Managing Editor : Soe Yu WaiExecutive Editor : Ko HtikeSenior Editor : Aung Pho (Mg Phone-Law) Myint SweEditor : Thein Yu WaiResearch & Development Editor : Tin Maung AyeEnglish Editor : Tun Tun OoEnglish Proof : Tin Arkar MaungConsultant (Chinese) : Stephen LeeChinese Editor : Sai WinChinese Translation : Thein AungR & D Group : Zan Bo Htet Tin Zarni Maung Naw Phu Ngone Ko KoDTP : Mya Thi KhaingMarketing Group : Su Myat MonDistribution Group : Aung Thu, Myint Myat Mon Zarchi Ngwe Ngwe ThuFinance Group : Nan Thuzar (Manager)Reception : Moe SandarPublisher : U Tin Maung AyeGraphic Design : Pwint PhyuColor Separation : Shwe HteePrinter : Shwe HteeCirculation : 1000Price : 1500

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pdwful;,Of wifqufrIudk MunhfcJhMu&onf)

qdkNyD;cJhonfhtwdkif; ½kyf&Sifqdkonfht&m

ay:aygufNyD;aemufydkif; ESpf 20 MumrS ]½kyf&Sif

onf tEkynm&yfwpfckaywum;} [k urÇmu

todtrSwfjyKcJh&onfh 'The Birth of A Nation' qdkaom ½kyf&Sifwpfum; xGufvm

onf/

aemufydkif;rSmawmh Expressionist ½kyf&Sifum;awG? Neo-realism ½kyf&Sifum;awG?

toHxGuf½kyf&Sifum;awG? aq;a&mifpHk ½kyf&Sif

um;awG? crf;em;BuD;us,faom ½kyf&Sifum;BuD;

awG rsm;pGm xGufay:vmcJhonf/

urÇmay:wGif ½kyf&Sifqdkonfht&m ay:ayguf

NyD; ESpftpdwfMumaomtcg jrefrmEkdifiHwGif

½kyf&SifZmwfum; wpfum; pjyEkdifcJhonf/

jrefrmh½kyf&Siftem*wfMunfpdk;xGef;OD;xGef;&Sdef a*smhr,fvD

12

]OD;xGef;&Sdef psmye} owif;½kyf&Sifum;/

aemufrSmawmh ]arwåmESihf ol&m} qdkonfh

Zmwfvrf;½kyf&Sifum;wdkY jzpfMuonf/

vlom;wdkY cHpm;Ekdifaom &oudk;yg;

ay:wGif rSDwnfNyD; ½kyf&Sifum;rsm;pGm jrefrm

EkdifiHwGif ½dkuful;cJh&m NcHKMunhfvkdufvQif

&,fp&m½kyf&Sifum;rsm;ESihf idkcsifp&m ½kyf&Sifum;

rsm;udkom vlBudKufrsm;cJhonf/ BudKMum;-

BudKMum; pwefYZmwfum;? vQKdU0Sufonf;zdkESihf

pkef;ua0½kyf&Sifrsm; acwfpm;cJhjyefonf/

ueOD;qdkcJhNyD;onfhtwdkif; ,cktcg

½kyf&Sif\ oGm;&mvrf;aMumif;onf ,cifESihf

uGJjym; jcm;em;vmonf/ wpfcsdefu ½kyf&Sifonf

"mwkypönf;zvifudk tajccH&mrS ,cktcg

tDvufx&Gef;epf? 'D*spfw,fenf;ynmrsm;udk

tajccHjyKvmonf/ ,aeY vlom;tm;vHk;vkdvdk

udkifwG,f toHk;jyKaeMuonf/ ½kyfNidrf"mwfyHk

uifr&mrsm;udkyif MunhfygOD;/ zvifroHk;awmhbJ

'D*spfw,ftajccH uifr&mrsm;udk oHk;pGJvsuf

&SdMuavNyD/ vSonf? vG,fonf? aygonf?

odyfOD;aESmufpm;p&m rvdk/ cvkwfuav;wpfckukd

vufn§dK;ESihf zdwwf½HkrQESihf t½kyfu xifvm

onf/ csufcsif; jrifawGUvmEkdifonf/ aumif;wm

raumif;wm tyxm;/

oDcsif;udk tajccH½dkuful;aom (M.T.V)

t½kyfrsm;? aMumfjimt½kyfrsm;udk MunhfvQif

aES;aES;auG;auG; av;av;yifyif t½kyfrsm;udk

rawGU&awmh/ jrefcsifwdkif;jrefNyD; oGufcsifwdkif;

oGufaeaom t½kyfrsm;udk awGU&onfhenf;wl

av;av;yifyif wdk;wdk;jiifom toHomrsm;udk

vlom;awGu odyfcHpm;csif[ef rwl/ jrefvnf;

jref&rnf/ qlvnf; ql&rnf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf

aygufuGJoHpOfESihf aygufuGJt½kyfrsm;udk vlawG

ESpfoufvmMu[efwlonf/

Zmwfvrf;½kyf&SifawGudk Munhfvdkufjyefawmh

xkdenf;wlpGm jzpfvmonf/ [dkwkef;u cPwm

acwfpm;cJhzl;aom o&D;'D (3.D) ½kyf&SifawG

jyefay:vmNyD; y&dowfudk xl;qef;tHhMobeef;

awGESifh zrf;pm;vmMujyefonf/ Georges Melies acwfudk jyefa&mufoGm;NyDvm; rod/

NcHKí qdk&ygvQif oGufvufjrefqefaeaom

t½kyfvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;? qlnH aygufuGJaeaom

toHvdIif;vHk;BuD;rsm;xJwGif ½kyf&SifoabFmBuD;

wvl;vl; wvdrfhvdrfhjzpfaeonf/

pufrIydkif;qdkif&m wkd;wufrI 0JMoC\

qGJ,lpkyfNrdKrIudk cHae&aom y&dowfuvnf;

jrKyfvdkuf ay:vdkuf b0udk auseyfaeMu[ef

wlonf/

jrefrmh½kyf&Siftem*wfonfvnf; urÇmh

½kyf&Sif tem*wfay:wGif rSDwnfaeonf/

urÇmh½kyf&Siftem*wfudk,fwdkifu aqmufwnf

&m &vSonfr[kwf/ olYxufig vlpGrf;aumif;

½kyf&Sifum;rsm;? pdwful;,Of txGwftxdyf

a&muf ½kyf&Sifum;rsm;? '@m&Dqefqef ½kyf&Sif

um;rsm;? &uf&ufpufpuf aygufuGJrI BuD;rm;

aom ½kyf&Sifum;rsm;jzihf ig;yGuf&m ig;pmcsae

Muonf/

urÇm h&GmBuD;xJu jrefrm&yfuGufi,fav;\

½kyf&Siftem*wfonfvnf; xdkenf;wlpGmyif/

olrsm;enf;wl enf;ynmydkif;uvnf;

tm;raumif;ao;? ynmydkif;uvnf; qnf;yl;

&ef rsm;pGm vdktyfaeao;? aiGa&;aMu;a&;

uvnf; vGefpGmenf;onhf t&if;tESD;rQom

wwfEdkifao; wdkY . . . urÇmh½kyf&SifESifh

&ifabmifwef;zdkYonfum; cgcsOfaumifxufyif

taumifao;aeao;onf/ jrefrmh½kyf&Sif

tem*wf awG;Munhfwdkif; tm;i,fpdwfawG

rsm;rsm;vmonf/

BuD;rm;vSpGmaom EkdifiHjcm;½kyf&SifoabFm

BuD;rsm;\ a&pD;aMumif;aemuf vdkufvmcJhaom

jrefrmoabFmi,fav;ay:rS r&Jw&J vSrf;arQmf

Munhfrdonf/

&oudk;yg;xGef;um;aom uRef;odkY qdkuf

a&mufoGm;vQifjzihf vlom;wdkYb0 ydkí

vSyvmvdrfhrnfvm; rajymwwf/ n

Point of View

13

½kyf&Sif pD;yGm;a&;opömeD

½kyf&Sifudk vlYtzGJUtpnf;wGif ay:ayguf

vmaom owårajrmuf tEkynm[k owfrSwf

Muonf/ (olYt&ifu uAsm? pmay? yef;csD?

yef;yk? *DwESifh tuwdkY ay:xGef;cJhonf/)

½kyf&Sifonf vlBudKuftrsm;qHk; tEkynmvnf;

jzpfonf/ ½kyf&Sifudk pmrwwfolrsm;? em;rMum;ol?

qGHUtolrsm;yif Munfh½I cHpm;EdkifMuonf/ aemuf

wpfck ½kyf&SifESifh wjcm;tEkynmrsm; uGmjcm;rIrSm

½kyf&Sifonf BuD;rm;aom pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m

vkyfief;BuD; jzpfaejcif;yif jzpfavonf/ (*Dwu

'kwd,ae&mu vdkufvsuf&Sdygonf/)

]eJAm;&Gef;rS tajrmufBuD;rsm;} vdk

emrnfBuD; Zmwfum;rsm; ½dkuful;cJhonfh

tar&duef'g½dkufwm a*svDoGef;rqrfu ]½kyf&Sif

½dkufw,fqdkwm ½kyf&Sif½HkxJudk vlawG 0if&atmif

vkyfwmyJ}[k qdkcJhonf/ wcsKdU 'g½dkufwmrsm;um;

tEkynmajrmufyg\/ odkYaomf vlr0if/ cGufcGuf

vefatmif ½IH;ojzifh aemif olYudk tvkyftyfrnfhol

r&Sd/ ½kyf&SifukrÜPDrsm;udk þudpötwGuf tjypf

rwifom/ t&if;rS jyefr&Edkifaom um;awG

udkom ½dkufaevQif rMumcif ukrÜPDvnf;

a'0gvDcH&ayrnf/ ,aeYurÇmwpf0Srf;&Sd ½kyf&Sif

aps;uGufudk vuf0g;BuD; tkyfxm;onfrSm

a[mvD;0k'f (tar&duef)yif jzpfonf/ tm&S&Sd

tBuD;qHk;½kyf&Sifvkyfief;rSm *syefvnf; r[kwf?

w½kwfvnf; r[kwf? tdE´d,om jzpfonf/

t"du [dEL½kyf&Sifrsm;tm; xkwfvkyf&ma'orSm

rGefbdkif;NrdKU jzpfonf/ (,cif tac:ta0: bHkabudk

tpGJjyKí aemufajymifum abmvD;0k'f[k ac:qdk

Muonf) udk&D;,m;Zmwfvrf;wGJESifh ½kyf&Sifrsm;

urÇmudk xdk;azmufaeonfqdkaomfvnf;

tdEd,½kyf&Sif rsm;udk rSDzdkY trsm;BuD;vdkygao;onf/

tdE´d, vlrsKd;rSm urÇmtESHY BuJjyefYum aexdkif

aeMujcif;u tdEd,½kyf&Sifaps;uGuf us,fjyefYvm&ef

rsm;pGm taxmuftuljyKavonf/

vuf0Jqefaom rif;om; &yf&Sfuyl;wdkY

acwfu tdEd,½kyf&Sifonf qdkAD,uf ½k&Sm;rSmyif

vTrf;rdk;EdkifcJhonf/ ,aeY &Sm&Gwfcef;wdkYacwfwGifrl

tdE´d,½kyf&Sifonf tar&dum;udk vTrf;rdk;rI

&Sdaeonfudk awGU&onf/ rESpfu &Sm&Gwfcef;

yg0ifonfh ]uRefawmfemrnfcef;} Zmwfum;onf

tar&duefwGif xif&Sm; vlBudKufrsm;cJhonf/

(xdkum;rSm pufwifbm 11 ta&;tcif;

aemufydkif; tar&duefae tdEd,vlrsKd; rGwfpvif

bmom0ifrsm; awGU BuHKcHpm;&onfh 'ku©aomu

rsm;udk ay:vGifatmif ½dkuful;jyEdkifcJhonf/

½kyf&Sif Zmwfum; xkwfvkyfaom ta&twGufürl

tdEd,onf ([dEL? w,fvfrD;? b*FvDpum;ajym

½kyf&Sifrsm; tygt0if) tar&dum;xuf rsm;onf

udk awGU&Sd&onf/ 2001 ckESpf pm&if;t& tdEd,

½kyf&Sifum; (1013)xkwfvkyfcJhum? tar&dum;rS

(739)um;om xkwfvkyf cJhonfudk awGU&onf/

abmvD;0k'f\ jynfwGif;vufrSwf a&mif;csaiGrSm

a':vm 3.3bDvQHjzpfí a[mvD0k'f\ jynfwGif;

vufrSwfa&mif;&aiGrSmrl a':vm 2.6 bDvQHom

jzpfojzifh tdE´d,u omonf[k qdkEdkifonf/

odkYaomf urÇmw0Srf;vHk;0ifaiGrSmrl abmvD;0k'fu

14

1.3 bDvQHom&Sdí a[mvD0k'fu 51 bDvQH

&Sdavonf/ abmvD;0k'f ½kyf&Sifum;rsm;\

wpfum;csif; ysrf;rQ ukefusp&dwfrSm 1.5 rDvQH

jzpfí a[mvD0k'fum;wpfum;\ ysrf;rQ ukefus

p&dwfrSmrl 47.7 rDvQHtxd &Sdavonf/

wpfacwfu jrefrm ½kyf&Sifavmuonf

tm&SwGif xdkufoifhaom tqifhtwef;&SdcJhonf

[k qdkEdkifonf/ *syef? tdE´d,wdkYESifh zufpyf

½kyf&Sifrsm; ½dkuful;cJhMuzl;onf/ at0rf;? NAdwdoQ

bm;rm; ponfh ½kyf&SifukrÜPDBuD;wGif udk,fydkif

½dkuful;a&;pufrsm;omru BuD;rm; us,f0ef;

vSaom ½kyf&Sifpwl'D,dkNcHBuD;rsm; &SdcJhMuonf/

wpfESpfudk ysrf;rQ ½kyf&Sifum; wpf&m ywf0ef;usif

½dkuful; xkwfvkyfcJhMuonf/ tjzLtrnf;om

jzpfaomfvnf; ½kyf&SifZmwfum;rsm;rSm t&nf

taoG;jrifhonf/ ,cktcg wpfESpfudk ½kyf&Sif

Zmwfum; q,fum; ywf0ef;usifcefYom

xkwfvkyfEdkifMuawmhonf/ (2010 jynfhESpfu

jrefrmAGD'D,dkum;rsm; 1400 ausmf jzefYcsdcJhonf[k

odcJh&onf/) ½kyf&Sifavmuom; tm;vHk;rSm

AGD'D,dkukd tajcjyK &yfwnfaecJh&onf/ AGD'D,dk

aps;uGuf ,dkifeJYaomtcg ½kyf&Sifavmuvnf;

,dkifeJYvm&avonf/ r.q.vwpfacwfwGif

jynfyrS ½kyf&Sifzvifrsm; r0,fEdkifojzifh AGD'D,dk

um;rsm;jzifh tpm;xdk;cJhMu&jcif; jzpfonf/

½kyf&Sifum;rsm; ½dkuful; ½HkwifrIr&Sdaom

tcg e,f&Sd ½kyf&Sif½Hkrsm; ydwfyif&onfh tajc

taeudk a&muf&SdoGm;onf/ xdkYaMumifh vuf&Sd

jrefrm½kyf&Sifum;rsm;onf &efukefESifh rEÅav;&Sd

½kyf&Sif½HkBuD;rsm;ay:wGifom rSDcdkae&awmhonf/

xdk½Hkrsm;rSm vlr0ifaomf ½IH;awmhonf/ 'DaeY

aq;a&mifpHk jrefrm½kyf&Sif um;wpfum;\

ukefusp&dwfrSm ysrf;rQ odef; 700 ESifh 1000

tMum;wGif &SdMuonf/ ukefusp&dwf odef;

1000 ausmfaomf Zmwfum;rsm;rSm ½IH;zdkY aocsm

aeonf/ Oyrm vlrif;\ ]usefppfom;}?

Zifa,mfarmifarmif\ ]vQKdU0SufaomESif;} wdkYrSm

odef; 1500 ausmf ukefonf[k Mum;&onf/

vl0ifyg aomfvnf; rlvukefusaiGudk jyefvnf

&&ef rvG,fulyg/

wpfacwfu jrefrm½kyf&Sif avmuwGif

0ifaiGpHcsdefwifaom Zmwfum;ESpfum; &SdcJhonf/

&wemyHk (at0rf;wifarmif? MunfMunfaX;?

wifwifrl? at;MuL) onf tom;wif tjrwfaiG

ig;odef;cGJ &&SdcJhonf/ b0oHo&m (aZ,s?

aropf? at;MuL) Zmwfum;onf tom;wif

tjrwfaiG ajcmufodef; &&SdcJhonf/ xdkpOfu

½kyf&Sif½Hk0ifcrsm;rSm NrdKUvnfoHk;rwf (75jym;)?

NrdKU jyif (50jym;) jzpfonf/ aemufqHk;u

tjrifhqHk;wef;rSm ESpfusyf? xdkpOfu ½kyf&Sif

um;wpfum;\ ukefusp&dwfrSm wpfodef;

ywf0ef;usifomjzpfonf/ r*FvmñGefY ½kyf&Sif

ukrÜPDydkif&Sif 'g½dkufwmrif;om; cifarmifñGefYu

qufwif crf;crf;em;em;ESifh aq;a&mifpHk pDeDrm

pukwf (1)tavmif;awmf &mrESifh (2)atmifjcif;

&Spfyg;Zmwfum;rsm; ½dkuful;&m wpfum;udk

ig;odef;ausmf ukefonf/ xdkYaMumifh vl0ifaomf

vnf; ½IH;awmhonf/

,aeYacwfwGif ½kyf&SifZmwfum;wpfum;

aumif;&ef xdkufoifhaom aiGudk oHk;pGJzdkY

vdkonf[k odaomfvnf;? xdkaiGudk jyef&&efrSm

tuefYtowfrsm; &Sdaeojzifh rpGefYpm;&JbJ

&SdMuonf/ Oyrm udk,fu ½dkufonfhwdkifatmif

jzefYcsdjyo&ef jrefrmjynfwpf0Srf;ü ½kyf&Sif½Hkrsm;

aysmufuG,faejcif;/ (AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;½kyf&Sif

udkrl a':vmoef; 300 oHk;rnf[k Mum;od&onf/)

xdkYaMumifh ½kyf&SifavmuBuD; NydKvJroGm;ap&ef

qlvG,f eyfvG,f AGD'D,dkZmwfum;rsm; ½dkuful;&if;

usm;uefxm;&onf/ trsm;BudKuf rif;om;udk

tm;jyKae&onf/ rif;om;? rif;orD;rsm;rSm

AGD'D,dkudk (5)&uf? ½kyf&Sifudk &uf (20) ½dkuful;&uf

ay;Muonf/ ukrÜPDawGu (5)&ufESifh wpfum;

NyD;atmif r½dkufEdkifaom 'g½dkufwmrsm;udk tvkyf

rtyfMu/ 'DMum;xJ El&m0JpGJovdk ckd;ul;acG

jyóemu ay:vmjyefonf/

'DaeY ½kyf&SifaumfrwD tzGJUtpnf;opf

ay:vmonf/ qifqmvGwfvyfcGifh ,cifxuf

ydk&vmonf/ ½kyf&Sifudk pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;wpfck

taejzifh pdwf0ifpm;aom &if;ESD; jr§KyfESHcsifaom

olawG &Sdvmonf/ yDjyifaom aps;uGufwpfck

jzpfajrmufvmatmif bmawG vkyfMurnfenf;/

n

Focus

15

EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHrSm EdkifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrI

(Leadership)&JU tcef;u@[m tJ'DEdkifiH

vlvdkolvdk tqifhrDzGHU NzdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf

tifrwefta&;BuD;NyD; tc&musw,fqdkwm

jiif;p&mrvdkwJh udpöjzpfygw,f/ jrifhjrwf

xufjrufNyD; vkyf&nfudkif&nf&SdwJh acgif;aqmif

aumif;awG (Good Leader) awG&SdwJh EdkifiH

awGu 'Dtcsufudk oufaojyvsuf&Sdygw,f/

'Dvdkqdk&if acgif;aqmifqdkwm b,fvdkvlrsKd;vJ/

olYrSm bmt&nftaoG;awG&SdaevdkY acgif;aqmif

jzpfvmwmvJ/ olYudk b,ft&m b,ftaMumif;

awGu acgif;aqmifjzpfapwmvJ/ vlYtzGJU

tpnf;wpf&yfrSm acgif;aqmifaumif;wpfOD;

[m b,fvdkarG;zGm; jzpfxGef;vmovJ/

acgif;aqmifrI&JU oabm obm0eJY

acgif;aqmifwpfOD;&JU t&nftcsif;awGudk

oabmayguf em;vnfzdkYtwGuf qdk&if

]acgif;aqmifw,f} (Lead) qdkwJh rlv&if;jrpf

Bud,m&JU teuft"dyÜm,ftrsKd;rsKd;udk o½kyfcGJ

pOf;pm;Munfh&if oifhjrwfr,f xifygw,f/

yxr teuft"dyÜm,feJYajym&&if ]a&SUaqmif

w,f}? ]a&SUuoGm;w,f}qdkwJhoabm&w,f/

a&SUu OD;aqmifoGm;wJh um;? a&SUqHk;u vl?

OD;aqmifOD;&GufjyKol pwJht"dyÜm,fjzpfw,f/

'kwd,teuft"dyÜm,ft& ]uRrf;usif

vdr®mpGm jyKrlaqmif&Gufw,f} vdkY &ygw,f/

Oyrmqdk&if aumif;aumif; avhusifhxm;wJh

c&D;oGm;vrf;ñTefwpfOD;[m c&D;tqHk;yef;wdkif

a&mufatmif uRrf;usifvdr®mpGm OD;aqmifoGm;

w,fqdkwJh oabmrsKd;jzpfw,f/

wwd, t"dyÜm,ftm;jzifh qdk&if

]acgif;aqmifw,f}qdkwm wjcm;olrsm;udk

ñTefMum;zdkY? trdefYay;zdkY vkyfydkifcGifhMoZmtmPm

(Authority) &Sdw,fqdkwJh t"dyÜm,frsKd;jzpf

w,f/

yxr t"dyÜm,ft& acgif;aqmifrsKd;udk

uRefawmfwdkY &yf&GmxJu toif;tzGJUawGrSm

trsm;tm;jzifh awGU&wwfw,f/ wu,fht&nf

tcsif;udk rMunfhbJ vlyk*¾dKvft& xifay:rI?

vlodrsm;rIawGudk tajccHNyD; tJ'Dtoif;tzGJU

awGrSm a&SUwef;u jy,k*fxm;zdkY acgif;aqmif

tjzpf wifajr§mufcH&wJhvlrsKd; jzpfygw,f/

'kwd,t"dyÜm,ft& acgif;aqmifuawmh

ynma&;eJY bmoma&; tzGJUtpnf;awGrSm

awGU&rSmjzpfw,f/ ynma&;e,fy,frSmqdk&if

q&m? q&mr[m oifMum; avhvmrIudk

vrf;ñTefjyowJh acgif;aqmifjzpfw,f/ bmoma&;

e,fy,frSmawmh bmoma&;*dkPf;wcsdKU? toif;

tzGJUwcsKdU[m olwdkYtBuD;tuJ *k½kawG? bkef;awmf

BuD;awGudk acgif;aqmiftjzpf (Spiritual

Leader)tjzpf vufcHxm;Muwm jzpfw,f/

wwd,t"dyÜm,ft& acgif;aqmifuawmh

EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrIjzpfw,f/ 'Dacgif;aqmif

rIeJY ywfoufwJh pl;prf; aqG;aEG;wmawGudk

a&S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u ynm&SifBuD;awG

a[majym a&;om;cJhMuygw,f/ Oyrmtm;jzifh

a&S;acgr 'óe pma&;q&mBuD; yavwdk

(428^427-348^847 bDpD)u ol&nfpl;cJhwJh

pHjyor®wEdkifiHawmf&JU acgif;aqmiftjzpf tusifh

p&P aumif;jrwfrIeJY todÓmPfynm xufjrufrI

ESpfrsKd;pvHk; jynfhpHkwJh ]'óeynm&Sifbk&if}

(Philosopher-King) udk owfrSwfay;cJh

ygw,f/

a&S;acgr EdkifiHa&;oDtdk&DawGrSm tawmfqHk;?

taumif;qHk; vlom;rsm; (The Best Men)

omvQif EdkifiHawmfudk tkyfcsKyfoifhw,f qdkwJh

EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifaumif;qdkwmarmifMunfopf

16

toHk;cscJhMuwmaMumifh rif;qdk; rif;npfawG

jzpfcJhMuwmudk awGU&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifhvnf;

a&S;acgr awG;ac:&SifBuD; t&pöwdkw,f (384-

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Political

17

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18

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jcaoFhum; . . / n

19

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20

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n

Ref : RFA (Radio Free Asia)

a':atmifqef;pkMunf (4)The Future

Questions & Answers

21

]0} r&SdolwdkY&JU ]0d} aeY pGJrsm;*suf uGrf;NcHukef;

(wpf)

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tdrfaxmifom;arG;orIudk 'kwd,*½krpdkufqHk;

22

Satire

EdkifiH? jrefrmEdkifiHonf 2050 odkY a&mufaom

tcg r*Fvmaqmifcef;rrsm;udk tm;vHk;ydwfodrf;

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(ESpf)

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1967 pyfMum;ü om;orD;r,lol 30 &mcdkifEIef;

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30 qufwdkuf usqif;vmcJhav&m 2010 odkY

a&mufaomf vlOD;a& 75 oef;rSonf oef;

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n

23

awmif;yefyg&ap? rdk;Zvynm&Sif OD;xGef;vGifcsrf;,OfvIdif (AMK Foundation)

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24

taMumif;t&if;wpf&yfjzpfonf[k qdkygonf/

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n

Enviromental

25

ra0;awmhaom vmrnfh 2015 ckESpfwGif

jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh tmqD,HtvSnfhus Ouú|

wm0ef,l&awmhrnfudk jrefrmEdkifiHwGifomru

tmqD,Htodkuft0ef;ESifh urÇmuyg pdwf0if

wpm; &SdaeMuygonf/ odkYjzpf&m tmqD,H

pD;yGm;a&; todkuft0ef; 2015 (Asean Economic Community-2015) ESifh tmqD,H

bufpHk &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI oabmwlnDcsuf Asean Comprehensive Investment Agreement (ACIA) wdkY\ a,bk,sjy|mef;csufrsm;tay:

oufqdkif&mtzGJU0ifEdkifiH toD;oD;rS taumif

txnfazmfEdkifrI? em;vnfod&Sd vdkufem

aqmif&GufrIwdkYtay:wGif rlwnfNyD; 2015 ckESpf

wGif &Sdrnfh tmqD,H a'otwGif; bufpHk

pD;yGm;a&; zGHU NzdK; wdk;wufrItwGuf BudKwif

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wdkYESifhtnD vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&GufEdkifrnf

jzpfonf/

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wnf;aom aps;uGufESifh xkwfvkyfrI tajccH

wpfckwnf;tjzpf ½IjrifoHk;oyfygu aps;uGuf

twGif;üyif NydKifqdkifrI jrifhrm;aeNyD; urÇmh

pD;yGm;a&;twGif;odkY tjynfht0 yl;aygif;yg0if

vsuf&Sdonfudk awGU&rnfjzpfonf/ þudpö

zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufí NyD;ajrmuf atmifjrifap&ef

tcsdef (3)ESpftwGif; AEC onf &nfrSef;csuf

rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfoGm;&rnf jzpfonf/

AEC\ atmifjrifpGm taumiftxnf

azmfEdkifrIrsm;udk avhvmygu 2012 ckESpf? {NyDv

AEC rSwfwrf;rsm;t& &nfrSef;csuf\ 68.2

&mcdkifEIef;tm; taumiftxnfazmfEdkifcJhonf/

tjrifhqHk; pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIrsm; urÇmhpD;yGm;a&;

wGif;odkY 85.7 &mcdkifEIef;? NydKifqdkifrI pD;yGm;a&;

aps;uGufodkY 69.2 &mcdkifEIef;ESifh tcsKd;us

pD;yGm;a&; zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufrIodkY 66.7 &mcdkifEIef;

yl;aygif;yg0ifEdkifcJhonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm AEC \ &nfrSef;csufrsm; aygufajrmuf atmifjrifrI

onf tmqD,Ha'owGif yl;aygif; aqmif&Gufa&;

atmifjrifrItay:wGif rsm;pGm rlwnfygonf/

xdkodkY yl;aygif; aqmif&Guf&mwGif tmqD,HA[dk\

csrSwf xm;aom ñTefMum;csufrsm; oabmwlnD

csufrsm;udk vufawGUusus vdkufemaqmif&Guf

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ESifh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; tmPmwnfa&;twGuf

aqmif&Guf&ef BudKwifpOf;pm; aqmif&GufMu

&rnf jzpfonf/

AEC ESifh ywfoufqufpyfNyD; tmqD,H

bufpHk&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI oabmwlnDcsuf a,bk,s

tajctaersm;udk avhvmEdkif&ef vufurf;

pmapmifyg tcsuftvufrsm;tm; atmufyg

twdkif; azmfjytyfygonf/

tmqD,H bufpHk&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI oabm

wlnDcsuf

ACIAtwGuf tajccHtaMumif;&if;

- tmqD,H bufpHk&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI pmcsKyf (ACIA) onf tmqD,H\ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI oabmwlnDcsuf

topfjzpfonf/

- 4if;onf aygif;pyfzGJUpnf;xm;aom pD;yGm;a&;

tzGJUtpnf;wpfck\ tae txm;wGif vGwfvyfí

yGifhvif;aom &if;ESD; jr§KyfESHrIqdkif&m tkyfcsKyfrIpepf

0ef;usifwpfck zefwD;&ef tmqD,H\ vufeuf

ud&d,mwpfck jzpfonf/

- 4if;onf urÇmvHk;qdkif&m ,SOfNydKifrI wdk;wuf

jcif;tay: tmqD,H\ wkefYjyefrI jzpfonf/

4if;\ tvHk;pHkjzpfrI? omwlnDrQ&SdNyD; zGHU NzdK;

wdk;wufaom oGifjyif vu©Pmrsm;ESifhtwl

4if;onf oD;oefY&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI yef;wdkiftjzpf

tmqD,HpD;yGm;a&;todkuft0ef; 2015? tmqD,HbufpHk&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI oabmwlnDcsufESifh jrefrmEdkifiH

armifarmifjrihfoef;

26

tmqD,H\ auseyfaprIudk wkd;wufap&ef

&nf&G,fygonf/

- rSwfcsuf / ACIA tm; tmqD,H &if;ESD;

jr§KyfESHrI{&d,m (AIA) ESifh tmqD,H &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI

tmrcH (IGA) oabmwlnDcsufrsm; (tBudK

oabmwlnDcsufrsm;)wGif tpm;xdk; azmfjy

xm;onf/

pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m tusKd;tjrwfrsm;

- ACIA taejzifh atmufazmfjyygwdkYudk

aqmif&Guf&ef arQmfvihfygonf/

- ydkrdkí yg0ifulnDaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;^

&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI 0ef;usifwpfckudk zefwD;&ef/

- &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;tm; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI jyKvkyf&ef

ydkrdk,HkMunfrI&Sdvmatmif taxmuftyHhay;NyD;?

tmqD,HwGif olwdkY\ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItm; xdef;odrf;

apmifha&Smuf&ef/

- tmqD,HtwGif; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItm; wdk;jr§ifhvmNyD;?

tmqD,HtzGJU0ifEdkifiHrsm; tMum; pufrIvkyfief;

qdkif&m NyD;jynfhpHkrIESifh uRrf;usifrI ydkrdk&&Sdvm

atmif wGef;tm;ay;onf/

atmifjrifrI aomhcsuftpdwftydkif;rsm;

- ACIA onf EdkifiHwum taumif;qHk;aom

avhusifrIrsm;tay:wGif tajccHxm;onf/

- 4if;wGif wif;MuyfrIrsm; avsmhenf;apjcif;

ESifh tumtuG,fay;rItay:wGif oifhavsmfaom

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- tem*wf vGwfvyfpGm aqmif&GufEdkifrI

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- rQwaom ½IjrifrIwpf&yf &Sdygap/

- wif;MuyfrIrsm; avsmhenf;vmrI? tum

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&Sdonf/

- ,cif^a&SUajy; oabmwlnDcsufrsm;tm;

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- trsKd;om;a&;qdkif&m usifhoHk;rIESifh touf

omqHk; txl;tcGifhta&;&&Sdonfh EdkifiHrsm;\

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- tkyfcsKyfrIrS uif;vGwfjcif;ESifh umuG,fjcif;

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- twnfjyKcsufESifh vTJajymif;rIrsm; &&Sdjcif;

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- EdkifiHwum &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI oabmwlnDcsuf

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- ,cktcg ASEAN tajcpdkuf &if;ESD;

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vkyfief;? opfawmvkyfief;? owåK wl;azmfjcif;?

ausmufwl;azmfjcif;ESifh þu@rsm;udk ½kwfw&wf

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tmPmoufa&mufrI&Sdjcif;

- 4if;\ Z,m; (pmcsKyfyg tcsuftvufrsm;

pm&if;) ESifhtwl ACIAonf 2012 ckESpf?

rwfv (29)&ufaeYwGif tusKd;oufa&mufrI

&Sdonf/

- tmqD,H twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfESifhtwl

tmqD,H q,fEdkifiH tzGJU0ifEdkifiHrsm;rS vufrSwf

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aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfonf/

- tmqD,H q,fEdkifiH tzGJU0ifEdkifiHrsm;\

wpfOD;csif;pD pmcsKyfygtcsuftvufrsm; pm&if;

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{&d,m AIA aumifpDrSxyfqifh vufrSwfa&;xdk;rI

tBudKoabmwlnDcsufrsm;ESifh ywfouf

qufEG,frI

- ACIAtm; ASEAN IGA ESifh AIA oabmwlnDcsufESifh 4if;\ tusKd;qufrSwfwrf;

rsm;wGif tpm;xdk; aqmif&Gufxm;onf/

- ACIA\ tmPm oufa&mufrItay:

ASEAN IGA ESifh AIA oabmwlnDcsuf

rsm;tm; &yfpJvdkufonf/

- tul;tajymif;umvESifh a&G;cs,frIrsm;onf

ASEAN IGA ESifh AIA oabmwlnDcsuf\

uefYowfe,fy,ftwGif;wGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI

jyKvkyfaom &if;ESD; jr§KyfESHolrsm;udk tusKd;

oufa&mufaponf/

jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh rdrdEdkifiHonf tmqD,H

tzGJU0ifEdkifiHwpfckjzpfonfESifhtnD AEC ESifh

ACIA wdkY\ &nfrSef;csufwdkYudk od&Sdvdkufem

taumiftxnfazmfEdkif&ef BudK;pm;&rnfhtjyif

wpfzufüvnf; tmqD,H tzGJU BuD;\tvSnfhus

Ouú| wm0ef xrf;aqmif&mwGif tmqD,HwpfckvHk;

twGif; rdwfzufEdkifiHrsm; urÇmhpD;yGm;a&;

tvSnfhtajymif;wdkYESifh qufpyfNyD; a'owGif;

tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf pOf;pm;qifjcif oHk;oyf

aqmif&GufoGm;&ef jzpfygonf/ n

Business

27

udk;av;vHk;ESihf wdkufqkdifonfh 0efBuD;tajymif;tvJtpdk;&oufwrf; wpfESpfausmfumvtwGif; yxrqHk;tBudrftjzpf tpdk;&xdyfwef; 0efBuD;ESifh 'kwd,0efBuD;rsm; ajymif;vJ wm0ef

ay;tyfrIudk EdkifiHawmfor®w OD;odef;pdefrS vufrSwfa&;xdk;NyD; Mo*kwfv (27) &ufaeYwGif EdkifiHawmfor®½Hk;u xkwfjyef aMunmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/

xdkuJhodkY xkwfjyefaMunm&mwGif 0efBuD;ta&twGuf udk;OD;? aMunmonfh aeY&ufESihf tcsdefwdkYrSm (27 &uf? 18 em&D? 45 rdepf) udk;av;vHk;

jzpfaeonfudk wdkufqdkifpGm awGU&SdcJh&onf/

pOf trnf ,cif&mxl; ,ck&mxl;

1 OD;pdk;odef; pufrI0efBuD; or®w ½Hk;0efBuD;

2 OD;atmifrif; &xm;ydkYaqmifa&;0efBuD; or®w ½Hk;0efBuD;

3 OD;vSxGef; b@ma&;ESifh tcGef0efBuD; or®w ½Hk;0efBuD;

4 OD;wifEdkifodef; trsKd;om; pDrHudef;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufrI0efBuD; or®w ½Hk;0efBuD;

5 OD;atmifMunf tvkyform;0efBuD;XmeESifh vlrI0efxrf;? u,fq,fa&;ESifh

jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&; 0efBuD;

jyefMum;a&; 0efBuD;

6 OD;ausmfqef; jyefMum;a&;0efBuD; or0g,r0efBuD;

7 OD;tkef;jrifh or0g,r0efBuD;XmeESifh arG;jrLa&;ESifh a&vkyfief;0efBuD; arG;jrLa&;ESifh a&vkyfief;0efBuD;

8 OD;at;jrifh odyÜHESifh enf;ynm0efBuD; pufrI0efBuD;

9 OD;wifhqef; tm;upm;0efBuD;XmeESifh [dkw,fESifh c&D;oGm;vma&;vkyfief;0efBuD; tm;upm;0efBuD;

ajymif;vJwm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onfh jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;rsm;pm&if;

2012 ckESpf? pufwifbmv (7) &ufaeYwGif 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfBuD; odef;aX;tm; e,fpyfa&;&m0efBuD;Xme 0efBuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;?

OD;cifarmifpdk;tm; vQyfppfpGrf;tm;0efBuD;Xme 0efBuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif; 8-9-2012 xkwf EdkifiHydkifowif;pmrsm;wGif azmfjyxm;onf/

28

pOf trnf 0efBuD;Xme

1 OD;at;jrihfMuL ,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme

2 AdkvfcsKyfaZ,smatmif &xm;ydkYaqmifa&;0efBuD;Xme

3 a'gufwmjrihfatmif owåKwGif;0efBuD;Xme

4 OD;ausmfvGif aqmufvkyfa&;0efBuD;Xme

5 OD;0if;&Sdef b@ma&;ESihf tcGef0efBuD;Xme

6 a'gufwmuHaZmf trsKd;om;pDrHudef;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufrI0efBuD;Xme

7 OD;armifjrihf tvkyform;0efBuD;Xme

8 a'gufwm

a':jrwfjrwftkef;cif

vlrI0efxrf;? u,fq,fa&;ESihf jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;

0efBuD;Xme

9 a'gufwmudkudkOD; odyÜHESifh enf;ynm0efBuD;Xme

10 OD;aX;atmif [dkw,fESihf c&D;oGm;vma&;vkyfief;0efBuD;Xme

11 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfBuD;

a0vGif

umuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme

pOf trnf 0efBuD;Xme

1 &JcsKyf ausmfausmfxGef; jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xme

2 OD;ydkufaxG; jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme

3 OD;oef;aqG ,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme

4 OD;atmifodrf; or®w½Hk;0efBuD;Xme

5 a'gufwmvif;atmif b@ma&;ESifh tcGef0efBuD;Xme

6 OD;qufatmif trsKd;om; pDrHudef;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;

zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufrI0efBuD;Xme

7 a'gufwm a':cifpef;&D trsKd;om; pDrHudef;ESifh zGHU NzdK;

wdk;wufrI 0efBuD;Xme

8 a':pkpkvIdif vlrI0efxrf;? u,fq,fa&;ESifh

jyefvnf ae&mcsxm;a&; 0efBuD;Xme

'kwd,0efBuD;rsm; cefYtyfpm&if;

jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;rsm; cefYtyfwm0efay;

pOf trnf 0efBuD;Xme

9 OD;aomif;wif qufoG,fa&;? pmwdkufESifh

aMu;eef;0efBuD;Xme

10 OD;xifatmif pGrf;tif0efBuD;Xme

11 AdkvfrSL;csKyf0if;jrifh vl0ifrI BuD;Muyfa&;ESifh jynfolY

tiftm;0efBuD;Xme

12 OD;at;jrifharmif ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;ESifh

opfawma&;&m 0efBuD;Xme

13 a'gufwm a':oufoufZif ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;ESifh

jynfolUtiftm;0efBuD;Xme

14 OD;aomif;xdkuf tm;upm;0efBuD;Xme

15 a'gufwm a':odef;odef;aX; usef;rma&;0efBuD;Xme

EdkifiHawmf zGJUpnf;yHk tajccH Oya'qdkif&m cHk½Hk; Ouú| OD;odef;pdk; tygt0if cHk½Hk;tzGJU0ifrsm;tm;

&mxl;rS EkwfxGufcGifhjyK

jynfaxmifpkor®w jrefrmEdkifiHawmf

EdkifiHawmfor®w½Hk;rS trdefYtrSwf (29^2012)

udk 2012 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 6 &ufaeYu

EdkifiHawmf or®w OD;odef;pdefu vufrSwf

a&;xdk;í ,ckuJhodkY EkwfxGufcGifhjyKvdkufjcif;

jzpfonf/ EkwfxGufcGifhjyKvdkufonfh EdkifiHawmf

zGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya'qdkif&m Ouú|ESifh cHk½Hk;

tzGJU0ifrsm;rSm

(1) OD;odef;pdk; Ouú|

(2) a'gufwmwifatmifat; tzGJU0if

(3) a':cifvSjrifh tzGJU0if

(4) OD;xGef;Munf tzGJU0if

(5) OD;pdk;odef; tzGJU0if

(6) OD;cifxGef; tzGJU0if

(7) OD;qef;jrifh tzGJU0if

(8) OD;jrifhBudKif tzGJU0if

(9) a':rdrd&D tzGJU0if

wdkY jzpfonf/ n

News

29

EdkifiHawmf w&m;pD&ifa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;

qdkif&m yk*¾dKvfrsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ESifh

ydkifqdkifrIrsm;udk wefzdk;ESifhwuG pm&if;jyKpkNyD;

EdkifiHawmfor®wxH ay;ydkY&rnf jzpfaMumif;

EdkifiHawmfor®w½Hk;u ñTefMum;xm;aMumif;

owif;&&Sdonf/

vTwfawmf\twnfjyKcsufjzifh EdkifiHawmf

or®wu cefYtyfaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;onf

wpfpD;yGm;wnf;jzpfaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ESifh

ydkifqdkifrIrsm;udk wefzdk;ESifhwuG pm&if;jyKpkNyD;

EdkifiHawmfor®wxH ay;ydkY&rnf[k 2010

jynfh ESpf atmufwdkbmv 21 &ufaeY&ufpGJjzifh

jy|mef;cJhonfh jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJU Oya'

yk'fr 101wGif azmfjyxm;onf/

vTwfawmf\ twnfjyKcsufjzifh EdkifiHawmf

or®wu cefYtyfaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;rSm ](u)

jynfaxmifpk w&m;olBuD;csKyfESifh jynfaxmifpk

w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf? w&m;olBuD;rsm;? (c)

EdkifiHawmf zGJUpnf;yHktajccH Oya'qdkif&m cHk½Hk;

Ouú|ESifh tzGJU0ifrsm; (*) jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;

rsm;? (C) jynfaxmifpk a&SUaecsKyf? (i) jynf

axmifpk pm&if;ppfcsKyf? (p) wkdif;a'oBuD;

odkYr[kwf jynfe,f tpdk;&tzGJU 0efBuD;csKyfESifh

0efBuD;rsm;? (q) wdkif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf

jynfe,f Oya'csKyfrsm;? w&m;olBuD;csKyfrsm;?

w&m;olBuD;rsm;}wdkY jzpfaMumif; od&onf/

pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ESifh ydkifqdkifrIrsm;udk

yl;wGJygyHkpH (7)rsKd;wGif jznfhpGufí vufrSwf

a&;xdk;NyD; EdkifiHawmf or®wxH trnfazmfjy

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4 ukefxkwfvkyfrI 1826.282

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6 tdrf? NcH? ajr 1056.453

7 arG;^a& 324.358

8 o,f,lykYdaqmifa&; 313.906

9 pufrI 193.113

10 pdkufysKd;a&; 182.751

11 aqmufvkyfa&; 37.767

12 tjcm; 23.686

pkpkaygif; 41086.957

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wpfvtwGif; jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIusyfoef; 140000 ausmf xyfrHwdk;vm

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34

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vkyfief; vufatmuf&Sd &Srf;jynfe,fESifh rEÅav;

wdkif;a'oBuD;twGif;rS owåKwGif;av;wGif;ü

owåKwl;azmfxkwfvkyfa&; vkyfief;rsm;tm;

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aqmif&GufrnfjzpfaMumif; owåKwGif;0efBuD;

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od&onf/

Than Lwin Aye Yar Industrial Prodcution & Construction Co.,Ltd wpfck

wnf;rS bD,mESifh tcsKd&nfvkyfief; ESpfrsKd;tm;

vkyfudkifcGifh&&SdoGm;NyD; a&ToHvGif pufrIZkef

twGif; vkyfudkifrnfjzpfonf/ Globel Alliance Industrial Co.,Ltd rS pD;u&uf

xkwfvkyfief;udk vkyfudkifcGifh&&SdoGm;NyD; a&ToHvGif

pufrIZkefüyif vkyfudkifrnf[k od&onf/

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puf½HkvkyfudkifcGifhtm; Than Phyo Thu Mining Co., Ltd rS &&SdNyD; aumhaomif;NrdKUwGif vkyfudkif

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cGifhudk Royal Hi-Tech Group Co., Ltd rS rEÅav;wdkif; jrif;NcHc½dkiftwGif;&Sd ajr{u 380

ay:wGif vkyfudkifrnf[k od&onf/

tjcm;vkyfudkifcGifh &&SdonfhukrÜPDrsm;rSm

Myanmar Tokiwa Corporation Ltd, True Faith Co.,Ltd ESifh U Ni & Daw Phyu Family Co.,Ltd wdkYjzpfaMumif; od&onf/

n

35

(1)

jynfaxmifpkor®w jrefrmEdkifiHawmfwGif

wdkif;&if;om;vlrdsK;aygif; wpf&mausmf aexdkif

vQuf&Sd&m u,ef;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;vnf; tyg

t0if jzpfonf/ u,ef;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf

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(7)rsKd;wGif oufESifh&cdkif EIdif;NydKifawmifol

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qif,ifrIESifh "avhxHk;wrf;rsm;rSmrl uGJjym;í

oD;jcm;pD&Sdonf/

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onfh ae&ma'oonf &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;

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jrif;rxdawmifonf yifavmif;? z,fcHkNrdKUe,f

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jzpfonf/ u,ef;wdkif;&if;om;wdkY ajymqdkaom

pum;onf u&iftkyfpki,f pum;tkyfpkwGif

yg0ifNyD; u&if tkyfpki,f0if u,m;?ua,m(y&J)

ESifh ytdk0f;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ pum;ESifh teD;pyf

qHk; qifwlonf/

(2)

u,ef;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;xJwGif u,ef;

v[DG (u,ef;ya'gif)? u,ef;vxm (Z,drf)?

u,ef;uief (,if;abmf)? u,ef;a*cdk (awmif

jrefrmvlrsKd; u,ef;wdkif;&if;om;ndKarmif

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vnf; ae&ma'orSmrl wpfqufpyfwnf;

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0wfpm;qif,ifrIrSmrl uGJjym; jcm;em;Muonf/

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0wfpm;qif,ifrIrSm rnfonfh wdkif;&if;om;rsm;

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ac:a0:&mwGif r*Fvmzm;pnf? tr*Fvmzm;pnf [lí cGJjcm;

ac:qdkMuao;onf/

36

"avhxHk;wrf;rsm; jzpfonf/ aq;rSifaMumif

xdk;jcif;rSm vlrsKd;pkrsm; ra&m,Sufap&ef vlrsKd;

trSwftom;tjzpf tBuD;tuJ\ owfrSwfay;

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u,ef;Z,drfwGif vnfyif;ü aq;rSifaMumif

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aq;rSifaMumif xdk;&onf/

aMu;acGywfjcif;onf rnfonfhtaMumif;

aMumifh ywf&onfudk taxmuftxm; cdkifcdkif

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rdom;pk0if EdkYpdkYuav;t½G,frSpí tzdk;tzGm;

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vnf; ,cktcg pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wpfcktjzpf

csufvkyf a&mif;csMuonf/

(3)

u,ef;wdkif;&if;om;wdkYonf vGefcJhonfh

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rsm;udk wm0ef,l ESifyxkwf&onfh ewfq&m

[lí eSpfrsKd;&Sdonf/ ewfaumif;rsm; ylaZmfyo

&mwGif tdrfwGif;ewf? vl'dkewf? (urf;cGrf) wHcGef

Culture

37

wdkifewf? (urf;'kef;) &Gmapmifhewf? (uef;axmifh)

pdkufysKd;a&;ewf? (uef;[G) rdk;ac:ewf? (uef;[l)

e,fajrydkifewf[lí &Sdonf/ ewfqdk;rsm; ESify

xkwfjcif;wGif uwDavmif;&yfa0; ewfESifjcif;?

(wtdkif;) wd&pämefrsm;ESifhqdkifaom ewfESifjcif;?

(w½dkif;) ul;pufa&m*gESifh qdkifaom ewfESifjcif;?

(arrdk;) rD;ESifhqdkifaom ewfESifjcif;[lí &Sdonf/

(4)

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wefzdk;xm;aomvlrsKd;jzpfNyD; vufxyf r*FvmyGJ

wGif aiG'*Fg;onfvnf; rygrjzpf yg&onf/

(5)

u,ef; wdkif;&if;om;wdkY\ t"du

pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rSm pdkufysKd;a&;jzpfonf/ tedrfh

tjrifh rnDaom awmifapmif; awmifukef;rsm;wGif

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rD;ESifhzkwfNyD; pdkufysKd;&onfh y&pfzkwfpdkufysKd;a&;?

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jzpfonf/

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a&S;acwf oufBuD;&G,ftdkrsm;\ qifhuJajymqdkrI

jzifhom ,aeYwdkifusif;yaeqJ jzpfonf/

(6)

wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkaygif; wpf&mausmf

twlwuG aexdkifvsuf&Sdonfh jynfaxmifpk

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Voices

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