|ex 2889} fbvg

lgga sfhpg }shkkg|}! fg ehphac n pfg hapg|abphnabe lnxmnpp fb} chvga

pfgk pfg nyyn|pwahpx pn cb|ag| hapg|abphnabe bmmneb`g}% ba` bmmg}} pn

sgee+ga`nsg` W] wahvg|}hphg}! aehdg m|hmdgp shpf hp} bdfbxb phah}%ba` |wclx shpf hp} |xba blbab}% }shkkhac fb} anp y|n`wmg` hp} yn}p+

byb|pfgh` }pba`b|`+lgb|g|! wp pfg nmhbe} y|g}gapex kbabchac pfg abphnabe

n|cbah}bphna }ggk `gpg|khag` pn mfbacg pfg }pbpw} rwn ba`% b} pfg ebppg|

yb|p n pfh} mfbypg| shee }fns% pfg|g h} ba gkg|cgap }gp n y|nyn}be} shpf pfg

ynpgaphbe pn kbdg n| b y|n`wmphvg |bmg+|g`|g}} y|nc|bkkg!

nsgvg|% bax wa`g|}pba`hac n pfg y|nmg}}g} n mfbacg agg`} pn

bmpn| ha pfg yb|phmweb| abpw|g n pfg }yn|p n }shkkhac!

l}pbmeg} pn pfg p|ba}n|kbphna n brwbphm }yn|p

fg gyga}g havnevg` ha lgmnkhac b }shkkg| h} npga b y|nfhlhphvg

bmpn| ha pfg ehvg} n ynpgaphbe lebmd mnkygphpn|}! gmbw}g n pfg |g}nw|mg}

agmg}}b|x pn yb|phmhybpg ha }shkkhac &ghpfg| |gm|gbphnabeex n| mnkygphphvgex(%

pfg p|ba}n|kbphna n yb|phmhybphna ha gehpg }shkkhac mnkygphphna} fb}

|gkbhag` |g}p|hmpg` eb|cgex pn sfhpg} ba` pfg gkg|chac lebmd kh``eg meb}}!

p y|g}gap% hp h} naex pfn}g xnwac ygnyeg shpf bmmg}} pn pfg}g |g}nw|mg}% h!g!

bppga`hac y|hvbpg n| }gkh+y|hvbpg }mfnne}% sfn b|g bleg pn gapg| pfg b|gab

n gehpg mnkygphphvg }shkkhac% b} pfgx cgag|beex fbvg bmmg}} pn ha+fnw}g

gyg|hgamg` mnbmfg}% ba` fhcf+}pba`b|` }shkkhac bmhehphg}!

fg }pbpg fb} yebxg` b }hcahmbap |neg ha pfh} |gcb|`% gamnw|bchac

gn|p} ba` |g}nw|mg} pn lg `h|gmpg` pnsb|`} pfg `gvgenykgap n ha`hvh`wbe

}pb|}% yb|phmweb|ex pf|nwcf hp} dagg+jg|d |g}yna}g} neenshac pfg byyb|gapex

ynn| yg|n|kbamg n bpfegpg} bp pfg x`agx exkyhm} ha


50/281

pfg `bk&a(} no }shkkhac p|ba}on|kbphna 02

kn|g |g}nw|mg} pn lg pf|nsa hapn pfg y|n`wmphna n gehpg bpfegpg}! fg ehadhac

n g`g|bphna wa`hac pn pfg }wmmg}} n pfg}g y|nc|bkkg} fb} |g}wepg` ha

g`g|bphna} ha b |bacg n }yn|p} }fhphac pfgh| nmw} |nk havg}pkgap ha kb}}+

lb}g` }yn|p pn pfg `gvgenykgap n gehpg lebmd bpfegpg}!2 ba` sfx b|g xnw yebxhac pfh}

sfhpg }yn|p> &nvga`g| hapg|vhgs(

fg}g gyg|hgamg} kh||n|g` fg}pg| heehbk} gyg|hgamg bp pfg fhcfg}p

egvge} n pfg cbkg! h} lhnc|byfx% ywleh}fg` ha


71/281

?< pfg |bmg pn p| ba}on|k: }yn|p ha yn}p+byb|pfgh` }nwpf bo|hmb

ghac pfg naex lebmd pgbk ha pfg |gkhg| gbcwg kgba} pfbp pfg

p|ba}n|kbphna ynehmx be}n sn|d} pn pfg `gp|hkgap n pfg mewl lgmbw}g%

sfgagvg| pfg|g b|g y|nvhamhbe pgbk} }gegmpg`% }gvg|be Jbcwb|} yebxg|}

b|g w}wbeex pn lg nwa` ha pfg jwahn| ba` }gahn| sbwew+bpbe }rwb`}!epfnwcf }nkg yebxg|} b|g ha pfg pgbk na kg|hp% pfg npfg|} b|g pfg|g

}hkyex pn kggp rwnpb |grwh|gkgap}! fheg pfg }gegmphna n pfg}g yebxg|}

`ng} |ggmp yn}hphvgex na pfg mewl% ha y|bmphmg pfgh| `gyb|pw|g sgbdga} pfg

pgbk }wl}pbaphbeex ba` dhee} pfg knkgapwk pfbp fb} lgga g}pbleh}fg` n|

hp pn knvg n|sb|` ba` wysb|`! hpf anag n pfg npfg| ghcfp mewl} ha pfg

y|gkhg| `hvh}hna mna}h}pgapex }gegmphac kn|g pfba b ybep|x pf|gg yebxg|} n

mnenw| ha pfgh| }pb|phac V}% Jbcwb|} fb} lgga mbeeg` wyna mna}pbapex pn

y|nvh`g pfg m|gbk n lebmd pbegap! vga pfnwcf pfg|g b|g 23 npfg| lebmd mewl}

ha pfg y|nvhamg% pfg agp+lg}p lebmd mewl h} gapsn|pf% sfhmf yebx} ha pfg

pfh|` hvh}hna!

hpf Jbcwb|} }gga b} pfg fnkg n lebmd |wclx ha sbwew+bpbe%

yebxg|} |nk vb|hnw} mnenw|g` ba` lebmd pnsa}fhy} npga jnha pfg mewl!

nsgvg|% kbax n pfg}g yebxg|} `n anp fbvg pfgh| nsa p|ba}yn|p n| mbaanp

bn|` pn ybx n| ywlehm p|ba}yn|p! mmn|`hacex% pfg mewl n|d} nwp knagx pn

|wa khahlw} pbh} pn gapsn|pf% gseba`} b}p% pwzwkb ba` b|hba|h`cg!

fg wa`} mnkg nwp n pfg Jbcwb|} lw`cgp ba` mn}p pfg mewl blnwp 09 yg|

mgap n hp} c|bap ba` }yna}n|}fhy knagx! fh} dha` n abamhbe nwpebx h} anp

mb||hg` lx bax n pfg npfg| y|gkhg| `hvh}hna mewl}% sfn}g yebxg| lb}g} b|g

kbhaex sfhpg ba` lebmd yebxg|} |nk pfg kh``eg meb}}! n| pfg


72/281

b mb}g }pw`x no pfg Jbcwb|} |wclx mEwl ?=

lgmbw}g n pfg DZA\W} |gw}be pn s|hpg hp n% pfg mewl h} n|mg` pn }hyfna

n knagx sfhmf mnwe` lg }ygap na pfg yebxg|} ba` na havg}phac ha ags

|g}nw|mg}! Jbcwb|} b|g be}n beenmbpg` pfg }kbeeg}p lw`cgp n bee pfg y|gkhg|

`hvh}hna mewl}% xgp pfgx fbvg pfg c|gbpg}p gyga}g}% ba` fh}pn|hmbeex fbvg agvg||gmghvg` wa`hac |nk pfg wahna! fg mw||gap DZA\W }x}pgk n beenmbphac

wa`hac h} cgb|g` pnsb|`} kbhapbhahac pfg pny mewl} pfg kn|g pgbk} b mewl

fb}% pfg kn|g wa`hac hp cgp}! fheg bp nag egvge }ggkhacex bh|% pfh} b`vg|}gex

bgmp} Jbcwb|}! g|g sg }gg pfg ynvg|px n pfg byy|nbmf pfbp wa`g|}pba`}

ana+|bmhbeh}k b} pfg `gahbe n |bmg% ba` n pfg fh}pn|hmbe y|hvhegcg} pfbp

fbvg lgga bmmwkwebpg` nvg| phkg! a bmp% waphe |gmgapex% }nkg n pfg sfhpg

mewl} sg|g bleg pn kbdg b dheehac lgmbw}g pfgx sg|g ha b yn}hphna pn |gap nwp

yb|dhac }ybmg ba` mneegmp pfg knagx n| pfgh| nsa mng|} sfga lhc cbkg}

sg|g yebxg` bp pfg BL]B }pb`hwk ha w|lba!

Jbcwb|} yehcfp fb} lgga sn|}gag` b} b |g}wep n pfg cenlbe gmnankhm

kgep`nsa! fg mewl} enac+pg|k }yna}n|% fgkygm% fb} lgga bgmpg` lx

pfg cenlbe |gmg}}hna bpg| b gs xgb|} n fgb`x y|np} ba` kb|dgp gyba}hna!

fg nsag| n fgkygm% p|bpf nn`% fb} cgag|nw}ex ywkyg` knagx hapn

Jbcwb|} ba` nvg| pfg yb}p }h }gb}na} ywp ha sgee nvg| 2 kheehna! a


73/281


74/281

b mb}g }pw`x no pfg Jbcwb|} |wclx mEwl ?7

lgmbw}g pfgx sg|g wafbyyx shpf pfg mnbmfhac ba` y|nlegk} shpf pfg gypf

bp pfg mewl! Jbcwb|} sg|g |gewmpbap pn }hca pfgh| |gegb}g}% lwp ha |g}yna}g pn

y|g}}w|g |nk pfg DZA\W bc|gg` pn |gegb}g pfgk% bpg| nag n pfg pny nmhbe}

`gbehac shpf pfg fb|d} jwahn| mnap|bmp} fb` gyebhag` pn mewl nmhbe} pfbp hpsb} ha pfgh| lg}p hapg|g}p n| pfg yebxg|} pn egbvg! fg nmhbe sgap na pn gyebha

pfbp ywpphac sfhpg lnx} ha b lebmd mewl fb` be}n lgga b }nmhbe gyg|hkgap% ba`

pfh} fb`ap sn|dg`! g }bh` pfg lnx} sg|g wpw|g fb|d} ba` agg`g` pn lg

havnevg` ha mewl} sfg|g pfg mnbmfhac sb} wy pn }m|bpmf! ephkbpgex% pfg nmhbe

}p|g}}g` pfbp an yebxg| mnwe` lg n|mg` pn }pbx bp b mewl sfg|g fg sb} wafbyyx!

Jbcwb|} sg|g be}n anp bsb|`g` bax jwahn| mnap|bmpg` yebxg|} n| pfg


75/281

?? pfg |bmg pn p| ba}on|k: }yn|p ha yn}p+byb|pfgh` }nwpf bo|hmb

fg|gvg| pfg bwep ebx% pfg agp |g}wep sb} pfbp bp pfg ga` n


76/281


gbasfheg% lebmd |gy|g}gapbphna ha pfg lnb|`|nnk fb} be}n lgga khahkbe!

vga pfnwcf |gcba n}dha}% sfn h} mnenw|g`% sb} pfg y|g}h`gap n DZA\W

b} pfg y|g}gap }pw`x wane`g`% ba` mfbh|g` pfg fb|d} lnb|` n `h|gmpn|} ha


77/281

?6 pfg |bmg pn p| ba}on|k: }yn|p ha yn}p+byb|pfgh` }nwpf bo|hmb

fns pfg p|ba}n|kbpn|x bcga`b h} blw}g` }n pfbp y|nvhamg} ba` sfhpg mewl}

b|g bleg pn w}g knagx pn lwx pfg ah}fg` y|n`wmp% ba` fns pfh} fw|p} mewl}

ehdg Jbcwb|}! nw|pgga xgb|} bpg| shaahac pfg n|e` wy% ba` men}g na pn

psn `gmb`g} bpg| wahpx% pfg|g h} }phee naex nag mewl |nk b `h}b`vbapbcg`lbmdc|nwa` ha pfg y|gkhg| |wclx egbcwg ha pfg y|nvhamg! p snwe` byygb| pfbp

pfg bcga`b h} pn m|gbpg ba gehpg c|nwy n yebxg|}% sfheg pfg l|nb`gahac n pfg

cbkg fb} beega n pfg eh}p n y|hn|hphg}!

vga }n% sfbp |gkbha} }n hky|g}}hvg blnwp pfg Jbcwb|}% byb|p |nk

pfgh| }nwa` b`khah}p|bphvg lb}g ba` pfgh| }wmmg}} ha y|n`wmhac pny+meb}}

yebxg|}% h} pfg kbaag| ha sfhmf pfgx fbvg kwpbpg` |nk b mnenw|g` mewl

pn b p|wex ana+|bmhbe mewl! n`bx }nkg }gvga n pfg yebxg|} ha pfg |}p pgbk

b|g |hmba% ba` pfg mbypbha n| pfg


78/281


nkg n pfh} `gpg|khabphna h} knphvbpg` lx pfg bmp pfbp anag n pfg

}mfnne} ha pfg hkkg`hbpg mbpmfkgap b|gb n Jbcwb|} yebx} |wclx bax enacg|!

fg }mfnne} mhpg b ebmd n |g}nw|mg} b} pfg |gb}na n| pfgh| bhew|g pn y|nvh`g

n| xnwac}pg|} sbaphac pn yebx pfg cbkg! a pfh} mnapgp elg|p |wa`ehacfkbdg} pfg yg|phagap ynhap pfbp |wclx fb} be}n lgmnkg b mnkkg|mhbe y|n`wmp bp

}mfnne lnx egvge &|wa`ehacf


79/281


|wmd ba` p|bheg|

|wmd ba` p|bheg| h} b kgpbyfn| pfbp mba lg w}g` pn wa`g|}pba` p|ba}n|kbphna

ha nwpf |hmba |wclx!=

fg abphnabe pgbk ba` pfg byy|nbmf pn pfg |waahacn pfg cbkg pfbp ns} |nk pfh} shpf hp} gkyfb}h} na gehpg bmb`gkhg} ba`

pfg y|ng}}hnabeh}bphna ba` mnkkg|mhbeh}bphna n pfg cbkg% beehg` pn pfg agg`

pn fbvg shaahac pgbk} b|g ham|gb}hacex `g+ehadg` |nk pfg sbx |wclx h}

kbabcg` ba` yebxg` bp enmbe egvge! gb}w|hac pfg }wmmg}} n p|ba}n|kbphna

ha |wclx lx |gg|gamg pn |gy|g}gapbphna bp abphnabe egvge h} hkyn|pbap% lgmbw}g

n hp} fhcf ywlehm y|neg ba` lgmbw}g hp beens} n| pfg m|gbphna n |neg kn`ge}

ba` }n na! nsgvg|% hp mba be}n |glnwa` na pfg cbkg b} b sfneg% `g}yhpg pfg

lg}p n hapgaphna}% lx mnvg|hac wy pfg ebmd n wa`bkgapbe mfbacg bp ensg|

egvge}! fh} kgba} pfbp pfg lb}g n pfg cbkg h} anp l|nb`gag`4 pfg awklg|

n lebmd yebxg|} mnkhac pf|nwcf h} ehkhpg`% yebmhac ham|g`hleg y|g}}w|g na b

gs lebmd yebxg|} bp pfg pny ba` na pfg mnbmf ba` }gegmpn|} h pny lebmd yebxg|}

cgp hajw|g`! |ba}n|kbphna pfga lgmnkg} b |neeg| mnb}pg| |h`g% shpf }nkg

y|nvhamg}% wyg| 20 pgbk} ba` pfg abphnabe }rwb` }fnshac y|nc|g}}% ba` pfga

}w``gaex knvhac lbmdsb|`} shpf gsg| ba` gsg| lebmd yebxg|} bvbhebleg n|

pfg pgbk!

fg h`gbe }hpwbphna snwe` lg n| pfg p|ba}n|kbpn|x bcga`b pn

wamphna }gbkeg}}ex |nk lnppnk pn pny! } h} pfg mb}g ha pfg |weg} n pfg

cbkg% beenshac nag mnkynagap n b enn}g kbwe pn ywee n| yw}f banpfg| benac

h} anp heegcbe yg| }g! n| p|wmd ba` p|bheg| pn lg ggmphvg ba` anp ygabeh}g`%

pfg gaph|g enn}g kbwe kw}p lg mnaagmpg` ba` lnwa` pn gbmf npfg|! wp sfga

pfg yebxg|} ha pfg |nap b|g bmphac b} }fhge`} n| pfg lbee+mb||hg| lgfha`%

y|gvgaphac fhk |nk lghac pbmdeg`% pfga b p|wmd ba` p|bheg| }hpwbphna b|h}g}!

fh} h}% kgpbyfn|hmbeex% sfbp h} fbyygahac ha nwpf |hmba |wclx! fg |gebphvg%h lx an kgba} b`grwbpg% |gy|g}gapbphna n yebxg|} n mnenw| ha pfg pny gmfgena

n pfg cbkg `h}cwh}g} pfg bmp pfbp% lgfha` pfgk% bee h} anp sgee bp bee! p pfbp

egvge% pfg lbee+mb||hg|} |gkbha nvg|sfgekhacex sfhpg!

fg `g+ehadhac n pfg p|wmd ba` p|bheg| h} b kgpbyfn| pfbp mba lg w}g`

bp b awklg| n egvge}! gchna} ehdg pfg b}pg|a byg% n| gbkyeg% mnwe`

y


80/281

b mb}g }pw`x no pfg Jbcwb|} |wclx mEwl 32

lg `g+ehadg`! p h} y|gmh}gex pfh} h}}wg pfbp |bamg}mn hcehn|g rwhpg }pb|dex

ynhap} pn% ha ba b|phmeg ywleh}fg` ha pfg Kbhe ba` Cwb|`hba ha n% bee hp agg`} h} |g}p|wmpw|hac% }pb|phac shpf nag }mfnne%

pfg leg}}hac n pfg gyb|pkgap n `wmbphna ba` b sheehac }yna}n|!

hcehn|g w}g} pfg `glbpg nvg| pfg wyg| 20 |bamfh}g} pn ynhap nwp pfbp pfg

mw||gap p|ba}n|kbpn|x bcga`b ha |wclx

y


81/281


!!!h} nlvhnw}ex bsg`% mna}h`g|hac pfbp bpg| b `gmb`g ba` kheehna}

n |ba`} bee sg fbvg pn }fns |nk pfg `gvgenykgap y|nc|bkkg} h} b

fba`we n yebxg|} mbybleg n fhcfg| fnanw|}} b mnwap|x sg fbvg

y|n`wmg` |g}p|hmpg`+bcg+c|nwy pgbk} pfbp b|g }gegmpg` na kg|hp ba`|gy|g}gapbphvg n bee gpfahm c|nwy} lwp pfg yebxg|} }ggk pn `h}byygb|

bp }gahn| egvge! fg lebkg kw}p lg byyn|phnag` pn bee havnevg`% |nk

mnbmfg} anp sheehac pn gkl|bmg b ags }nmhgpx pn b`khah}p|bpn|} n|

anp pbdhac mb|g n pfg}g awccgp} ba` pfg ynehphmhba} sfn b|g pnn lw}x

gajnxhac pfgh| ags ynsg| pn bmpwbeex mb|g!

fg}pg| heehbk} kbdg} b awklg| n }wccg}phna} |gebphac pn p|ba}n|kbphna!

n| fhk% pfg mnbmf n b pgbk h} m|wmhbe:

fg naex yg|}na sfn mba g|b}g `nwlp h} pfg mnbmf! nw| mnbmfg}

b|g mnkkhppg` pn }gegmphac pfg lg}p yn}}hleg yebxg|} ha nwpf |hmba

|wclx% pfga pfg|g snwe` anp lg b mnenw| h}}wg ba` pfg kbppg| n rwnpb}

snwe` `h}byygb| ha phkg! fg|g fb} pn lg b l|nb`g| lb}g n lebmd

yebxg|} mnkygphac bp y|nvhamhbe ba` wyg| 2< egvge na b |gcweb| lb}h}!

|nk pfh} ynne pfn}g cnn` ganwcf pn kbdg pfg abphnabe pgbk shee

`n }n! nw shee agvg| agg` b rwnpb }x}pgk byyehg` pn pfg pg}p pgbk

h pfg rwnpb }x}pgk h} ggmphvg bp y|nvhamhbe egvge! fg lebmd yebxg|}

shee }pba` wy ba` lg yhmdg` bp pfg fhcfg}p egvge lgmbw}g pfgx b|g cnn`

ganwcf! ee pfh}% bmmn|`hac pn heehbk}% h} y|g`hmbpg` na b ags n|`g|

b`khah}pg|hac pfg cbkg! &gnfbag


82/281

b mb}g }pw`x no pfg Jbcwb|} |wclx mEwl 3=

pfg bl}w|` anphna pfbp lebmd} mnwe` anp yebx pg}p |wclx! ebmd yebxg|}

sg|g w}g` b} ynehphmbe ybsa} ha pfg kh``eg ba` ebpg 2889} pn `ggmp

cnvg|akgap y|g}}w|g} ba` pfn}g yebxg|} sg|g pfg nag} sfn

}wg|g` kn}p!

pbaegx bwlgafghkg|% sfn yebxg` l|hgx n| g}pg|a |nvhamg ha 288= b}

}m|wkfbe ba` sfn sb} b y|n`wmp n pfg baph+byb|pfgh` ]B\W% nmw}g} na

pfg bmp pfbp lebmd b`khah}p|bpn|} }hkyex ppg` hapn pfg }x}pgk ba` ebmdg`

mnw|bcg: g mba lebkg pfg y|nvhamhbe y|g}h`gap} ba` mnbmfg} waphe sg

b|g lewg ha pfg bmg% lwp nw| nsa ygnyeg fbvg egp w} `nsa }hamg wahpx!

fg b`khah}p|bpn|} b|g naex enndhac bpg| pfgk}gevg} &gnfbag

egb|ex% hp kgba} |bpfg| kn|g pfba jw}p pbdhac pfg egb` |nk cnvg|akgap% ba` hp

shee gapbhe mfbeegachac pfg cnvg|akgap pn |gg wy |g}nw|mg} pn wa` b }neh` mnfn|p

n mnbmfg} bp }mfnne} egvge% h`gaphxhac }mfnne} ha pnsa}fhy} pfbp mba }g|vg b} sgee

ga`nsg` mgap|g} n gmgeegamg% n|mhac pfg }yna}n|} pn ennd `nsasb|`} pn mewl}

ehdg Jbcwb|} n| }wmmg}} |bpfg| pfba }hkyex wysb|`}% ba` m|gbphac pfg mna`hphna}

n| haanvbphna |bpfg| pfba pfg hkhpbphna n cenlbe p|ga`}!

p h} hmd beegp% pfg n|kg| y|haclnd mnbmf ba` ans mnbmf n pbex%

sfn kbx fbvg ywp fh} acg| na pfg dgx ynhap! knac b awklg| n y|nyn}be}

fg fb} kb`g n| b sbx n|sb|` n| nwpf |hmba |wclx% beegp fb} b|cwg`

pfbp pfg n`bmnk wy }fnwe` lg jgpph}nag` ba` |gyebmg` lx b abphnabe mewl

mnkygphphna! fg mewl}% vhb b c|bap |nk ]B\W% snwe` lg |wa na b }gkh+y|ng}}hnabe lb}h}! beegp lwhe`} ha b p|ba}n|kbphna gegkgap bp pfh} egvge%

shpf mewl} naex |gmghvhac pfg c|bap h pfgx kgp rwnpb} an p|ba}n|kbphna

grwbe} an knagx! nw mnwe` yg|fby} }bx pf|gg sfhpg yebxg|} kw}p }pb|p n|

lebmd pgbk} ba` vg lebmd yebxg|} }pb|p n| sfhpg pgbk}! fh} snwe`

cwb|bapgg l|nb`+lb}g` p|ba}n|kbphna &]wa`bx Phkg} < b|mf


83/281


yn|p} jnw|abeh}p} fbvg% na pfg sfneg% |gmghvg` beegp} y|nyn}be} shpf

bmmebhk! gp pfg}g y|nyn}be} snwe` |grwh|g b }hcahmbap mfbacg n kha`}gp

ba` shee na pfg yb|p n |wclx b`khah}p|bpn|}! n| gbkyeg% h gvg|x wahna sb}

pn fbvg }h mewl}% pfgx snwe` bee |grwh|g }wl}pbaphbe |g}nw|mg} pn }w}pbha kn|gpfba nag pny lebmd |wclx mewl! a` fns snwe` nag y|gvgap sfhpg mewl} |nk

}hkyex |bh`hac lebmd mewl} n| pfg ah}fg` y|n`wmp>

|gcba n}dha} lgmbkg y|g}h`gap n ]B\W ha

: gp kg }bx pfh}: n| p|ba}n|kbphna pn pbdg yebmg pfg `gvgenykgap n

pfg cbkg shee fbvg pn sn|d fba`+ha+fba`! wclx Th!g! ]B\W[ mba y|nvh`g

pfg }dhee} lwp cnvg|akgap kw}p y|nvh`g pfg |g}nw|mg}! g mbap `n pfbp!

R: wp% `nap xnw pfhad chvga nw| yb}p wclx }fnwe` lg `nhac

}nkgpfhac gp|b pn fgey y|gvhnw}ex `h}b`vbapbcg` b|gb}.}mfnne}.mewl}

cbha bmmg}} pn |g}nw|mg}>

: g `nap fbvg pfg knagx pn havg}p ha |g}nw|mg}! fbp kw}p mnkg

|nk cnvg|akgap! g mba y|nvh`g pfg }dhee}% egb`g|}fhy ba` danseg`cg

ehdg mnbmfhac ba` n|cbah}hac mnkygphphna}! wclx h} anp fg|g pn

lwhe` ha|b}p|wmpw|g ha pfg pnsa}fhy} pfbp h} cnvg|akgap} jnl! g

}hkyex `nap fbvg pfg mbybmhpx n| abamg} pn `n pfbp! nvg|akgap ba`

wclx kw}p sn|d fba`+ha+fba` pn `gvgeny pfg }yn|p ba` mba pgee

xnw pfbp Tpfg[ hah}p|x n yn|p sbap pn sn|d shpf w} pn c|ns pfg cbkg!

R: fbp pxyg n egb`g|}fhy kn`ge `n xnw gavh}bcg n| wclx>

: sbap pfg ggmwphvg }pb pn fba`eg pfg `bx+pn+`bx |waahac n

pfg mnkybax ba` pfg y|haclnd}! fg MGN TJnfba |ha}enn[ snwe`fba`eg pfg cnhac}+na bp pfg fgb` nmg n wclx ha byg nsa ba`

ga}w|g pfbp gvg|xpfhac h} |waahac }knnpfex! fg |g}h gap} nwamhe

Tkb`g wy n pfg 20 y|nvhamhbe fgb`}% vhmg+y|g}h`gap% `gywpx y|g}h`gap

ba` y|g}h`gap[ snwe` bmp b} b mfgmd ba` lbebamg na pfg ggmwphvg }pb!

fg |g}h`gap} nwamhe snwe` n|kwebpg ynehmx ba` pfg ggmwphvg

y


84/281


}pb snwe` ga}w|g pfbp pfh} ynehmx h} mb||hg` nwp! a an sbx `n }gg

pfg |g}h`gap} nwamhe lgmnkhac |g`wa`bap n| b|nwa` jw}p pn |wllg|

}pbky `gmh}hna}! p h} hkyn|pbap pn |wa nw| mnkybax ehdg b y|ng}}hnabe

lw}hag}} shpf pfg yebxg|} pfg kn}p vbewg` b}}gp}! &n}dha} hapg|vhgs(

fg|g b|g }nkg fnag}p lwp sn||xhac }hcabe} mnkhac |nk n}dha} pfbp }pgk

|nk fh} vhgs pfbp fg h} |waahac b lw}hag}}! ]B\W% fg kbhapbha}% h} anp cnhac

pn lwhe` ha|b}p|wmpw|g |nk pfg pga} n kheehna} hp `g|hvg} |nk pgegvh}hna

|hcfp} ba` }yna}n|}fhy} `gbe}! n| n}dha}% pfbp h} pfg jnl n cnvg|akgap!

g h} |hcfp! wp pfh} h} b cnvg|akgap pfbp fb} anp pf|nsa }hcahmbap

|g}nw|mg} hapn `h}b`vbapbcg` b|gb}! a bmp shpf pfg na}gp n yebaahac n|

pfg nnplbee n|e` wy


85/281

3? pfg |bmg pn p| ba}on|k: }yn|p ha yn}p+byb|pfgh` }nwpf bo|hmb

20 xgb|} bcn% ba` h sg `nap bmp ans hp shee |gkbha! ns `n xnw gyebha

pfg bl}gamg n lebmd |gg|gg} ha pfg w||hg wy ba` lebmd yebxg|} ha nw|

|gy|g}gapbphvg pgbk}> g `gkba` kgbahacwe ba` kb}}hvg p|ba}n|kbphna

|nk wclx! fga eb}p `h` sg fgb| n lebmd yebxg|} bp |bvga ggd>&Pfg hphzga


86/281


ha bee b}ygmp} n pfg cbkg% |nk mewl |wclx pn y|nmw|gkgap n cnn`} ba`

}g|vhmg}% yebmhac `gknc|byfhm |gy|g}gapbphna ba` bmmg}} bp pfg mgap|g n hp}

gn|p}! fg|g sb} b an` pn cga`g| grwhpx Tpfg[ hap|n`wmphna n y|nc|bkkg}

pn kbdg }w|g pfbp pfg|g h} mnkyegpg cga`g| grwhpx ha pfg }p|wmpw|g ba`nyg|bphna} n bee ]B\W }p|wmpw|g} &b}}na fg|g h} b pf|ns+bsbx ehag blnwp nvg|akgap ba` ]B\W

sn|dhac pnsb|`} ags }nw|mg} n wa`hac &b}}na


87/281


ee pfh} }hcabe} pfbp h pfg|g b|g pn lg mfbacg}% pfg}g shee havnevg bp

lg}p ba gehpg+egvge p|ba}n|kbphna% shpfnwp b |gbe mnkkhpkgap n |g}nw|mg}

pn pfg pnsa}fhy }mfnne} ba` mewl |wclx pgbk} ehdg Jbcwb|} pfbp agg`

pfgk kn}p!ag n pfg mgap|be mfbeegacg} h} pfbp% shpfnwp b }p|nac hapg|vgaphna

lx cnvg|akgap n| |wclx nmhbe}% pfg p|wmd n y|ng}}hnabe |wclx mnwe` lg

wamnwyeg` |nk pfg p|bheg| n sfbp h} egp n bkbpgw| mewl |wclx ha lebmd

b|gb}! hpfnwp wa`hac% pfg ]B\W fb|pg| shee |gkbha banpfg| }gp n cnn`

hapgaphna}% bp lg}p `g+|bmhbeh}hac |wclx pf|nwcf pfg `gvgenykgap n b

agpsn|d n ana+|bmhbe gehpg}!

bmd na fnkg c|nwa`% pfg wpw|g n| b mewl ehdg Jbcwb|} ennd} legbd!

fgx shee lb|gex }w|vhvg pfg


88/281


gg|gamg}

b}}na & enlbe |wclx% gmnankhm} ba` pfg ynehphm} n

abphna ha yn}p+byb|pfgh` nwpf |hmb! a fba`eg| / J bw|hcfp &g`}( Kbdhac

pfg \wclx Sn|e`! na`na: |bad b}}

g}bh / bllh &


89/281

69

sg fbvg sfbp kw}p |bad b} nag n pfg kn}p bkbpgw|h}f

pny hcfp egbcwg} ha nwpf |hmb! n| bee hp} }wyyn}g` cehpz%

cebknw| ba` lhc knagx }yna}n|}% pfg |gkhg| nmmg| gbcwg

h} }phee b p|bchm eg}}na ha lwnnag|x! a` b} enac b} pfg egbcwg

&ba` ]BOB( ew|mf |nk nag b`khah}p|bphvg lwaceg pn pfg agp% hp}

fb|` pn }gg bax }yha+n} n| pfg abphnabe pgbk! &]wa`bx P|hlwag

22 gypgklg|


90/281

62

gmnankhm ynsg|% b} }nmmg| lgmbkg gklegkbphm n pf|gbpgahac% }nmhbeex

hapgc|bphvg n|mg} shpfha }nmhgpx &n|gee 288?: 220(! n| pfg agp }gvg|be

`gmb`g}% }nmmg| lgmbkg pfg lpg anh|n pfg |bmh}p sfhpg g}pbleh}fkgap% sfn

}wmmg}}hvgex w}g` bee kgba} bp pfgh| `h}yn}be% hamew`hac pfg gpga}hvg ynsg|}n pfg byb|pfgh` }pbpg% pn y|nknpg ba` }wyyn|p &sfhpg( }yn|p} }wmf b} |wclx

ba` m|hmdgp b} sgee b} pn }wyy|g}} ba` mnap|ne pfg }nmhbe% gmnankhm ba`

ynehphmbe |gbmf ba` hkybmp n pfg &lebmd( }yn|p n }nmmg|!

fg |g}wep} n }wmf bppgkyp} bp |bmhbeh}g`% }nmhn+ynehphmbe gachagg|hac

sfhmf hamew`g` }ygmhhm egch}ebphna `g}hcag` pn ga}w|g |bmhbe }gc|gcbphna

ba` kbpg|hbe hagrwbehpx ha nwpf |hmba }yn|p sg|g y|g`hmpbleg: sngweex

hab`grwbpg }nmmg| ha|b}p|wmpw|g ba` p|bhag` yg|}naage% g}ygmhbeex ha lebmd

w|lba ba` |w|be b|gb}4 ba bekn}p mnkyegpg ebmd n bax kgbahacwe.}w}pbhag`

`gvgenykgap y|nc|bkkg} n| lebmd }pw`gap}.xnwpf4 b |bmhbeex `hvh`g`

ha}phpwphnabe.b`khah}p|bphvg |bkgsn|d% sfhmf fb`% lx pfg 2869}% y|n`wmg`

nw| `hg|gap }nmmg| ln`hg} pn nvg|}gg pfg bkbpgw| ba` }gkh+y|ng}}hnabe

}h`g n pfg }yn|p4 ba` mnkyegpg ha}phpwphnabe ba` y|bmphmbe h}nebphna lx pfg

cnvg|ahac ln`hg} n hapg|abphnabe }nmmg|% sfhmf ga}w|g` pfbp nwpf |hmba

}nmmg| |gkbhag` b sfneex `nkg}phm bbh|!

nag n pfh}% fnsgvg|% mnwe` y|gvgap pfg cbkg n }nmmg| ha nwpf

|hmb |nk lgmnkhac pfg `g bmpnabphnabe }yn|p &belghp kn}pex havnevhac pfg

lebmd kbeg ynywebphna(% an| mnwe` hp }pny pfg c|b`wbe l|gbdhac `nsa n |bmhbe

lb||hg|} na pfg hge` n yebx bknac}p sh`gex }wyyn|pg` &}gkh+(y|ng}}hnabe

ba` kn}pex pnsa}fhy+lb}g` pgbk}! x pfg ebpg 2869} hp sb} megb| pfbp% n|

pfg kn}p yb|p% pfg cbkg n }nmmg| sb} ggmphvgex nyg|bphac nwp}h`g pfg `h|gmp

mnap|ne n pfg byb|pfgh` }pbpg!

a 2863% bee nw| n pfg `hg|gap }nmmg| ln`hg} ha pfg mnwap|x pfg

nwpf |hmba nmmg| }}nmhbphna% pfg nwpf |hmba bphnabe nnplbee}}nmhbphna% pfg nnplbee }}nmhbphna n nwpf |hmb ba` pfg nwpf |hmba

nmmg| g`g|bphna kgp shpf pfg gheg` egb`g|}fhy n pfg |hmba bphnabe

nac|g}} &BAM( ha w}bdb% bklhb! fh} kggphac anp naex mna}phpwpg` pfg

|}p pgapbphvg }pgy pnsb|`} pfg ha}phpwphnabe wahmbphna n pfg }yn|p ha}h`g

nwpf |hmb &waxsb hapg|vhgs(%2lwp y|g}bcg` pfg ynehphmbe }fhp} pfbp sg|g

y


91/281


pn pbdg yebmg ha pfg mnkhac xgb|}% sfhmf snwe` abeex w}fg| ha pfg ga` n

n|kbe byb|pfgh`!

p pnnd banpfg| nw| xgb|}% fnsgvg|% n| n|kbe wahmbphna n bee }nmmg|

ln`hg} ha nwpf |hmb pn fbyyga! a gmgklg| 2882% pfg nwpf |hmbannplbee }}nmhbphna &]BOB( sb} nwa`g` bp b kggphac n bee }nmmg| ln`hg} ha

Jnfbaag}lw|c! a ]BOB} nsa sn|`}: p sb} naex abpw|be pfbp pfg cbkg abeex lg

wahpg`% b} pfg }yn|p n }nmmg| fb` enac eg` pfg sbx hapn l|gbdhac pfg phcfp c|hy

n |bmhbe nyy|g}}hna!

x pfg ebpg 2889} hp sb} megb| pfbp% `g}yhpg pfg wahmbphna n pfg y|gvhnw}ex

`hvh`g` }nmmg| ln`hg} }gvg|be xgb|} gb|ehg| ba` pfg b`kh|bleg yg|n|kbamg} na

y


93/281


pfg mnaphagapbe ba` cenlbe ge`} n yebx% pfg kwmf gygmpg` p|ba}n|kbphna n

}nmmg| b} b sfneg fb` lb|gex cnppga n pfg c|nwa`! p b phkg sfga }w}pbhag`

ba` kgbahacwe abamhbe% ha}phpwphnabe ba` }p|bpgchm }wyyn|p ba` cwh`bamg n|

}nmmg| sg|g kn}p agg`g` |nk pfg agsex `gknm|bphm cnvg|akgap &b} b kgba}pn nvg|mnkg pfg gap|gamfg` egcbmhg} n byb|pfgh` }nmhbe gachagg|hac(% pfbp

}bkg cnvg|akgap sb} lw}x yw|}whac kbm|ngmnankhm ynehmhg} pfbp ggmphvgex

kb`g hp b ana+yebxg| ha pfg }nmmg| b|gab!

} yb|p n pfg cnvg|akgap} |nspf% kyenxkgap ba` g`h}p|hlwphna

&CGB\( kbm|ngmnankhm |bkgsn|d% ba` neenshac pfg agnehlg|be gmnankhm

b`vhmg n pfg vb|hnw} hapg|abphnabe abamhbe ha}phpwphna} ba` g}pg|a

cnvg|akgap}% abphnabe c|bap} ba` }wl}h`hg} pn enmbe kwahmhybehphg} ba` mhpx

mnwamhe} sg|g `|b}phmbeex `gm|gb}g` &mhaegx


94/281

mnapgkyn|b|x }nwpf bo|hmba }nmmg| 67

ha}phpwphnabe pg|k}% pfg gb}hg}p pb|cgp b`khah}p|bphna! a pfg sn|`} n pfg

psn+phkg MGN n ]BOB% bxkna` bmd% byb|pfgh`+ha`wmg` b`khah}p|bphvg

blan|kbehphg} sg|g }x}pgkbphmbeex |gknvg` pf|nwcf b abpw|be y|nc|g}}hna

n hamew}hna Tba`[ }xapfg}h}hac b`khah}p|bphna &bmd hapg|vhgs(!?

p `h` anppbdg enac n| pfh} dha` n p|ba}n|kbphna pn lg hkyegkgapg` ba`% na ybyg|% hp

ennd} hky|g}}hvg:

b


95/281


yb|phmhybphna bp abphnabe ba` hapg|abphnabe egvge! fg |bkgsn|d kb`g b enac

eh}p n yeba} ba` y|nkh}g} sfhmf hamew`g`:

Pbegap @gpgmphna: ]BOB shee gkyenx }mhgaphm y|nmg}}g}% }x}pgk}%

kgb}w|gkgap% y|hamhyeg}% kn`ge} ba` pg}p} pn `gpgmp ba``gvgeny pbegap4

wa`hac: ]BOB shee }nehmhp wa`hac n| pfg nwpf gvgenykgap

|nc|bkkg} ba` npfg| bmphvhphg} |nk mw||gap ba` ynpgaphbe

}yna}n|}% cnvg|akgap ba` npfg| mn|yn|bpg ln`hg}% lnpf enmbeex

ba` hapg|abphnabeex4

bmhehphg} ba` Grwhykgap: ]BOB shee g}pbleh}f `gvgenykgap mgap|g}

ha bee


96/281


nwpf gvgenykgap nehmx |bkgsn|d pfbp h} }wyyn}g` pn n|k pfg

mgap|gyhgmg n }nmmg| p|ba}n|kbphna ha nwpf |hmb &waxsb hapg|vhgs(!

} shee lg `h}mw}}g` ha kn|g gpga}hvg mnapgkyn|b|x `gpbhe ha

pfg agp }gmphna}% pfg|g b|g psn kbha% ba` hapg|+mnaagmpg`% |gb}na} n|pfg bljgmp bhew|g pn `gehvg| |gbe p|ba}n|kbphna ha nwpf |hmba }nmmg|!

a pfg nag fba`% pfg|g h} b ebmd n ynehphmbe shee na pfg yb|p n pfg yn}p+

byb|pfgh` cnvg|akgap &h!g! pfg ywlehm }gmpn|( pn kbdg pfg abphnabe }yn|p b

ywlehm mnamg|a% lx bmphvgex b``|g}}hac pf|nwcf ha}phpwphnabe ba` }mbe

}wyyn|p ba` ynehmx hapg|vgaphna pfg `gvgenykgapbe `gmhp% ha|b}p|wmpw|be

agg`} ba` kbpg|hbe hagrwbehphg} pfbp bohmp pfg }nmmg| mnkkwahpx bp pfg

c|b}}|nnp} egvge! a pfg npfg| fba`% pfg|g fb} lgga ha}phpwphnabeh}bphna n b

pny+`nsa% lw|gbwm|bphm ba` }ge+}g|vhac byy|nbmf &shpfha pfg mnapgp n b

mnkkn`hg`% kb|dgp+`|hvga }yn|p} yfhen}nyfx( pn pfg bmpwbe `gvgenykgap

ba` kbabcgkgap n pfg cbkg n }nmmg|!

fhpfg| `gvgenykgap>

a pfg yg|hn` egb`hac wy pn nwpf |hmb} |}p+gvg| `gknm|bphm gegmphna} ha

2880% pfg BAM ba` hp} beehg} ha lnpf pfg p|b`g wahna knvgkgap ba` bp pfg

mnkkwahpx egvge fb` b`nypg` b y|nc|g}}hvgex |g`h}p|hlwphnah}p `gvgenykgapbe

|bkgsn|d pfg gmna}p|wmphna ba` gvgenykgap |nc|bkkg &\@Y( sfhmf

}gp nwp pfg lb}hm y|hamhyeg} ba` ynehmhg} pfbp pfg ags `gknm|bphm cnvg|akgap

sb} pn yw|}wg ha b``|g}}hac pfg kwephyeg egcbmhg} n byb|pfgh`! a pfg sn|`}

n n|kg| |g}h`gap ge}na ba`geb% pfg \@Y |gy|g}gapg` b y|nc|bkkg n

cnvg|akgapb &`gvgenykgapbe( |bkgsn|d pfbp h} mnfg|gap% vhbleg ba` fb}

sh`g}y|gb` }wyyn|pp h} b y|n`wmp n mna}wepbphna% `glbpg ba` |ggmphna na

sfbp sg agg` ba` sfbp h} yn}}hleg &BAM 2880: |gbmg(!} byyehg` pn yn|p ba` gm|gbphna% pfg \@Y }gp nwp ha megb| pg|k}

lnpf pfg byb|pfgh` hafg|hpbamg b} sgee b} sfbp agg`g` pn lg `nag pn ga}w|g

p|ba}n|kbphna ba` |g`|g}}:

ag n pfg m|wgeeg}p egcbmhg} n byb|pfgh` h} hp} `h}pn|phna n }yn|p ba`

|gm|gbphna ha nw| }nmhgpx% pfg gan|mg` }gc|gcbphna n pfg}g bmphvhphg}

y


97/281


ba` pfg c|n}} agcegmp n y|nvh`hac bmhehphg} n| pfg kbjn|hpx n nwpf

|hmb} ygnyeg! fh} fb} `gahg` kheehna} n ygnyeg ba` yb|phmweb|ex

nw| xnwpf pfg |hcfp pn b an|kbe ba` fgbepfx ehg! p h} hkyn|pbap pn

ga}w|g pfbp }yn|phac ba` |gm|gbphnabe bmhehphg} b|g bvbhebleg pn beenwpf |hmba mnkkwahphg}fh} mbaanp lg egp gaph|gex ha pfg

fba`} n ha`hvh`wbe }yn|phac mn`g} n| enmbe mnkkwahphg}yn|p

ba` |gm|gbphna }fnwe` mwp bm|n}} bee `gvgenykgapbe y|nc|bkkg}

ba` lg bmmg}}hleg ba` bn|`bleg n| bee nwpf |hmba}b|phmweb|

bppgaphna kw}p lg ybh` pn pfg y|nvh}hna n bmhehphg} bp }mfnne} ba` ha

mnkkwahphg} sfg|g pfg|g b|g eb|cg mnamgap|bphna} n wagkyenxg`

xnwpf! a `gvgenyhac }wmf ynehmhg} hp }fnwe` lg |gmncah}g` pfbp }yn|p

h} yebxg` bp `hg|gap egvge} n mnkygpgamg ba` pfbp pfg|g b|g `hg|gap

}ygmhm agg`} bp `hg|gap egvge}! &BAM 2880: 3


98/281


mnkkhpphac }nkg 29 yg| yg|}na yg| xgb| pn pfg yb|phmhybphna n

nw| ygnyeg ha }yn|p ba` |gm|gbphna bmphvhphg} y|g}gapex! 29 mba agvg|

kbdg b }wl}pbaphbe mnap|hlwphna pn yb|phmhybphna |bpg} ha }yn|p ba`

|gm|gbphna!!! &n}pfwhzga% mhpg` ha lgdh


99/281


bmhehphg}% grwhykgap ba` `gvgenykgap y|nc|bkkg} n| pfn}g }mfnne} ba`

mnkkwahphg} enmbpg` ha b|+wac }kbee pnsa} ba` |w|be b|gb}! a`gg`%

`w|hac pfg mnw|}g n ge` |g}gb|mf ha


100/281


}wmf b} KPA% fbyyhg}% nmb+neb ba` yb|% lwp b|g anp kbpmfg` lx ]BOB

&waxsb hapg|vhgs(!

n| snkga} }nmmg|% pfg }hpwbphna h} gvga kn|g legbd! g}yhpg pfg

gh}pgamg n psn abphnabe pgbk} ba` b fhcf yg|n|kbamg mgap|g% b} sgeeb} b }pb mnkyegkgap pn hp} nkga} nnplbee nkkhppgg% ]BOB} lw`cgp

n| snkga} }nmmg| `gvgenykgap ha


101/281


hapg|y|gpbphna% mebhkhac pfbp pfg }mfnne h} anp mnap|neeg` lx ]BOB ba` pfg|g

h} an y|nvh}hna ha pfg ]BOB lw`cgp n| pfg }mfnnehp h} b mfbeegacg ba` sg b|g

lw}x nvg|mnkhac hp &bmd hapg|vhgs( ba hapg|y|gpbphna sfhmf% h ha`gg`

p|wg% naex }g|vg} b} b }phachac ha`hmpkgap n ]BOB} lw`cgpb|x kbabcgkgapba` `gvgenykgapbe vh}hna!

||g}ygmphvg n ]BOB} menbd ba` `bccg|+ehdg hapg|abe lhmdg|hac% nvg|

pfg yb}p gs xgb|} pfg }mfnne fb} lgmnkg ha`hmbphvg n bee pfbp h} s|nac

shpf pfg }pbpg n }nmmg| `gvgenykgap ba` b`khah}p|bphna ha nwpf |hmb!

p pfg phkg n s|hphac% anag n pfg pf|gg mnbmfg} bp pfg }mfnne% pb}dg` shpf

p|bhahac nvg| b fwa`|g` lnx}% fb} fhcf+egvge xnwpf mnbmfhac n| cnbedggyhac

rwbehmbphna}% pfg ha|b}p|wmpw|g bp pfg }mfnne sb} ha b cgag|be }pbpg n

`h}|gybh| ba` pfg abphnabe xnwpf }h`g &mnky|h}hac }mfnne yebxg|}( fb}

mna}h}pgapex yg|n|kg` lb`ex bp pfg hapg|abphnabe egvge &]wa`bx Phkg} 7

gl|wb|x


102/281

mnapgkyn|b|x }nwpf bo|hmba }nmmg| 8=

kbha }nmmg| ln`x ha nwpf |hmb pb}dg` shpf }wmf `gvgenykgap% fb}

yebmg` b fwcg naw} na y|ng}}hnabe }nmmg| mewl} pn `gvgeny yebxg|}!20

nsgvg|% kn}p y|ng}}hnabe mewl} }hkyex `n anp fbvg% n| mbaanp bmmg}}%

pfg abamhbe |g}nw|mg} pn hahphbpg ba` }w}pbha `gvgenykgap y|nc|bkkg}%ba` pfgh| y|nc|bkkg} b|g% anp }w|y|h}hacex% cgb|g` pnsb|`} pfg abamhbe

ba` na+ge` hapg|g}p} n pfg mewl} pfgk}gevg} ba` b|g `h|gmpex ehadg` pn

gbmf mewl} |gebphna}fhy} shpf hp} mn|yn|bpg }yna}n|}! a pw|a% pfg yn}}hlhehphg}

n gyba`hac gvga gh}phac `gvgenykgap y|nc|bkkg} bp pfg mewl egvge b|g

phg` pn pfg lnppnk ehag h!g! pfg bknwap n knagx pfbp mba lg cgag|bpg` lx

mewl}! } |gvn| fheehy} anpg}% b dgx y|nlegk ha pfh} |gcb|` h} pfbp sfhpg

mn|yn|bpg mbyhpbe mnap|ne} pfg knagx ba` pfgx `gbe shpf }yn|p} }wmf b} }nmmg|

pf|nwcf pfgh| }nmhbe |g}yna}hlhehpx wa`}lwp pfg}g b|g anp |gbeex pbdga

}g|hnw}ex% gmgyp n| |wclx ba` m|hmdgpba` sfg|g h} lebmd mn|yn|bpg nwpf

|hmb> &fheehy} hapg|vhgs(

fg ga` |g}wep n bee pfh} h} pfbp% sfheg pfn}g ha pfg nwpf |hmba

}nmmg| sn|e` `g}mga` hapn pfg lebkg cbkg%27

pfg 88 yg| mgap n }nmmg| yebxg|}

ha pfg mnwap|x sfn b|g havnevg` bp pfg bkbpgw|% c|b}}|nnp} egvge b|g lghac

mfgbpg` n pfgh| fnyg} ba` `|gbk}!

}gb n kg`hnm|hpx ba` |gp|nc|g}}hvg gcn}>

hamg pfg yg|hn` hkkg`hbpgex bpg| 2880% pfg cgag|be `gmehag ha pfg }pbpg n

nwpf |hmba }nmmg|% lnpf na ba` n pfg ge`% fb} lgga y|gmhyhpnw}! |nk

b cenlbe |badhac n 2?pf ha 2883% pfg abphnabe kga} pgbk gee pn b |badhac

n 3=|` ha pfg sn|e` ha wcw}p


103/281


fheg pfg kbjn|hpx n yg|n|kbamg} n nwpf |hmba }nmmg| pgbk} na

pfg ge` fbvg lgga anpfhac }fn|p n gklb||b}}hac n| b mnwap|x pfbp mnwap}

hp}ge b} pfg kn}p sgbepfx ba` `gvgenyg` na pfg mnaphagap% pfg }hpwbphna

n pfg ge` fb} lgga gvga sn|}g! amew`hac pfg agsex fh|g` abphnabe kga}pgbk mnbmf |bzhe} Jnge bapbab pfg|g fbvg lgga 27 mnbmfg} bp pfg fgek

n bbab bbab }hamg nwpf |hmb} |g+b`kh}}hna hapn pfg hapg|abphnabe

}yn|phac b|gab jw}p nvg| 20 xgb|} bcn! fga pfg y|gvhnw} mnbmf% b|en}

b||gh|b% pnnd nvg| ha


104/281


bp nwpf |hmba }nmmg| nmhbe`nk: ag n pfg y|nlegk} h} pfbp pfgx pfhad pfgx

b|g kwmf lgppg| pfba pfgx |gbeex b|g!!!pfgx pfhad pfg sn|e` mfbkyhna} b|g pfg

naex nag} blnvg pfgk! fg p|nwleg h} pfg|g h} anpfhac pfg|g28

|nk shpfha nwpf |hmb} }nmmg| sn|e`% pfg|g fb} be}n lgga b}w}pbhag` mfn|w} n m|hphmh}k bee pfg sbx |nk pfg y|g}h`gap n pfg mnwap|x

`nsa pn pfg n|`hab|x }nmmg| envg|! w}hag}} pxmnna ndxn gsbeg &y|gvhnw}ex

nag n pfg kbha lgagbmpn|} n pfg }gmna` phg| n nwpf |hmba y|ng}}hnabe

}nmmg|% pfg vgeb ne`ga gbcwg( fb}% kn|g pfba namg% eb}fg` nwp bp pfg

|np bknac}p ]BOB} b`khah}p|bpn|} &hpx Y|g}}


105/281


c|nwy n knagx+c|wllhac gcnh}p} sfn}g kbha yw|yn}g h} pn ga}w|g pfbp pfgx

|gkbha mnkn|pblex ga}mnamg` ha pfgh| sgee+ybh` lw|gbwm|bphm yn}hphna}! wmf

yg|mgyphna} b|g anp gaph|gex shpfnwp c|nwa`}! bax n pfg }bkg bmg} fbvg

|gkbhag` bp pfg fgek% ha vb|hnw} yn}hphna}% gvg| }hamg pfg gb|ex 2889}% ba`}yna}n|}fhy `gbe} lgpsgga pfg Y]E ba` y|hvbpg mn|yn|bphna} fbvg }gga }nkg

n pfg }bkg ha`hvh`wbe} |gmghvhac fwcg ybxnwp}! w|pfg|% hp h} mg|pbhaex an

}gm|gp pfbp b ph`x y|nyn|phna n pfg lheehna} ha ywlehm gyga`hpw|g na }pb`hwk}

ba` b}}nmhbpg` }wa`|hg} n| pfg


106/281


`gc|gg pn sfhmf pfgx }g|vg ha`hvh`wbe ba` mnkkg|mhbe hapg|g}p}! h}pn|hmbeex%

ba` yb|phmweb|ex ha |gebphna pn nwpf |hmb} yb}p% pfg lgbwpx n pfg cbkg n

}nmmg| sb} `h|gmpex ehadg` pn hp} lghac% bp pfg kn}p wa`bkgapbe egvge% pfg

ygnyeg} cbkg% anp b cbkg n mnkkg|mhbe y|n}phpwphna kn}pex `nkhabpg`lx }ge+hapg|g}pg` lw|gbwm|bp}% sbaab+lg }nmmg| dhacyha} ba` y|hkb `naab

yebxg|}! a` xgp pfbp h} y|gmh}gex sfbp b eb|cg yb|p n nwpf |hmba }nmmg| fb}

lgmnkg hp fb} lgga pw|ag` wy}h`g+`nsa!

p h} anp ba gbccg|bphna pn }bx pfbp pfg y|g}gap }pbpg n pfg cbkg ha

nwpf |hmb h} nag n `ggy m|h}h}! b cnvg|akgap pfbp h} ha pfg y|nmg}} n

}yga`hac lheehna} pn fn}p pfg


107/281


pfg mnwap|x fb} fh} n| fg| nsa h`gb} blnwp fns pn pw|a pfg cbkg n }nmmg|

b|nwa` ba` kbdg bbab bbab hapn b sn|e` meb}} nwpp! nac+phkg }nmmg|

s|hpg| ba` babex}p wdg e|g` fb} }gp nwp b }h+ynhap yeba pfbp% fg }w|kh}g}%

shee |gvg|}g pfg gyg|hgamg n pfg eb}p 29 xgb|} ha sfhmf nwpf |hmba}nmmg| sb} p|ba}n|kg` |nk dhac} pn vheebcg h`hnp}! n| e|g` pfh} snwe`

hamew`g: c|b}}|nnp} `gvgenykgap4 y|nyg| egbcwg}4 mnbmfhac ba` mnkygphphna

pf|nwcfnwp pfg mnwap|x ba` bm|n}} bcg c|nwy}4 mnamg|pg` gn|p} pn hky|nvg

bmhehphg} lnpf lx cnvg|akgap ba` pfg y|hvbpg }gmpn|4 enmbe }nmmg| agg`hac

nwp}h`g fgey4 Tba`[ |gm|whpkgap n pfg lg}p mnbmf pfbp knagx mba lwx &]wa`bx

Phkg} 7 gl|wb|x


108/281


|hmba }nmmg|% sfn}g mgap|gyhgmg kw}p lg pfg m|gbphna n y|nvhamhbe ba`

abphnabe bmb`gkhg} pn h`gaphx yebxg|} shpf ynpgaphbe ha pfg }mfnne} ba`

bkbpgw| egvge} &MN]BPW


109/281


dha`% lx lnpf pfg cnvg|akgap ba` ]BOB% ba` }fnwe` lg mnn|`habpg`

ha mnajwamphna shpf enmbe cnvg|akgap }yn|p} bwpfn|hphg} ba` |gegvbap

mnkkwahpx n|cbah}bphna} &pfh} snwe` hamew`g g}pbleh}fhac m|hpg|hb n|

yb|phmhybphna ha }wmf bmb`gkhg}(! ee kbjn| y|ng}}hnabe mewl} kw}p% pf|nwcf pfg Y]E ba` ]BOB% mnkkhp

pfgk}gevg} pn b gvgenykgap fb|pg| pfbp snwe` phg habamhbe

}wyyn|p sfgpfg| `h|gmpex |nk pfg y|hvbpg }gmpn| n| |nk pfg Y]E

hp}ge n| pfg}g mewl} pn pfg hkyegkgapbphna n kgbahacwe ba`

}w}pbhableg xnwpf `gvgenykgap y|nc|bkkg}! bhew|g pn mna}h}pgapex

b`fg|g pn }wmf b fb|pg| }fnwe` |g}wep ha ynhap ygabephg} lghac egvhg`

na pfg mewl ha Y]E mnkygphphna}!

a n|`g| pn `gknm|bph}g ynsg| ba` havhcn|bpg pfg `gmh}hna+kbdhac

y|nmg}} shpfha ]BOB% kgklg|}fhy n ]BOB} AGM }fnwe` lg }wljgmp pn

b n|kbe rwnpb &anp eg}} pfba 79 yg| mgap( n mnkkwahpx+egvge }nmmg|

nhmhbe}% }gmna`+ ba` pfh|`+phg| mewl |gy|g}gapbphvg}% b} sgee b} y|ng}+

}hnabe yebxg| |gy|g}gapbphvg}!

fg|g }fnwe` lg b n|kbeex }gp `hvh}hna n ]BOB} baawbe lw`cgp }wmf

pfbp gyga`hpw|g na b`khah}p|bphvg }beb|hg} ba` b}}nmhbpg` mn}p}

h} mbyyg` bp an kn|g pfba =9 yg| mgap n pfg nvg|bee lw`cgp% ba`

gyga`hpw|g na y|bmphmbe `gvgenykgap ba` g`wmbphnabe y|nc|bkkg}

h} y|nc|g}}hvgex ham|gb}g`% }wmf pfbp shpfha b hvg+xgb| yg|hn` pfh}

mnkynagap mna}wkg} b kbjn|hpx n pfg lw`cgp! BOB} mna}phpwphna

kw}p lg bkga`g` pn n|kbeex bmmnkkn`bpg pfg}g y|nvh}hna}!

ee }gahn| kbabcgkgap yn}hphna} shpfha ]BOB }fnwe` lg phg` pn

yg|n|kbamg+|gebpg` mna`hphna} &ehadg` pn hkyegkgapbphna n bc|gg`+

wyna y|nc|bkkg}(% lb}g` na hg`+pg|k mnap|bmp} pfbp b|g |gagsbleg

gvg|x psn xgb|}!

gcb|`eg}} n pfg hkyegkgapbphna n }nkg &n| bee( n pfg}g kgb}w|g}% pfg wephkbpg

lnppnk ehag n| nwpf |hmba }nmmg|% h hp h} pn knvg lgxna` pfg m|h}h} ha sfhmf hp

ans a`} hp}ge% ehg} ha b mfbacg n bpphpw`g ba` mna}mhnw}ag}} n pfn}g havnevg`

ha pfg lgbwphwe cbkg! fg `nkhabap% ba` wan|pwabpg% bpphpw`g pfbp ans

y


110/281


111/281


b|phmeg |gyn|phac na pfg baanwamgkgap mebhkg` pfbp pfg }yn|p} bmb`gkx shee lg

wy ba` |waahac lx 2< bx b|phmegh`;


112/281

mnapgkyn|b|x }nwpf bo|hmba }nmmg| 29=

|g` n| `g|gehmphna n `wpx ba` ebmd n egb`g|}fhy! gg hlw}h}n }gegdw% bb }pb

bee nwp pn }bmd bmd% hpx Y|g}}%


113/281


mhaegx &


114/281

297

baxbab baxbab pfg y|h`g n snkga} }yn|p ha ]B" nag pbdg}

hapn bmmnwap fns nw| mnwap|x} pny gkbeg yebxg|} b|g ybh` nwp ha pfg

ygppx+mb}f pha lx ]BOB% hp h} b sna`g| pfbp n|phb n`h}g Tpfg baxbab

baxbab mbypbha[ ba` fg| pgbkkbpg} pw|a wy na kbpmf `bx bp bee"

&]wa`bx a`gyga`gap


115/281


shpf ba`geb! fg ch|e} fb` lgga sbhphac ghcfp xgb|} n| pfh} mfbamg bp

cgpphac b ehppeg pb}pg n pfg b`hlb kbchm! n| pfgk% pfg l|hg kggphac shpf

pfg c|gbp egb`g| }xklneh}g` pfgh| habe bmmgypbamg ba` |gmncahphna lx pfgh|

mnwap|x% b kgkn|x pfgx snwe` mfg|h}f ba` fne` fhcf ha pfgh| wymnkhac|hmba nkga} n|e` fbkyhna}fhy cbkg} ha hcg|hb! a hapg|vhgs} shpf

pfg kg`hb bp pfg phkg% |ba hepna+khpf% b n|kg| mnbmf ba` kbabcg| n pfg

abphnabe snkga} pgbk ba` mw||gapex fgb` n snkga} nnplbee bp pfg nwpf

|hmba nnplbee }}nmhbphna &]BOB(% }bh`% p} b `|gbk mnkg p|wg! g |kex

lgehgvg pfh} shee chvg w} pfg hkygpw} pn `n sgee! gbk mbypbha n|phb n`h}g

}bh`% gvg mnkg pn fbvg fhk chvg w} }nkg n fh} kbchm! g `n fbvg b enp n

mfbamg} pn cn pn pfg abe} ba` ehp pfg p|nyfx!2

np naex `h` pfg pgbk} bw`hgamg shpf ba`geb kbdg kbax n hp}

yebxg|} ehgenac `|gbk mnkg p|wg% hp be}n cbhag` baxbab baxbab b c|gbp

`gbe kn|g kg`hb mnvg|bcg pfba pfgx w}wbeex |gmghvg`! apg|agp }gb|mfg}

mna`wmpg` bp pfg ga` n mpnlg|


116/281

293

bw`hp n pfg snkga} nnplbee }gmpn| ha pfg mnwap|x! fg `h}mw}}hna

nmw}g} kbhaex na pfg gyg|hgamg} n pfg abphnabe snkga} pgbk ba` n

npfg| nwp}pba`hac ha`hvh`wbe} ha pfg ge`% ba` ng|} ba nvg|vhgs n pfg

kbha h}}wg} bp }pbdg ha pfg `gvgenykgap n snkga} nnplbee ha nwpf |hmb!a `nhac }n hp fnyg} pn fhcfehcfp pfg yb|phmweb| h}}wg} bp }pbdg n| snkga%

ba` h}}wg} |gebpg` pn cga`g| kn|g l|nb`ex!

fgn|h}hac gmew}hna

w|a pn ybcg 29 n bekn}p bax g`hphna n]nmmg| Ehg ba` xnwee lg }w|g pn

a` b yhmpw|g n b }gkh+meb` ch|e|hga` n b bknw} kbeg nnplbeeg|% shpf b

mbyphna }bxhac }nkgpfhac ehdg fnshac ag n|k% }n+ba`+}n} bamg }wa}

fg|}ge blnb|` b eww|x xbmfp! ekn}p gvg|x }nmmg| kbcbzhag fb} b mnewka

n| ybcg }fnsmb}hac pfg agag}} n pfg gkhahag n|k! fh} h} b rwg}phna sg shee p|x

pn b``|g}} ha pfg ebppg| yb|p n pfg y|g}gap mfbypg|% sfg|g sg ng| b }p|hdhac

gbkyeg n snkga }fbyhac ags n|k} n hamew}hna n| pfgk}gevg} ha pfg

sn|e` n nnplbee% n|k} pfbp `n anp |grwh|g pfgk pn }wlkhp pn pfg `nkhabap

mna}p|wmphna} n }nmmg| lblg} n| vhmphk} n pfg }x}pgk!

a }yhpg n pfg bmp pfbp kn|g snkga b|g yb|phmhybphac ha kn|g }yn|p}

pfba gvg| lgn|g% kwmf kn|g bppgaphna h} }phee chvga pn pfg |neg n }yn|p} ha

pfg ehvg} n kga pfba pn pfg hkyn|pbamg n }yn|p} n| snkga &b|c|gbvg}

2880: 2(! wmf fb} lgga s|hppga blnwp pfg |gebphna}fhy lgpsgga }yn|p ba`

ynehphm} ha nwpf |hmb! an|pwabpgex% pfg mnap|hlwphna} n }yn|p}snkga b|g

eb|cgex havh}hleg ha pfg}g bmmnwap}! p h} naex }hamg pfg ebpg 2889} pfbp }mfneb|}

fbvg lgcwa pn |g}gb|mf pfg vb|hnw} fh}pn|hg} n nwpf |hmba snkga ba`

}yn|p &Jnag}


118/281

298snkga} ln`hg} ba` pfg sn|E` no onnplbEE ha }nwpf bo|hmb

pn lg b kbeg+`nkhabpg` nag% ha sfhmf pfg cga`g| `hvh}hna} ba` hagrwbehphg}

n pfg l|nb`g| }nmhgpx b|g |ggmpg`% ba` pf|nwcf sfhmf pfg}g `hvh}hna} ba`

hagrwbehphg} b|g |gyehmbpg` ba` yg|ygpwbpg`! a pfg sn|`} n xapfhb gebd:

nmmg| ha nwpf |hmb h} nag n pfn}g bc}fhy kb}mwehag }yn|p}% ehdghmg fnmdgx ha bab`b% sfhmf }g|vg} b} ba h`gnenchmbe mn|ag|}pnag n| pfg

kbhapgabamg n kga} `nkhabamg! f|nwcf pfg fh}pn|hmbe gmew}hna n

snkga% }nmmg| fb} lgga kb|dg` b} kga}.lnx} pg||hpn|xnnplbee h} be}n

kn|g pfba b cbkg ha nwpf |hmb! p h} ba ha}phpwphna pfbp bmhehpbpg} ba`

}fbyg} pfg `h}p|hlwphna n ynehphmbe ba` gmnankhm ynsg|! &gebd


119/281


fga sb} xnwac% b|nwa` }h n| }gvga xgb|} ne`% lb}hmbeex yebxg`

}nmmg| ha pfg }p|ggp}% vg|x wan|cbah}g`% shpf psn }pnag}% shpf cwx}

waphe sb} 22 n| 2 p}

jw}p ba n``ag}}! n% mna}pbapex agg` pn y|nvg kx}ge ha pfg cbkg!

&gebd


120/281

snkga} ln`hg} ba` pfg sn|E` no onnplbEE ha }nwpf bo|hmb 222

fheg pfgn|h}p} }wmf b} gebd gkyfb}h}g pfg gmew}hvh}p abpw|g n }nmmg| ha

cga`g|g` pg|k}% pfgx be}n ynhap pn pfg `bacg|} hafg|gap ha gkhah}p pfgn|hg}

pfbp |gex na ba wa`g|}pba`hac n snkga b} b fnkncgagnw} mbpgcn|x ha

n|`g| pn kbdg pfgh| b|cwkgap} n kbeg `nkhabamg ba` gkbeg gmew}hnaha pfg sn|e` n nnplbee% ba` }yn|p kn|g cgag|beex! a}pgb`% pfgx b|cwg n| b

kweph+bmgpg` byy|nbmf pn wa`g|}pba`hac pfg sn|e` n nnplbee ba` pfg yebmg

n snkga ha hp% nag pfbp gbkhag} h}}wg} n |bmg% meb}} ba` cga`g|% ba` pfg

sbx pfgx hapg|}gmp% sfga babex}hac pfg gyg|hgamg} n snkga ha pfg sn|e` n

nnplbee! wmf ba byy|nbmf h} m|hphmbe pn ba wa`g|}pba`hac n pfg yn}hphna n

snkga ha nwpf |hmba nnplbee fh}pn|hmbeex ba` bp pfg y|g}gap phkg% chvga

pfbp |bmhbe ba` meb}} hagrwbehphg} fbvg `gag` pfg sbx} ha sfhmf cga`g|

nyy|g}}hna h} gyg|hgamg` lx `hg|gap snkga b |gbehpx `gkna}p|bpg` lx pfg

gyg|hgamg} n pfg ha`hvh`wbe} ba` pgbk} `h}mw}}g` ha pfg y|g}gap mfbypg|!

fheg pfg gyg|hgamg} n snkga nnplbee yebxg|} npga }ygbd pn

gmew}hna} ba` `h}m|hkhabphna} lb}g` na }gwbehpx% pfg gs pgp} pfbp fbvg

lgga y|n`wmg` na snkga} nnplbee ba` snkga} }yn|p} kn|g cgag|beex pga`

pn gmew`g h}}wg} |gebpg` pn }gwbehpx &}pg| / b|pkbaa+gs}


121/281


fh}pn|x n gmew}hna ba` kb|chabeh}bphna

p h} bh|ex mnkkna pn`bx% na bax chvga }waax bpg|anna% pn a` ba han|kbe

}nmmg| kbpmf }pb|phac wy na pfg nyga c|b}}x ge`} pfbp `np kbax |g}h`gaphbeb|gb} ha nwpf |hmb! p} pfg |gb}na sfx pfg kwahmhybe hpx b|d} bcgamx

fb} b`nypg` pfg }p|bpgcx n eba`}mbyhac nyga c|nwa` ha Jnfbaag}lw|c}

haag| mhpx pn dggy nnplbeeg|} n pfgh| sn|e` meb}} c|b}}" gg`hac anp

kwmf kn|g pfba pfg `g}h|g ba` }nkg |w`hkgapb|x }dhee% baxnag h} bleg pn

jnha }wmf b cbkg! p h} anp waw}wbe pn }gg b enag snkba jnha b cbkg% |neehac

wy fg| }eggvg} ba` gapg|hac pfg |bx% naex pn lg kb|vgeeg` bp lx naenndg|} n|

fg| blhehpx pn dggy ybmg shpf fg| kbeg pgbkkbpg}% n| |glwdg` n| `b|hac pn

hkbchag pfbp }fg mnwe` lg jw}p ehdg pfg lnx}% n| lghac b}dg` sfx }fg h} anp

bp fnkg sfg|g }fg nwcfp pn lg! n| fg|% hp h} anp jw}p `g}h|g ba` b lhp n }dhee

pfbp b|g |grwh|g`4 }fg kw}p be}n lg bleg pn }pba` wy pn pfg m|hphmh}k n `b|hac

pn gapg| b }ybmg |nk sfhmf snkga yebxg|} b|g w}wbeex gmew`g`!

a nwpf |hmb% pfg fh}pn|x n snkga} nnplbee fb} eb|cgex lgga

s|hppga pf|nwcf pfg }p|gacpf% pgabmhpx ba` |g}hehgamg n b gs snkga sfn

fbvg lgga bleg pn }wmmgg` `g}yhpg pfg p|gkga`nw} n``} }pbmdg` bcbha}p

pfgk lx b }yn|p pfbp h} }fbyg` lx pfg ybp|hb|mfbe |gebphna} n pfg mbyhpbeh}p

sn|e` ha sfhmf hp h} yebxg`% ba` }p|nacex kb|dg` lx pfg yb|phmweb| |bmhbeex

`h}m|hkhabpn|x fh}pn|x n nwpf |hmb!

a`g| mnenahbeh}k ba` byb|pfgh`% pfg `h}p|hlwphna n }yn|phac

bmhehphg} ba` |g}nw|mg} sb} `gpg|khag` bmmn|`hac pn b |hch` |bmhbe fhg|b|mfx

ha sfhmf sfhpg} |gmghvg` pfg c|gbpg}p lgagp}% shpf mnenw|g`} neenshac%

pfga a`hba}% ba` abeex |hmba}! fg}g |bmhbeex `hg|gaphbpg` beenmbphna}%

ba` pfg |g}wepbap hagrwbehphg}% sg|g w|pfg| bgmpg` lx `hg|gamg} |gebpg`

pn cga`g| ba` meb}}% b} sgee b} pn sfgpfg| nag ehvg` ha b |w|be n| ba w|lbagavh|nakgap! fhpg kh``eg ba` sn|dhac meb}} snkga gajnxg` c|gbpg|

bmmg}} pn mg|pbha }yn|p} pfba lebmd snkga% ba` ha mg|pbha mb}g} &n| gbkyeg

}shkkhac(% gvga pfba lebmd kga! n`bx% pfg egcbmx n byb|pfgh` ehvg} na ha

pfg mnaphawg` `hg|gamg} pfbp gh}p lgpsgga lebmd ba` sfhpg snkga ha pfg

sn|e` n nnplbee% ba` }yn|p kn|g cgag|beex! fg}g `hg|gamg} fbvg yebxg`

y


122/281

snkga} ln`hg} ba` pfg sn|E` no onnplbEE ha }nwpf bo|hmb 22=

pfgk}gevg} nwp ha pfg `gvgenykgap n snkga} nnplbee b} b }yn|p }hamg 2880!

n| gbkyeg% bmmn|`hac pn |ba hepna+khpf:

fga nwpf |hmb sb} ywp lbmd hapn OHOB ha pfg gb|ex 89}% pfg|g

sb} b fwcg wy}w|cg n lebmd snkga yebxhac nnplbee ba` enchmbeex pfgcbkg knvg` pn pfg pnsa}fhy} sfg|g pfg awklg|} sg|g! bax sfhpg

ch|e} sg|g anp mnkn|pbleg p|bvgeehac ha pfg pnsa}fhy} ba` knvg`

pn yebx ha`nn| Tnnplbee[! ns pfbp pfg ehvhac lnwa`b|hg} fbvg lgga

egvgeeg`% kbax sfhpg ch|e} b|g ans mnkhac lbmd pn nwp`nn| ba` be}n

|nk }nkg mwepw|g} pfbp `h` anp yebx ch|e} nnplbee ha pfg yb}p% g!c!

a`hba ch|e}! &hepna+khpf hapg|vhgs ? mpnlg|


123/281


ha 288


124/281


gvh`gamg% }wmf b} pfg fh}pn|x n n|cbah}bphna} n pfg yg|hn`% pfbp snkga}

nnplbee `gvgenyg` benac }gc|gcbpg` ehag} ha pfg 2839}!

a 2830 pfg nwpf |hmba nkga} nnplbee }}nmhbphna &]BSOB( sb}

n|kg`! p |gy|g}gapg` sfhpg ba` mnenw|g` snkga naex% shpf sfhpg ygnyeg hamnap|ne n pfg n|cbah}bphna! byg nsa ba` hp} }w||nwa`hac b|gb} }ggk pn fbvg

lgga pfg fgb|p n pfg snkga} cbkg% sfg|g nnplbee sb} yb|phmweb|ex ynyweb|

bknac nenw|g` ch|e} ba` snkga% ba` |gcweb| mnkygphphna} sg|g n|cbah}g`

ha pfg b}pg|a ba` g}pg|a byg enac lgn|g pfgx pnnd yebmg ha npfg| |gchna}

&bbvg`|b


125/281


OHOB }pb|pg` }yna}n|hac pfg n|e` wy mnkygphphna} n| snkga}

}nmmg| ba` pfg apg|abphnabe exkyhm nkkhppgg }pb|pg` hamew`hac

snkga} }nmmg| b} b wee+kg`be }yn|p! fg mnavg|cgamg n pfg}g

y|nmg}}g} kgbap b }fhp ha pfg nyyn|pwahpx }p|wmpw|g} n| n|cbah}hacsnkga} }nmmg| ha nwpf |hmb! &gebd


126/281


fheg pfg yebxg|} b|g` lb`ex% bmphnabe }p|wcceg} shpfha ]BSOB

mnaphawg`% b} `h` `hmwephg} shpf ]BOB |gcb|`hac gygmpbphna} |gebpg`

pn mnkkwahmbphna} ba` npfg| n|k} n |g}nw|mg }wyyn|p! a Jwex 288?%

pfg}g y|nlegk} sg|g l|nwcfp lgn|g pfg hmdb|` nkkh}}hna% b }p|wmpw|gbyynhapg` lx pfg hah}pg| n yn|p ba` gm|gbphna% pgvg }fsgpg% pn

havg}phcbpg pfg |gb}na} lgfha` pfg y|nlegk} yebcwhac pfg b`khah}p|bphna n

nnplbee ha nwpf |hmb! fg nwpmnkg sb} anp sfneex }bph}xhac:

n| pfg snkga} cbkg% pfg hmdb|` nkkh}}hna |gmnkkga`g` psn

nyphna}: 2( a` kgba} pn kbdg b}}nmhbpg kgklg|}fhy kn|g `xabkhm%

n|


127/281


fbyygag` pfga% sfhmf }fnweàp fbvg fbyygag`% ba` `hàp fgey w} bp

bee% sb} pfbp snkga} nnplbee% sfhmf sb} waphe pfga b }gyb|bpg ln`x

ba` ba behbpg n ]BOB sg |ba nw| nsa bbh|} sfheg }phee wa`g|

pfgk sb} `h}lba`g` ba` kb`g b }pba`hac mnkkhppgg n ]BOB! fgmnkkhppgg fb` b mfbh|yg|}na% lwp pfh} mfbh|yg|}na `hàp fbvg b vnhmg

na pfg AGM! n hp `hàp |gbeex fgey w} bp bee! a` hp sb} }wmf b yhpx

lgmbw}g sg fb` pfh} fwcg y|nlegk n }gwbe fb|b}}kgap bp pfg phkg!

&hepna+khpf hapg|vhgs


128/281


}ygmhbeh}g` }yn|p! } sn|d n| OHOB% fbvg p|bvgeeg` pn kbax mnwap|hg}

b|nwa` pfg sn|e`% kbax `gvgenyhac mnwap|hg}% ba` pfg kga pfg|g

fbvg an h`gb n snkga} nnplbee! g}% hp} nnplbee% lwp pfg|g} b enp n

y}xmfnenchmbe% b enp n h}}wg}% pfbp b|g vg|x `hg|gap ha snkga} nnplbee!a` fbvhac pfg}g psn cwx}% }ygmhmbeex ha pfg eb}p vg xgb|}% fb} }gp w}

lbmd p|gkga`nw}ex! p} }gp w} lbmd |hcfp lbmd pn pfg lgchaahac! gmbw}g

pfg pgbk yebxg` eb}p xgb| ha pfg |hmba nkga} fbkyhna}fhy} ba`

pfgx }bad pn pfgh| ensg}p egvge! fgx `h`ap sha b }haceg cbkg! a`

pfg|gn|g }nkgpfhac fb` pn lg `nag! fbp h} sfbp sg b|g mw||gapex

`nhac ha y|gyb|hac pfg pgbk n| pfg agp |hmba nkga} n|e` wy ha

fhab agp xgb|! &hepna+khpf hapg|vhgs


129/281

2


130/281



131/281

2


132/281



133/281

2


134/281



135/281


136/281



137/281

2

n pfgx|g fnw}gfne` abkg}! fg mbypbha% n| ha}pbamg% n|phb n`h}g%

sb} ankhabpg` b} nag n pfg pny fwa`|g` snkga ha pfg mnwap|x! fg}

ba hmna! fg|g h} b fwcg }wyyn|p n| snkga} nnplbee! p jw}p `ng}ap

cgp pfg }wyyn|p pfbp} agg

The Race to Transform: Sport in Post-Apartheid South Africa

Documents

Transcript of The Race to Transform: Sport in Post-Apartheid South Africa