THE LATER MIDDLE AGES:CRISIS AND DISINTEGRATION IN

THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY(CHAPTER 11)

Dr. Matthew’s Western Civilization to

1648

TIMELINE

A TIME OF TROUBLES: BLACK DEATH AND SOCIAL

CRISIS

“

Little Ice Age”• Small drop in average temperatures

F

amine• Heavy rain (1315 – 1317) led to food shortages

P

opulation growth up to 1300 put pressure on food

supply

THE BLACK DEATHM

ost devastating natural disaster in European HistoryB

ubonic Plague• Rats and Fleas• Yersinia Pestis

Spread of the Plague

• Originated in Asia• Arrived in Europe in 1347• Mortality reached 50 – 60 percent in some areas• Wiped out between 25 – 50 percent of European

population (19 – 38 million dead in four years)• Plague returns in 1361 – 1362 and 1369

MAP 11.1: SPREAD OF THE BLACK DEATH

LIFE AND DEATH: REACTIONS TO THE

PLAGUE

P

lague as a punishment from God

T

he flagellants

A

ttacks against Jews

V

iolence

ECONOMIC DISLOCATION AND SOCIAL UPHEAVAL

Labor Shortage + Falling prices for agricultural products = Drop in aristocratic incomes

Statute of Laborers (1351) sought to limit wages

Social Mobility

Peasant Revolts

• Jacquerie in France (1358)• English Peasants’ Revolt (1381)

Revolts in the Cities

• Ciompi Revolt in Florence (1378)

CHART 11.1: BACKGROUND TO THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR: KINGS OF FRANCE

AND ENGLAND

THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WARC

auses• Entanglement of French and English royal families• King Edward III (1327 – 1377) claims French crown• French seize duchy of Gascony (1337) sparking war

Conduct and Course of the War

• Differences in the armies• Battle of Crecy (1346)• Henry V (1413 – 1422)

• Battle of Agincourt (1415)• Charles the Dauphin (heir to the French throne)• Joan of Arc (1412 – 1431)

• Siege of Orleans• Captured by allies of the English in 1430• Burned at the stake (1431)

• Gunpowder• War ends with French victory (1453)

MAP 11.2: THE HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR

POLITICAL INSTABILITY

B

reakdown of Feudal Institutions• Scutage

N

ew Royal Dynasties

F

inancial Problems• Parliaments gain power

THE GROWTH OF ENGLAND’S POLITICAL

INSTITUTIONS

Edward III (1327 – 1377)

• Parliament• House of Lords• House of Commons

Richard II (1377 – 1399)

• Aristocratic factionalismH

enry IV (1399 – 1413)• Deposed Richard II

THE PROBLEMS OF THE FRENCH KINGS

W

eakness of the French Monarchy

E

states-General• 1357 meeting

C

harles VI (1380 – 1422)• Competition between the dukes of Burgundy and

Orléans to control Charles

GERMANY & ITALY

The German Monarchy

• Breakup of the Holy Roman Empire• Hundreds of States• Elective Monarchy

• The Golden Bull (1356)• Weak kings

THE STATES OF ITALY

T

he States of Italy• Lack of centralized authority• Republicanism to Tyranny• Development of regional states

• Milan• Florence• Venice

THE PONTE VECCHIO – VENICE

THE DECLINE OF THE CHURCH

Boniface VIII and the Conflict with the State

• Boniface VIII (1294 – 1303)• Conflict with Philip the Fair of France• Unam Sanctam (1302)• Captured by French at Anagni

• Clement V (1305 – 1314)T

he Papacy at Avignon (1305 – 1377)• Stay at Avignon leads to a decline in papal prestige• Captives of the French monarchy• New sources of revenue• Catherine of Siena (c. 1347 – 1380)

BRIDGE AT AVIGNON – THE CITY OF THE POPES

THE GREAT SCHISM

Papacy returns to Rome in 1378

Rival popes elected

• Pope Urban VI• Pope Clement VII

The Great Schism divides Europe

Calls for systematic reform

• Marsiglio of Padua (c. 1270 – 1342), Defender of the PeaceC

onciliarism• Council of Pisa (1409)

• Deposed both popes and elected a new pope• Popes refuse to step down• Results in three popes

• Council of Constance (1414 – 1418)• End of the Schism• Pope Martin V (1417 – 1431)

POPULAR RELIGION

T

rends• Mechanical paths to salvation

M

ysticism and Lay Piety• Meister Eckhart (1260 – 1327)• Modern Devotion

• Gerard Groote (1340 – 1384) and the Brothers of the Common Life

U

nique Female Mystical Experiences

CHANGES IN THEOLOGY

C

hallenges to Scholastic Thought

W

illiam of Occam (1285 – 1329)• Nominalism• Consequences of William’s ideas

THE DEVELOPMENT OF VERNACULAR LITERATURE AND NEW DIRECTIONS

IN ART

Dante (1265 – 1321)

• The Divine ComedyP

etrarch (1304 – 1374)• Sonnets

Boccaccio (1313 – 1375)

• DecameronC

haucer (c. 1340 – 1400)• The Canterbury Tales

Christine de Pizan (c. 1364 – 1430)

• The Book of the City of LadiesA

rt and the Black Death• Giotto (1266 – 1337)• Morbidity of late fourteenth-century art

GIOTTO, LAMENTATION

CHANGE & INVENTION

Changes in Urban Life

• Greater Regulation• Marriage• Gender Roles

• Male: active and domineering• Women: passive and submissive

• Medieval childrenN

ew Directions in Medicine• Hierarchy• Trends

Inventions and New Patterns

• The mechanical clock• New conception of time

• Gunpowder and cannons

A MEDICAL TEXTBOOK

MECHANICAL CLOCK IN THE PRAGUE TOWN HALL