THE INDUSTRIAL AGEFrom Industrial Age to Imperialism

Various advances that assist trade All weather roads (improve transportation) Improved farm tools (iron plows) Improved farming techniques (crop rotation) Increased food production = increase in population Improved ship design improves sea transportation and

lowers cost of trade

Industrial Revolution (1750-1850) CONDITIONS in England favor Industrial growth

Natural resources (coal, iron) Human resources Favorable economic conditions (available capital, stable

economy) Favorable political conditions Favorable social/cultural conditions New technology and inventive minds

Technological Advancements that helped produce the

Industrial Revolution Spinning jenny: James Hargreaves Steam engine: James Watt Cotton gin: Eli Whitney Process for making steel: Henry

Bessemer (Bessemer process)

Industrial Revolution Only when first conditions are “favorable” will

technology and resources lead to industrial development Q: How can a country sit on top of HUGE oil reserves and be dirt poor? Q: Why are political or social problems a barrier to economic prosperity?

Industrial development: Concepts Places that are quick to industrialize will get ahead of

those that do not First places to industrialize will be the first to

experience the NEGATIVE effects* of Industrialization MISERY FESTERS Benefits of industrial life will lead people to

COMPROMISE to improve conditions RISE of a new middle class, change, etc. Do the benefits outweigh the negatives of

Industrialization?

Negative Effects of Industrialization Rapid urbanization (too fast for city infrastructure to

handle) Miserable living conditions (slums) Miserable working conditions (factories) Child Labor and Women (CHEAP) *Emergence of radical ideas (utilitarianism,

socialism, communism) Imperialism, Westernization, ethnocentrism, racism,

greed, and …WARS….to be continued!

Nature of work in the factory system

Family-based cottage industries displaced by the factory system

Harsh working conditions with men competing with women and children for wages

Child labor that kept costs of production low and profits high

Owners of mines and factories who exercised considerable control over the lives of their laborers

Positive Effects of Industrialization Urbanization in general (can be good too) Population Increase (fewer people die as medicine

gets better) Standard of living increases (for many) Improved transportation Improved education (access and equity) “Rise of the Middle Class” and … ….”PROGRESS” as a result of compromises

between business owners and workers

Impact of Industrial Revolution on slavery

The cotton gin increased demand for slave labor on American plantations.

The United States and Britain outlawed the slave trade and then slavery.

Social effects of the Industrial Revolution

Women and children entering the workplace as cheap labor

Introduction of reforms to end child labor Expansion of education Women’s increased demands for suffrage

Rise of labor unions Encouraged worker-organized strikes to

demand increased wages and improved working conditions

Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children

Wanted workers’ rights and collective bargaining between labor and management

Advancements in science and medicine

Discovery of bacteria: Louis Pasteur Development of smallpox

vaccination: Edward Jenner

Industrial revolution spreads….

Rising Economic Powers are all industrial Each will want access and control over RAW

MATERIALS and MARKETS raw materials: Markets:Q: What might happen when industrial nations want what NON-

industrial nations have? What effect will the “industrial vs. NON-industrial tension” have on the world?

Effects of Industrial Revolution Nationalism motivated European

nations to compete for colonial possessions. European economic, military, and political power forced colonized countries to trade on European terms. Industrially produced goods flooded colonial markets and displaced their traditional industries. Colonized peoples resisted European domination and responded in diverse ways to Western influences.

IMPERIALISM

Definition: The domination of the political, economic or cultural life of another country “A stronger, more powerful country takes over a

weaker one” Colonies Protectorates Spheres of influence

Imperialism Justified as the “White Man’s Burden”

(Rudyard Kipling) Idea that technologically advanced Europeans

were morally and socially superior to natives of Asia, Africa, and the Americas

Colonies, Protectorates, and Spheres of Influence

Causes of Imperialism

Economic causes: Need for RESOURCES (coal, iron, cash crops, various

other “RAW MATERIALS”) Need for MARKETS Remember Age of Exploration? Remember Mercantilism?

Gold/Silver Favorable balance of trade Colonies for raw materials AND markets Tariffs on imports from other countries

Causes of Imperialism

Technological: technology and scientific advances made it possible for “developed countries” to take over non-developed

“Developed” means: Industrial Modern …aggressive

Causes of Imperialism

Political/Military: need for military bases to protect financial investments and to establish political influence (international)

Military might follows the MONEY

Causes of Imperialism Social/Cultural:

Western arrogance and ideas of “saving” the world while profiting in the process

Social DarwinismRacismChristian Missionary zealGreed??

Imperialism Imperialism spread economic, political,

and social philosophies of Europe throughout the world.

Resistance to imperialism took many forms, including armed conflict and intellectual movements.

Colonies This is an expensive form of imperialism in which a

mother country sets up a bureaucracy to govern the locals. Under this form, rule can be either direct or indirect

Protectorates In this form of imperialism, local rulers are left in

place with the understanding that they would accept advice of rulers from abroad, especially on trade, military or cultural issues.

Spheres of influence This is a form of

imperialism in which an outside power claims exclusive trading or investment privileges in an area.

Imperialism in ASIA:

JAPANESE Imperialism

CHINA: Opium War 1839-1842

Economics of trade balance Britain spent too much silver on Chinese

imports British East India Co. sold Opium to

Chinese Chinese lost the war and Hong Kong

China: Taiping Rebellion Taiping Rebellion: led by Christian convert

who thought he was Jesus’ little brother Means “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”

14 year civil war with 20 million killed Foreign powers came together to crush it

CHINA: Western spheres of influence

Extraterritoriality: Europeans living in China did not have to live by Chinese laws, but by their own nation’s laws

USA’s “Open Door Policy” declares equal access to China to all European nations…(AND the USA!)

CHINA: Boxer Rebellion Shadow-boxing and the name “Society of

the Harmonious Fists” Another attempt to get foreigners OUT of

China Failed after allied foreign armies crushed

them and demanded payment for damages

Imperialism in AFRICA

Imperialism in Africa and Asia European domination European conflicts carried to the colonies Christian missionary efforts Spheres of influence in China Suez Canal – shortened the trip to India East India Company’s domination of Indian

states American opening of Japan to trade

Famine in British India