The Families of the Periodic Table Klein Forest Chemistry.
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Transcript of The Families of the Periodic Table Klein Forest Chemistry.
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The Families of the Periodic Table
Klein Forest Chemistry
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• Dmitri Mendeleev – 1869• Father of the Periodic Table
Mendeleev (1869)
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Dmitri Mendeleev: Father of the Table
HOW HIS WORKED…• Put elements in rows by
increasing atomic weight.
• Put elements in columns by the way they reacted.
SOME PROBLEMS…• He left blank spaces for
what he said were undiscovered elements. (Turned out he was right!)
• He broke the pattern of increasing atomic weight to keep similar reacting elements together.
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Mendeleev (1869)
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The Current Periodic Table
• Mendeleev wasn’t too far off.• Now the elements are put in rows by
increasing ATOMIC NUMBER!!• The horizontal rows are called periods and are
labeled from 1 to 7.• The vertical columns are called groups are
labeled from 1 to 18.
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Groups…Here’s Where the Periodic Table Gets Useful!!
• Elements in the same group have similar chemical and physical properties!!
• (Mendeleev did that on purpose.)
Why??• They have the same
number of valence electrons.
• They will form the same kinds of ions.
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Families on the Periodic Table
• Columns are also grouped into families.
• Families may be one column, or several columns put together.
• Families have names rather than numbers. (Just like your family has a common last name.)
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Hydrogen
• Hydrogen belongs to a family of its own.
• Hydrogen is a diatomic, reactive gas.
• Hydrogen was involved in the explosion of the Hindenberg.
• Hydrogen is promising as an alternative fuel source for automobiles
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Alkali Metals
• 1st column on the periodic table (Group 1) not including hydrogen.
• Very reactive metals, always combined with something else in nature (like in salt).
• Soft enough to cut with a butter knife
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Alkaline Earth Metals
• Second column on the periodic table. (Group 2)
• Reactive metals that are always combined with nonmetals in nature.
• Several of these elements are important mineral nutrients (such as Mg and Ca
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Transition Metals
• Elements in groups 3-12
• Less reactive harder metals
• Includes metals used in jewelry and construction.
• Metals used “as metal.”
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Boron Family
• Elements in group 13• Aluminum metal was
once rare and expensive, not a “disposable metal.”
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Carbon Family• Elements in group 14• Contains elements
important to life and computers.
• Carbon is the basis for an entire branch of chemistry.
• Silicon and Germanium are important semiconductors.
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Nitrogen Family• Elements in group 15• Nitrogen makes up over
¾ of the atmosphere.• Nitrogen and
phosphorus are both important in living things.
• Most of the world’s nitrogen is not available to living things.
• The red stuff on the tip of matches is phosphorus.
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Oxygen Family or Chalcogens
• Elements in group 16• Oxygen is necessary
for respiration.• Many things that
stink, contain sulfur (rotten eggs, garlic, skunks,etc.)
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Halogens
• Elements in group 17• Very reactive, volatile,
diatomic, nonmetals• Always found
combined with other element in nature .
• Used as disinfectants and to strengthen teeth.
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The Noble Gases
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The Noble Gases
• Elements in group 18• VERY unreactive,
monatomic gases• Used in lighted “neon”
signs• Used in blimps to fix the
Hindenberg problem.• Have a full valence shell.
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Diatomic Molecules
• The “Heavenly Seven”• Or BrINClHOF• They are called “diatomic” because they cannot exist as
a single atom. They must either be bonded to another atom of its own kind or to an atom of another element.
• Hydrogen gas is H2 and oxygen gas is O2.
• When combined to make water the formula is H2O. Only one oxygen is needed because it is bonded to another element.
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Propertiesa. Solids b. Ductilec. Malleabled. Conduct Electricity and heate. Large - Tend to lose electrons
Metals
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Propertiesa. Gases or solidsb. Brittlec. Don’t conduct Electricity & heat welld. Essential for Life
CHONSPe. Small - Tend to gain electrons
Non-Metals
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Propertiesa. Have properties of both metals and non-metalsb. Semi-Conductors - Conduct electricity only if a larger current is appliedc. Used in computer chips, cell phones, etc…d. B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te
Metalloids
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Period – AcrossGroup – Down
Group Names
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Group Names
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IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
HydrideH-
LithiumLi+
BerylliumBe2+
CarbideC4-
NitrideN3-
OxideO2-
FluorideF-
SodiumNa+
MagnesiumMg2+
AluminumAl3+
PhosphideP3-
SulfideS2-
ChlorideCl-
PotassiumK+
CalciumCa2+
SelenideSe2-
BromideBr-
RubidiumRb+
StrontiumSr2+
TellurideTe2-
IodideI-
CesiumCs+
BariumBa2+